TRAVERSING

QSM415
AP224 1A

Prepared for : Miss Suriana Bt Ramli

Prepared by :
NAME
MARIAM BT MUSTAFA KAMAL
WAN FAUZIAH BT WAN MOHD AZLAN
NUR HAFIZAH BINTI NORDIN
NUR IZATULAFNI BINTI MD.ZAINI
NUR ALYA SYAQIRA BINTI CHE MOHD RADIN
DATE SUBMIT : 8 DECEMBER 2014

STUDENT ID
2014422174
2014278106
2014496034
2014496404
2014615994

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................................. 4
REQUIRED EQUIPMENTS............................................................................................... 5
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................ 7
RESULT..................................................................................................................... 10
COMMENT................................................................................................................. 11
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 13

INTRODUCTION
Traversing is a type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines from the framework
and the directions and the lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle
measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.
There are two of transverse surveying,
Closed traverse : When the lines form a circuit which ends at the stating point, it is known as
closed traverse.
Open traverse : When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere, it is said to be an open traverse.

Closed Traverse

Open Traverse

The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods and for survey of large
areas. The open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as requires for a
road of canal or the coast line.
The most satisfactory method of checking the linear measurements consists in chaining each
survey line a second time, preferably in the reverse direction on different dates and by different
parties.
The direction of a line is defined by a horizontal angle between the line and an arbitrarily chosen
reference line called a meridian.

The types of meridians (and thus directions) are ;

Geodetic :
Angle generally measured from geodetic north. Historically south has occasionally been used.
Magnetic :
Angle measured from magnetic north. Since magnetic fields fluctuate over time, this meridian is
time-dependent.
Grid :
Angle measured from grid (map) north. This angle is dependent on the map-projection.
The types of directions are,
Azimuth :
Horizontal angles measured clockwise from a reference meridian. Azimuths can be any of the
type above, geodetic azimuth, astronomic azimuth, etc. For examples, 34, 157 ,235 ,317.
Bearings :
Horizontal angles measured from the meridian either east or west. They can be geodetic,
astronomic, etc. Thus they are designated with nomenclature;
Require two letters and an acute angle(<90)
Measured both clockwise and counter-clockwise
Can be measured from North or South axis of meridian

OBJECTIVE

To determine the positions of existing boundary

To establish the positions of boundary lines
To determine the area encompassed within a boundary
To establish ground control for photographic mapping

REQUIRED EQUIPMENTS
1. Total station

2. Prism staff

3. Tripod

4. Field book

PROCEDURE
Set up the tripod at point A, B and C.
Tripod legs should be equally spaced.
Tripod head should be approximately level.
Head should be directly over survey point.

1) Placed

instrument on tripod
Placed the prism on tripod at point A and C. Then, faced to point B.
Placed the total station on tripod at point B.
Secured with entered screw while braced the total station with other hand.
Inserted battery in total station before levelling.

2) Focus on survey point

3) Levelling the instrument

Adjusted the levelling foot screw to center the survey point.
Center the bubble in the circular level by adjusted the tripod legs.

Loosened the horizontal clamp and turn the total station until plate level was
parallel to two of the levelling foot screws.
Center the bubble using the levelling screws the bubble moves toward the screw
that was turned clockwise.
Rotate the total station 90 degrees and level using the 3rd levelling screw.
4) Turn on the total station.
Adjusted the foot level screw to exactly center the electronic bubble.
Rotate the instrument 90 degrees and repeated.

5) Adjusted image and reticle focus.

Set up the total station with 50 degrees from point B.
Point the total station to point A. This will be a back sight.
Adjusted the focus ring until target will was focused.
Recorded the result.
Then, point the total station to point C. This will be a fore sight.
Recorded the result.

6) Moved the total station to point A.

Set up the instrument as the activities 1 to 5.
Point D will be a back sight and point B will be a fore sight.
Entered the degrees as a result in activity 6.
Make sure the left intersect and right intersect were the same.
Recorded the result.

7) Moved the total station to point D.

Repeated the activity 7
Point C will be a back sight and the point A will be a fore sight.
The activities will continued until the first point that was point B.
Make sure the last right intersect was same with the first left intersect.

RESULT
statio
n

Left
intersect

Right
intersect

Average

Correctio
n

50.00.00

134.05.4
4

C = +0.25

134.05.4
4
314.05.4
2
48.30.10

230.00.0
1
314.05.4
2
134.05.4
1
228.30.0
9
48.30.07

From
statio
n
1

48.30.10

C = +0.50

313.34.4
0

C = +0.75

229.59.5
9

C = +1.00

228.30.1
0
313.34.4
4
133.34.4
0
229.59.5
8

133.34.3
6
313.34.3
9
49.59.59

Final
bearing

To
statio
n
2

Distanc
e

48.30.11

27.447

313.34.4
1

21.320

230.00.0
0

21.318

134.05.4
4

22.017

Line 1 2 = 49.59.59
Line 1 2 should be = 50.00.00
Misclosure = -00.00.01
Correction per station = +00.00.0.25
Stn.
1
2
3
4
total

Bearing
(d.m.s)
134.05.44
48.30.11
313.34.41
230.00.00

Distance

Lat.

