Easiest way to learn English Grammar

With the Help of these 3 pages

Man learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why,
you are proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the
environment. Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former
method is a little bit tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning
something. Tenses are necessary to understand, because every sentence conveys the
activity happened either in past, present or future. All tenses cannot be same and the
only difference in every tense is of the verb. Something that is happening cannot be
alike something that has already happened and so on.
In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses
and its Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and
observe the difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going
to convert a sentence into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your
mind and then write the Passive according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly
viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its Passive, will make you learn the Passive
Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner.
You can see that I has been converted into me and placed at the end of the sentence
and a letter has taken the place of I. Further conversion is of verb, place is same,
but helping verb is in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, by is
added. In all the tenses, A letter Written by and me are same. Learn these
sentences and try to write Passive Voice of other sentences as well. Similarly, if the
sentence is negative, add not with the helping verb and if it is interrogative
(involving a question), write helping verb in the start.

:: Present Indefinite Tense ::

I write a letter to my doctor.
I do not write a letter to my doctor.
Do I write a letter to my doctor?
Do I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Continious ::

I am writing a letter to my doctor.

I am not writing a letter to my doctor.
Am I writing a letter to my doctor?
Am I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect ::
I have written a letter to my doctor.
I have not written a letter to my doctor.
Have I written a letter to my doctor?
Have I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect Continious ::

I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
Have I been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?
Have I not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Passive Voice
:: Present Indefinite ::
A letter is written by me to my doctor.
A letter is not written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter not written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Continious ::
A letter is being written by me to my doctor.
A letter is not being written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter being written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter not being written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Perfect ::
A letter have been written by me to my doctor.
A letter have not been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter not been written by me to my doctor.
Present Tense

Past Tense

Future Tense

Active Voice
Easiest way to learn English Grammar
With the Help of these 3 pages
Man learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why, you are
proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the environment.
Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former method is a little bit
tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning something. Tenses are necessary
to understand, because every sentence conveys the activity happened either in past, present or
future. All tenses cannot be same and the only difference in every tense is of the verb.
Something that is happening cannot be alike something that has already happened and so on.
In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses and its
Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and observe the
difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going to convert a sentence

into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your mind and then write the Passive
according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its
Passive, will make you learn the Passive Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner.
You can see that I has been converted into me and placed at the end of the sentence and a
letter has taken the place of I. Further conversion is of verb, place is same, but helping verb is
in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, by is added. In all the tenses, A
letter Written by and me are same. Learn these sentences and try to write Passive Voice of
other sentences as well. Similarly, if the sentence is negative, add not with the helping verb and
if it is interrogative (involving a question), write helping verb in the start.

:: Present Indefinite Tense ::

I write a letter to my doctor.
I do not write a letter to my doctor.
Do I write a letter to my doctor?
Do I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Continious ::
I am writing a letter to my doctor.
I am not writing a letter to my doctor.
Am I writing a letter to my doctor?
Am I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect ::

I have written a letter to my doctor.

I have not written a letter to my doctor.
Have I written a letter to my doctor?
Have I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect Continious ::

I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
Have I been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?
Have I not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Passive Voice
:: Present Indefinite ::
A letter is written by me to my doctor.
A letter is not written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter not written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Continious ::
A letter is being written by me to my doctor.

A letter is not being written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter being written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter not being written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Perfect ::
A letter have been written by me to my doctor.
A letter have not been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter not been written by me to my doctor.

With the Help of these 3 pages

Man learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why, you are
proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the environment.
Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former method is a little bit
tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning something. Tenses are necessary
to understand, because every sentence conveys the activity happened either in past, present or
future. All tenses cannot be same and the only difference in every tense is of the verb.
Something that is happening cannot be alike something that has already happened and so on.
In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses and its
Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and observe the
difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going to convert a sentence
into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your mind and then write the Passive
according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its
Passive, will make you learn the Passive Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner.
You can see that I has been converted into me and placed at the end of the sentence and a
letter has taken the place of I. Further conversion is of verb, place is same, but helping verb is
in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, by is added. In all the tenses, A
letter Written by and me are same. Learn these sentences and try to write Passive Voice of
other sentences as well. Similarly, if the sentence is negative, add not with the helping verb and
if it is interrogative (involving a question), write helping verb in the start.

Active Voice
:: Future Indefinite ::
I Shall write a letter to my doctor.
I Shall not write a letter to my doctor.
Shall I write a letter to my doctor?
Shall I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Continious ::
I shall be writing a letter to my doctor.
I shall not writing a letter to my doctor.
Shall I writing a letter to my doctor?
Shall I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Perfect ::
I shall have written a letter to my doctor.
I shall not written a letter to my doctor.

Shall I not written a letter to my doctor?

Shall I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Perfect Continious ::

I shall have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
I shall have not been writing a letter to my doctor since
morning.
Have I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?
Have I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since
morning?

Pasive Voice
:: Future Indefinite ::
A letter will be written by me to my doctor.
A letter will not be written by me to my doctor.
Will a letter be written by me to my doctor.
Will a letter not be written by me to my doctor.

:: Future Perfect ::
A letter will have been written by me to my doctor.
A letter will not have been written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter have been written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter not have been written by me to my doctor.

Parts of Speech
When we speak, our speech consists of many words; these are called Parts of
Speech.
There are 8 basic parts of speech i.e.
Let us explain these parts in simple way and see how they are collected together to
form a sentence.
Noun
Noun means any name. (Person, Place or Thing)
Examples: Boy: Person , Karachi: Place , Pencil: Thing
Learn more...
Pronoun
Pronoun is used in place of a name. (To avoid from repetition)
Examples:
Ali is a boy. He is very intelligent.
He, she, it, I, we, they, you are pronouns.
Learn more...
Verb
Verb is any action. (May be in Present, Past or Future)
No sentence is complete without a verb.
Verb itself is a sentence.
Examples:
Come, go, sit, work, enjoy, get, set etc.
Learn more...
Adjective
Adjective is any quality of a noun. (May be Positive or Negative)

It adds to the meaning of a noun.

Examples:
He is smart guy.Tall, short, genius, careless, punctual, regular,
big, small etc are Adjectives.
Learn more...
Preposition
Pre means before and position means state.
Preposition shows the position of words coming
before it (May be noun, pronoun, phrase, verb
etc)
These are joining words. (Join different parts of a
sentence)
Examples:
The glass is on the table.
In, on, under, behind, beside, at, for, of, with, to
etc are Prepositions.
Learn more...
Adverb
Adverb adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective
or another adverb.
(Without adverb, a sentence is complete but
adding it, the meaning is enhanced.)
Examples:
We run fast.
Quickly, slowly, sharply, early, heavily etc.
Notice here the difference between Adjective and
Adverb. Both add meanings but to different
things.Learn more...
Conjunction
Conjunction is used to join or combine two clauses or sentences.
(Clause is not complete sentence. It has a subject and
predicate) (Predicate contains the verb and its complement)

(Complement is used to complete a grammatical construction)

Examples:
He said that he was fine.
Please inform me when you reach Lahore.
Because, Where, who, what, if, whose, which etc are examples of conjunctions
which are used in the centre of a sentence and in fact, to join two
sentences.Learn more...
Interjection
Interjection is used to express emotions or feelings (Joy, Sorrow,
Wonder, Fear, Anger etc). It itself is not meaningful but after
reading full sentence, we can easily understand for what it has
been used. (Interjections are not specific to English only. Many
are those which are same in other languages also)
Exclamation mark is used with interjection and after this mark,
the word is written with Capital letter
Examples:
Hurrah! I got first position in Science Subjects.
Alas! Our father passed away last night.
Ah, Aha, Yahoo, Wow etc are examples of interjections. Learn more...

How to Learn English?

English is our international language and it is need of the time to focus on learning English
especially. Learning English is not as tough as is supposed to be. In fact, every language takes
time and practice to learn but you feel English difficult because you dont have environment of
English generally.
Communication Skills:
There are four basic skills of communication which matter whatever language we want to learn
i.e. Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. All are equally important but its nature of man
that he learns more through listening from his surroundings and using the same words then.

These skills will be explained in detail.