Dep.

Adj. Lat.

Adj. Dep.

Final lat.

Final dep.

22.017
27.447
21.320
27.318
98.102

-15.321
18.186
14.697
-17.560
0.002

15.812
20.558
-15.445
-20.927
-0.002

-0.0004
-0.0006
-0.0004
-0.0006
-0.0002

0.0004
0.0006
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002

-15.321
18.185
14.697
-17.561
0.000

15.812
20.559
-15.445
-20.926
0.000

Stn
.

1000.00

1000.00
10

2
3
4
1

0
984.679
1002.86
4
1017.56
1
1000.00
0

0
1015.81
2
1036.37
1
1020.92
6
1000.00
0

A = ( TN TE )
= ( 4077715.69 4078902.08 )
= 593.195 ft2

COMMENT
1. Firstly, I can identified a new equipments of traversing survey. Which are theodolite/total
station (most expensive equipment), tripod, prism staff. The set up of these equipments a
bit difficult firstly but it is going easy when my group did the mistakes on reading and the
rainy days makes us to redo. Some of mistakes we did are, the stations is not not the firm
ground make us difficult to adjust the bubble and have a small magnitude at some points.
However, we conducted a field work report. (Mariam Mustafa)
2. From this practical, I able to know how to use the instrument correctly. By doing so, error
can be avoided and accurate result can be obtained.
Error that might be occur from this practical are instrument error and personal error.
Instrument error is the error that come from the instrument itself. For example, defective
tripod. To avoid this from happening, my teammate and I have to check the instrument
are in good condition before starting the practical.
Next, personal error. Personal error are error that caused by human. For instance, the
reading taken not accurate. This can occur when the crosshair of prism is not parallel to
the total station. To avoid this from happening, proper focussing and checked by moving

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the eye up and down, also left to right, is needed.( Wan Fauziah binti Wan Mohd
Azlan)

3. From this practical, I know the purpose for traversing. I also had learn how to set up the
traversing equipment and know the name and function of each equipment such as total
station, prism and tripod. Besides, I know how to use this equipment to get the distance
by bearing. After that, the calculation that may have been made teach me more when
there have any error so we can calculate the error from the calculation result. In the
calculation, we include the adjustment and area. So by this report, I can get know what is
traversing and its function in surveying.(Nur Izatulafni Binti Md.Zaini)

4. From this activity i managed to practise each procedure in setting up a theodolite that involves
centering process, levelling process and removing parallax process.
When we are centering the theodolite ,we must ensure the instrument situated vertically above
the survey station to ensure that horizontal angle observation are correct. The steps is as follow :
1.Start with a plum bob to get it approximately right above the survey station.
2.Using the foot screws, move the optical plummet cross hairs on to the survey station.
3.Roughly level the instrument using the legs of the tripod the theodolite should stay almost on
target
4.Level with foot screws. Move instrument above target; repeat level and move until done.
Meanwhile during levelling theodolite, we must turn bubble parallel to two foot screw, to bring
the horizontal bubble to the centre of its run by moving the foot screws in opposite directions
(the bubble moves in the direction of your left thumb).Turn the instrument through 90 and bring
the bubble to the centre of its run by adjusting the third foot screw only .Turn the instrument
through a further 90 to check the adjustment of the plate bubble. If the bubble remains in centre,
then it is adjusted. If not, move it back one-half of the movement from the centre and re-adjust
for a further 90 turn .Repeat the whole procedure; assuming this is the correct, the bubble will
stay in a stationary position .The bubble must remain in the same place in the tube during a
360rotation of the instrument. If the stationary position of the bubble is still off the centre, then
a permanent adjustment should be made.
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Lastly, removing the parallax. Point instrument to infinity (the sky), adjust eyepiece so crosshairs are fine and dark. Then focus on the target using the focusing knob or collar and check for
parallax by moving your eye slightly, and check for a stationary image with respect to the crosshairs.(Nur Alya Syaqira Binti Che Mohd Raden)

5. From this task, I have learned about how to traversing. Traversing is developed by measuring the
distance and angles between points that found the boundary of a site. First, we have to place the
tripod on the ground point. Then put the prism and the total station point at the certain point.
There are two types of traverses. That are open traverse and close traverse. In this task, we were
doing the close traverse. by Hafizah

CONCLUSION
From the result, the error that we obtained is -0.00.01. The negative sign indicate that our
result are less 0.00.01. Hence, correction per station that we have to do is +0.00.0.25 .
Then, we are able to do the adjustment by using Bowditch method. The area that we
obtained from our practical is 547.12 .

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