Learn Through Listening & Speaking:
Our proficiency depends upon basic communication skills and it is rightly said that out of these
basic skills, listening and speaking comprise about 69% of total communication.
Here are some suggestions useful and easy to implement. Just apply these tips in your daily life
and see the difference:
1- Overcome Your Hesitation:
The first and foremost thing is to put your hesitation aside. Many of us are those who are wellqualified and have studied English Language throughout 10 to 14 years of their educational
period and know the basics of English but feel it difficult to express in English before others.
So keep in mind, the most important thing when you speak in English is that you have to feel
that you are not hesitant and will express your thoughts freely. You are really not less than
others but thinking makes it so. So make your thinking strong.
2- Every Word Should Be Clear:
In the initial stage of your learning, when you speak, your every word should be clear because
most of people are nervous, not calm and cool while speaking. So try to utter all the words
quite clear that you and your audience can understand it easily.
3- Dont Repeat Any Word:
In haste, people repeat the words or sentences many times. Remember, it doesnt leave a good
impact upon the audience, rather irritates others.
4- Give Gap or Keep Silent When Feel Difficult:
Instead of repetition of words, when the suitable words are not coming in your mind, give gap,
keep silent, think and then speak. Try it; you will really improve your skills.
5- Use Some Habitual Sentence:
In the start, it is very handy that you use some Habitual Sentence most of the time, for
example, I mean, you know, I think etc. It is helpful in the sense that your mind can select the
word meanwhile.
6- Dont Be Hasty:
Be confident and relaxed. Speak in calm voice. Nobody is running after you. It takes time in
learning any language. It is well-known proverb, slow but steady wins the race.
7- Use Short and Simple Sentences:
Try to use short and simple sentences. Dont be involved in the selection of high vocabulary

because it will shake your confidence and will affect your fluency.
8- Record Your Voice & Listen What You Improved:
In the beginning, you have to observe what have you improved with the passage of time. So it
is the best way to judge your improvement that you record your voice (in your mobile phone or
PC) and listen to it. Every time you listen, you should notice, is there any change in fluency
and accent or not?

How to Learn English?

9- Learn Pronunciation from Dictionary:
Sometimes you can not express your thoughts in English because you feel that the
word you are going to use may be incorrectly pronounced by you and you are shy
to utter it. It is better if you install some dictionary in which you can hear
pronunciation of words. You can start listening pronunciation of words from its first
page or whenever you need to know the exact pronunciation, you can consult it. It
is very handy tool in getting skills and will boost your confidence.

10- Learn The Intonation/Accent/Dialect:

Every language has its own intonation or accent. You are not a native English Speaker, so your
accent or dialect will obviously be different. For this purpose, listen to the news or some audio
in English which matches with your interests also.
11- Practice The Vocabulary You Learn from People:
As listening skills matter a lot in learning some language, so when you hear some new
vocabulary word and like it, try to use in your conversation with correct pronunciation.
12- Join Some Discussion Forum:
There are many discussion forums or web groups that you can join for asking some questions,
confusions or exchange of ideas with other people in English. This will improve your learning
skills.
13- Think in English:
Try to think in English because what you think becomes easy for you to express. Go through it
and observe a change.
14- Write on Some Topic Daily:
It is very essential for learning English that you write on some topic daily whether one
paragraph or more, about any object in your surroundings or any other topic e.g. corruption,
politics, friends, family, routine work, your likes and dislikes, some incident, story you hear or

read etc.
15- Find People with Similar Interests & Have Gossips in English:
As mentioned above, write daily as well as have gossips in light mood with the persons of
similar interest on any selected topic. If they are also beginners, you all will improve and enjoy
learning in this way.
16- Practice Speaking in The Front of a Mirror:
It is very useful tip that as you were told to record your voice what you speak, same as practice
speaking in front of mirror. Nobody is going to mock at you. It is also important to notice your
intonation and the way you speak before others. In short, it is your self-judgment in the
learning steps.
17- Speak with Your juniors or Children in English:
If you try to speak with your children or those who are junior to you, you will improve a lot
and no one will make fun of you because children are also in the phase of learning English and
they cant have a check on your grammatical mistakes, if any.
18- Practice How to Introduce Yourself:
Your introduction is very important for you because in day to day life, you face many people
and you have to introduce yourself, so practice in such a way that every time you meet people,
you are able to express about yourself fluently in English. Remember, first impression is the
last impression and the way you tell about yourself matters a lot.
Make practice of paragraphs about your following features:
Name, family, qualification, age, interest and activities, experience, aim in life or ambition etc.

Tips for Job Interview

When you apply for some job, keep in mind the following tips because there are so many
candidates but only as few are selected amongst them on the basis of their well-prepared
interview:
1- Practice:
Make Practice and Rehearsal of interview before you go.

2- Complete Information:
You should have Complete Information of the company where you are applying.
3- Formal Dressing:
You must be well-dressed and be in a formal dressing while going for interview.
4- Be Punctual:
Try to be Punctual and follow the proper timing so that you can reach in time.
5- Dont be Hesitant:
When you are asked some question, be normal and calm. You have to express freely and in a
relaxed mood whatever information you have.
6- Compliments:
Try to use Salutations and Compliments when you speak. It has long lasting impression upon
the audience. You know courtesy matters.

C.V and resume are used in the same sense. However they are slightly different from
each other on some grounds. C.V contains our Personal Details, Contact Details,
Educational Background etc but Resume shows history of your Experiences,
Professional Objectives and work details. Here are Formats of both so that you may
be able to distinguish them and get idea how to create your own C.V and Resume
because it is essential for any job interview and well-prepared C.V leaves a better
impact upon the reader.
Format of C.V
1- Contact Details:
Name
Address

Phone Number
E-mail Address etc.
2- Objectives:
Career Objectives
Aim in Life
Professional Interest etc
3- Qualification:
Educational Details
Degrees
Grades
Marks
Diploma etc
4- Achievements:
Awards
Honor
Any Thesis or Research Paper during study
Any Training if you have got
Unique Features etc
5- Experiences:
Teaching experience
Any Work Experience with
Company Name
Date of Joining
End Date etc
6- Interests & activities:
Hobbies in Leisure Time
Interests and Activities you take part most often.
7- References:
References are written upon request but this is once mentioned in C.V.

Common Mistakes in English

Generally it is said that while speaking, Grammar mistakes are not considered but there are
certain mistakes which leave a bad impression upon the audience and can be overcome with a
little effort. Even many native English people are not aware of such major mistakes. Below are
some of mistakes which should be taken care of:
1- Use of Second Form of Verb:
Many people use second form of verb with the word did, it is common mistake but ponder
over the concept that did is already second form of helping verb, so with it, we have to use
first form of verb.
Example:
Did you received the book? -----------? Incorrect
Did you receive the book --------? Correct
2- Use of Its and It is:
Its is used for possession whereas It is is shortened as Its while speaking fluently but
notice that generally Apostrophe Sign is used for possession but here its quite opposite. Its use
is not for possession over here.
Example:
It is my laptop.
Its price is 40 thousand rupees.
3- Use of The:
As described in definition of Articles, The is used with Common Noun to make it specific
i.e. when we are going to refer something or you can say that when something has been
narrated before and we want to mention it e.g.
Example:
It is a book. The book is on the table.
4- Use of Since/For:
These are the words used for timing. Since is used for some fixed time and For is used for
some time, we are not sure about. But with both these timing prepositions, Been or 3rd form
of verb is must.
Example:
He has been living in Lahore since 1996.
I have written his article for the past four hours.
5- Use of Then & Than:
Then is adverb that we use to emphasize while Than is used for comparison between two

nouns. It is most common mistake and many senior persons dont know it.
Example:
They had a lunch and then they started traveling.
She is more genius than Sana.
6- Use of I:
This is an important thing to keep in mind that when we use I as Pronoun, it is always
written as capital whether it comes in the start, centre or end of the sentence whereas we use
words starting with alphabet i, capital in the start or for Proper Noun only.
Example:
I have decided to depart for Lahore. Should I?
We use internet for getting information.
7- Use of May & Can:
Both have same meaning but there is difference in their use. The word May is used in the
sense that we are going to get permission or it is used in the start of a sentence to wish some
prayer but Can is used to show possibility of something to happen or to be able to do
something.
Example:
May I come in?
May you live long!
He can drive the car.
8- Use of Until:
The word Until is a conjunction and is used in a conditional sentence but remember that
though it is used with positive and negative sentences but after it, there is no negation added in
the sentence rather it may be before this word in a sentence.
Example:
She will not be discharged from the hospital until she recovers.
He passed his childhood in Dubai until 2010.
Other mistakes are with Pair of Words which we call Confusing Words and must be noticed
how to distinguish them.

Jumbled Sentences
Since every sentence has link with time, some sentences are tied to each other with respect to
time and conjunction is used to join them, these are called Jumbled Sentences because they are

formed by combining two sentences or phrases. Comma (,) is used as Separator between them.
Examples and Rules of Jumbled Sentences:
Followings are some rules with examples. If you join two sentences without any rule, their
times will not relate to each other.
1- Both sentences can be in Present Indefinite Tense e.g. If you meet Ali, pay my compliments
to him.
2- One sentence can be in Present Indefinite and the other can be in Future Indefinite e.g. If it
rains, Ill not come to you.
3- One sentence can be in Future Perfect while the other will be Present Indefinite e.g. He will
have gone when you arrive.
4- One sentence can be in Past Perfect and the other in Past Indefinite e.g. The train had left
when I reached the station.
It is not necessary that its translation in Urdu be the same. (Rules for jumbled Sentences are
different in Urdu)
5- Both sentences can be in Perfect Tenses e.g. If I had made promise, I would have kept it.
6- Both can be in Past Indefinite e.g. I wrote a letter before I went to sleep.
Punctuation Marks:
Punctuation Marks are symbols which we use while writing and speaking to show where to
stop and where to move. They depict rise and fall of the voice pitch.
Use of Punctuations:
1- Full Stop: (.)
Used at the end of a sentence.
Example:
I have a pen.
2- Question Mark: (?)
Used at the end of a question.
Example:
What is your name?
3- Comma: (,)
Comma is used to separate words (or sentences) or to continue statement.
Example:
Aslam, Akram and Ali are friends.

If it rains, I will not come.

4- Exclamation Mark: (!)
This sign is used to show expression of joy, sorrow, wonder, fear, anger or to address someone
and for Salutations also.
Examples:
Hurrah! We have won.
How beautiful this ring is!
Dear friends! How are you?
Hello!
5- Apostrophe Sign: ()
It is used to show possession of nouns or to abbreviate Helping Verbs.
Examples:
Alis book, Can not is written as Cant, Do not is written as Dont etc.
6- Inverted Commas: ()
These are used for some quotation. Invert means Turn Back. These are put inverse of each
other, thats why we call them Inverted Commas.
These are mostly used in Direct Speech after Reporting Speech.
Example:
He said, I am ill.
7- Colon: (:)
We put Colon when some details are required or after some Heading.
Example:
Followings are the merits and demerits of Television:
8- Semi- Colon: (;)
It is used with the statements which are closely linked to each other.
Example:
Some people like summer season; but others like to enjoy sunshine of winter.
9- Capital Letter:
First letter of a sentence and any specific name are written in Capital. Whenever I is used as
Pronoun, it is written in Capital whether it is in the start, mid or end of a sentence. As a letter, it
is used in small.
Examples:
It is a good book.
It is an English book.

I am a boy.
I take interest in studies.

Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice:
When a subject is doing something (Subject is active), it is called Active Voice.
Examples:
He writes a letter.
Cats drink milk etc.
Passive Voice:
When Subject is action receiver rather than action doer (Subject is Passive) and the Object
comes first, it is called Passive Voice.
Examples:
A letter is written by me.
Milk is drunk by cats.
Sentence-Structure of Active Voice:
Sentence-Structure of Active Voice is same as a simple sentence has.
Subject + Verb + Preposition + Object + Adverb
(Preposition and Adverb are not necessary but if they exist, their place will be the one as
described)
Sentence-Structure of Passive Voice:
Now see the difference of structure given below:
Object + Helping Verb + 3rd Form of Verb + Preposition + By + Subject + Adverb
This structure is followed by the Passive Voice. Once you learn it, you can convert every active
voice into passive voice.
While converting Active Voice into Passive Voice, two changes are must i.e. Helping Verb and
3rd Form.
Role of Helping Verb in Passive Voice:
Actually the Helping Verb to be used in Passive Voice is only one i.e. Be. Its forms are used
with respect to Principle (Main) Verb of Active Voice.
Following table explains which ones are the forms of Be with respect to different tenses.
Tenses

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite
Perfect
Continuous
Perfect
Continuous

Is, are, am

Was, were

Will be, shall be

Has been, have

been

Had been

Will have been, shall

have been

Is, are, am + Being Was, were + Being

x

x
x

There are only Eight tenses used in Passive Voice because as from the table is
obvious, there cant be formed Passive Voice of Future Continuous and Future
Perfect Continuous tense. (You can try on your own)
Some Rules for Conversion:

You have to focus on the use of Helping Verb in Passive Voice keeping in mind the Main Verb
in Active Voice.
1- If the form of verb is 1st in Active Voice, then use first forms of Be i.e. is (For Singulars),
are (For Plurals), and am (For I)
Example:
I pluck a flower.
A flower is plucked by me.
2- If 2nd form of verb is there in Active Voice, then use 2nd form of Be i.e. Was (For
Singulars) and Were (For Plurals)
Example:
I plucked a flower.
A flower was plucked by me.
3- If the form of verb is 1st in Active Voice and will or shall is used with it, then use will
(with He, she, it, they and any name) and shall (with First Person i.e. I, we) and then apply first
forms of Be same as it is means Be.
Example:
I shall pluck a flower.
A flower will be picked by me.
4- There is always 3rd form in all the Perfect Tenses, so add 3rd form of Be i.e. Been and
use has for singulars, have for plurals and had for all in past perfect in their Passive Voice.
Examples:
I have plucked a flower.
A flower has been plucked by me.

I had plucked a flower.

A flower had been plucked by me.
I had plucked a flower.
I shall have plucked a flower.
A flower will have been plucked by me.
5- When you find 1st form with ing in Active Voice, simply add ing with Be i.e. Being.
Examples:
I am plucking a flower.
A flower is being plucked by me.
I was plucking a flower.
A flower was being plucked by me.
6- Now look at the following sentence.
I shall be plucking a flower.
A flower will be being plucked by me.
Here the structure goes wrong because Be and Being can not be used together, thats why
there is no passive voice of Future Continuous Tense. Same is the case with all Perfect
Continuous Tenses.
Imperative Sentences:
As you studied earlier, Imperative Sentences include advice, request, order or prohibition. The
structure of these sentences is somewhat different, so the Passive Voice will also be different.
Observe the following Sentence-Structure:
Active Voice for Imperatives:
Verb + Preposition + Object + Adverb
Passive Voice for Imperatives:
Let + Object + be + 3rd Form + Preposition + Adverb
There is no subject in Imperative sentences and remember, if the verb comes first in a sentence,
then always 1st form of verb is used. So in Passive Voice, By and Subject are omitted
because in its Active Voice, there was no action doer.
Example:
Knock at the door quickly.
Let the door be knocked at, quickly.

Direct & Indirect Narration

Direct & Indirect Narration:
Communication or Conversation between two or more people is called Narration.
It has two categories:
1- Direct Speech
2- Indirect Speech
1- Direct Speech:
When we write the sayings of some person in the same wording using inverted commas (), it
is called Direct Speech.
Example:
He said, I am Muslim.
2- Indirect Speech:
When we convey someones message in our own wording, there occur many changes in the
statement.
Example:
He said that he was Muslim.
Categories of Direct Speech:
Direct Speech is further divided into two parts i.e.
1- Reporting Speech
2- Reported Speech
1- Reporting Speech:
It means the words which are going to be reported followed by the words say or said
generally.
Example:
He said to me,
2- Reported Speech:
The words which have been reported in the same wording as it is are said to be the reported
speech.
Example:
I am Muslim.
Rules for Narration:
In Direct Speech, reporting and reported parts must be separated by comma, otherwise it will
become single speech and meaning might be different.
There are six changes while converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:

1- Kind of Sentence
2- Change of Verb
3- Conjunction
4- Person
5- Tense
6- Time
So the Structure of Indirect Speech is
Kind of Sentence + Change of Verb + Conjunction + Person + Tense + Time

Role of Vocabulary
Today vocabulary has got much importance and it has vital role in improvement of your
English Language Skills. Even when you apply for some interview or test, there is a specific
section for checking your vocabulary grip.
How to Improve Vocabulary:
Followings are some ways to improve your vocabulary in an easy and enjoyable way:
1- Download Dictionary, Listen News etc:
As told earlier, u can download some dictionary and learn vocabulary words, listen to the
English News, some audio, read English newspaper etc.
2- Pass Some Vocabulary Test Online:
There are many websites which give you a chance to check your vocabulary by passing their
MCQs test e.g. www.odesk.com. Once you get good points in test, you can get good job there.
This is very handy if you make it your habit to pass one test daily.
3- Scrabble Game to Improve Vocabulary:
There are many games which can assist you in improving your vocabulary for example
Scrabble is very interesting game in which you have to make words in English from every
side i.e. right, left, up, down but not diagonally and you get points against every word you
make. Not only you can learn a lot through it but also you enjoy playing it. Especially kids
should be given a chance to play this game. It is very helpful in their self learning.
4- Word to Word Game:
Same as Word to Word is a game which starts from a word, then the other person tells a word
from the letter on which the first person letter ends and then it goes on from player to player.
Hence, you build your vocabulary rapidly in an interesting and effective manner.

5- Jumbled Spellings Game:

There is another concerning game called Jumbled Spellings. You type some vocabulary word
(May be some country, city, vegetable, fruit name etc) and the other player has to re-order this
word and guess what exactly the word is.
6- One Word Substitutes:
The suggestion to improve vocabulary is to learn One Word Substitutes. You can find a list of
them in some course book. Daily think of a word and its five substitutes at least for example
Happy has substitutes as Joyous, Glad, Pleased, Festive, Gay, Merry, Jolly etc.
Here we provide you substitutes of some simple sentences with good vocabulary, you have to
use in your day to day life including salutations and compliments.
1- Dont Disturb Me:
1- Please dont interrupt
2- Stop bothering me
3- Dont be such a nuisance
4- Dont pester me
2- Be Patient:
1- Calm down
2- Dont get in an uproar
3- Hold on
4- Dont sweat it
3- Hurry Up:
1- Can you please rush this?
2- Would you mind working a little faster?
3- Be quick about it
4- Lets get movin

Kinds of Sentence
Now when you have come to know about sentence and its structure, let us see, of how many
types a sentence may be. This is because Sentence-Structure depends upon kind of Sentence.
Followings are the basic kinds of a sentence. These are eight:
1- Simple/Positive
2- Negative

3- Interrogative
4- Imperative
5- Exclamatory
6- Conditional
7- Optative
8- Assertive
1- Simple/Positive Sentence:
It is a simple sentence and follows a basic sentence-structure)
Examples:
I go to school.
They play game.
2- Negative Sentence:
Negative sentence is the one in which theres some kind of negation (We use Not for that)
Examples:
I do not go to school.
He does not like this game.
3- Interrogative Sentence:
Interrogative sentence consists of some question. There are three signs of an Interrogative
Sentence i.e.
1- In the start of a sentence, Question Word is used e.g. Who, What, When, Where, Why etc
Who are you?
When will he come?
2- In the start of a sentence, some Helping Verb (Which helps the main verb e.g. is, are, am,
was, were, will, shall, has, have, had, can, may, should, would, ought, might, be, been, could,
do, did) is used e.g. Do you go to school?
3- Question Mark must be used at the end of Interrogative Sentence that is ?
4- Imperative sentence:
There can be some request, order, advice or prohibition (To forbid) in this sentence. There is no
Subject in this sentence.
Examples:
Go to your room.
Please sit down.
Work hard.
Dont make a noise.
5- Optative Sentence:
There can be some wish or prayer in this sentence.

Examples:
May you live long!
Have a nice day!
6- Exclamatory Sentence:
There can be some exclamation of joy, sorrow, fear, wonder, anger etc.
Exclamation Mark is must to use at the end of this sentence.
Examples:
Alas! My brother has died.
Wow! How charming this scene is!
Aha! The weather is fine.
Pooh! There is so smell.
Ouch! I have pain in foot.
7- Conditional Sentence:
There is some kind of condition in this sentence.
If you go to Lahore, say my salam to all.
Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
Had I made a promise, I would have kept it.
8- Assertive Sentence:
Simple sentence followed by That to get joined with the other sentence.
(It can be any simple sentence of Indirect Speech)
Example:
He said that he was ill.
Now we will move on to the Tenses so that you might be able to form sentences on your own

Kinds of Tenses
Tense actually shows the time situation or some event happening.
Kinds of Tenses:
Time can be divided into three periods:
1- Present
2- Past
3- Future

Next are the time sections:

1- Indefinite
2- Continuous
3- Perfect
4- Perfect Continuous
Every tense can be different from the other on the basis of three things:
1- Change in Verb
2- Helping Verb
3- Sign in Urdu
For easy and quick learning, observe the following table (A single example has been given to
express in all the tenses) and some rules are described below. But remember, Practice makes
the man perfect, so go on making practice by different exercises.
1- Change in Verb:
It means form of verb we use will be different in every sentence.
2- Helping Verb:
It can be used in positive sentences as well as in negative and interrogative ones.
3- Sign in Urdu:
It means what comes at the end of Urdu Sentence. As we are Pakistani and our National
Language is Urdu, so it is necessary to have know-how of sign in Urdu so that we may be able
to translate from English to Urdu and From Urdu to English when we need.
Present

Past

Future

Verb H.Verb Urdu

Verb H.Verb Urdu

Verb H.Verb Urdu

2nd
Form

1st
Form

Indefinit 1st
e
Form

Example
s

Do,
Does

He goes to school.

Continu 1st
Is, are,
ous
Form+
am
ing

Did

He went to school.

1st
Form+
ing

Was,
were

Will,
Shall

He will go to school.

1st Will be,

Form+ shall be
ing

Example He is going to school. He was going to school.

s
Perfect

3rd
Form

Has,
have

3rd
Form

Had

Example He has gone to school. He had gone to school.

s
Perfect
1st
Has
Continu Form+ been,
ous
ing
have
been

Example He has been going to

s
school for two weeks.

1st
Form+
ing

Had
been

He will be going to
school.
3rd
Will
Form+ have,
Since/F shall
or
have
He will have gone to
school.
1st
Will
Form+ have
ing
been,
shall
have
been

He had been going to He will have been going

school since 3rd Aug, to school for some days.
2012.

Some Rules to Memorize Tenses:

1- The order of parts used in Sentence-Structure will be same.

2- You should learn forms of verb on your finger-tips.
3- ing is always used with 1st form of verb.
4- In Simple Positive Sentence of Present Indefinite Tense, dont use helping verb. It is a
common mistake committed by most of the people and leaves a bad impression upon the
audience e.g. I go to the park is correct but I am go to the park is incorrect.
5- 2nd form of verb is only used in Past Indefinite Tense.
6- 2nd form can never be used with ing.
7- 3rd form is used in three cases:
a) In Perfect Tenses with Helping Verb e.g. I have done my work.
b) In Passive Voice with Helping Verb. (will be explained later) e.g. Apples are eaten by me.
c) As a Past Participle (Means as a Subject or Adjective) e.g. I am interested in learning
English, Tired people do not perform well.

:: Present Indefinite Tense ::

I write a letter to my doctor.
I do not write a letter to my doctor.
Do I write a letter to my doctor?
Do I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Continious ::
I am writing a letter to my doctor.
I am not writing a letter to my doctor.
Am I writing a letter to my doctor?
Am I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect ::
I have written a letter to my doctor.
I have not written a letter to my doctor.
Have I written a letter to my doctor?
Have I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect Continious ::

I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.
Have I been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?
Have I not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Passive Voice
:: Present Indefinite ::
A letter is written by me to my doctor.
A letter is not written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter not written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Continious ::
A letter is being written by me to my doctor.
A letter is not being written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter being written by me to my doctor.
Is a letter not being written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Perfect ::
A letter have been written by me to my doctor.
A letter have not been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter been written by me to my doctor.
Have a letter not been written by me to my doctor.