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IP Addressing
Introduction to Networks
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Cisco Confidential
Chapter 8
8 0 IIntroduction
8.0
t d ti
8.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
8.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
8 3 Connectivity Verification
8.3
8.4 Summary
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IP Addressing
Chapter 8: Objectives
I this
In
thi chapter,
h t you will
ill be
b able
bl to:
t
Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.
Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.
Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast,
broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
Describe the representation of an IPv6 address
address.
Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
Configure global unicast addresses.
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IP Addressing
Introduction
I this
In
thi chapter,
h t you will
ill be
b able
bl tto ((continued):
ti
d)
Describe multicast addresses.
Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network (include IPv4 and
IPv6)
Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity
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8.1
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Binary Notation
Bi
Binary notation
t ti
refers to the fact
that computers
communicate in
1s and 0s
Converting binary
to decimal
requires an
understanding of
the mathematical
basis of a
numbering
system
y
positional notation
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1 AND 1 = 1
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1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
0 AND 0 = 0
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Verification
DHCP - preferred method of leasing
leasing IPv4 addresses to hosts on large
networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors
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Unicast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of
three different ways:
1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one
host to an individual host
host.
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Broadcast Transmission
2 B
2.
Broadcast
d
t - the
th process off sending
di a packet
k t from
f
one host
h t
to all hosts in the network
Routers do not
forward a
limited
broadcast!
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Directed broadcast
Destination
172.16.4.255
Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
net ork
network
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Multicast Transmission
Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
Reduces traffic
Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0
224 0 0 0 to
239.255.255.255.
Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
((Example:
p 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)
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Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:
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Assignment of IP Addresses
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8.2
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IPv4 Issues
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IPv4 Issues
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IPv4 Issues
#1
Dual-stack:
Dual
stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to
coexist on the same network. Devices run
both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
simultaneously.
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IPv4 Issues
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IPv4 Issues
Translation:
a s at o Network
et o Address
dd ess Translation
a s at o 6
64 ((NAT64)
6 )
allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4enabled devices using a translation technique similar to
NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4
packet, and vice versa.
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
#1
#2
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Unicast
Multicast
Anycast.
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IPv6 address/prefix
p
length
g
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Globally unique
Link-local
C fi d to
Confined
t a single
i l link
li k - nott routable
t bl b
beyond
d th
the link
li k
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All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1
Unspecified address
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Interface ID
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Assigned
g
multicast
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8.3
Connectivity Verification
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ICMP
H t confirmation
Host
fi
ti
Time exceeded
Route redirection
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ICMP
R
Router
Ad
Advertisement
i
message
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ICMP
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ICMP
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ICMP
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Testing
g and Verification
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IP Addressing
Summary
IP addresses
dd
are hi
hierarchical
hi l with
ith network,
t
k subnetwork,
b t
k and
d
host portions. An IP address can represent a complete
network a specific host
network,
host, or the broadcast address of the
network.
The subnet mask or prefix is used to determine the network
portion of an IP address. Once implemented, an IP network
needs to be tested to verify
erif its connecti
connectivity
it and operational
performance.
DHCP enables the automatic assignment of addressing
information such as IP address, subnet mask, default
gateway,
t
and
d other
th configuration
fi
ti information.
i f
ti
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IP Addressing
Summary
IP
IPv4
4h
hosts
t can communicate
i t one off th
three diff
differentt ways:
unicast, broadcast, and multicast.
The private IPv4 address blocks are: 10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
The depletion of IPv4 address space is the motivating factor
g to IPv6. Each IPv6 address has 128 bits verses
for moving
the 32 bits in an IPv4 address. The prefix length is used to
indicate the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format: IPv6 address/prefix length.
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IP Addressing
Summary
Th
There are three
th
types
t
off IPv6
IP 6 addresses:
dd
unicast,
i
t multicast,
lti
t
and anycast.
An IPv6 link-local address enables a device to communicate
with other IPv6-enabled devices on the same link and only on
that link (subnet). Packets with a source or destination linklocal address cannot be routed beyond the link from where
the packet originated
originated. IP
IPv6
6 link
link-local
local addresses are in the
FE80::/10 range.
ICMP is available for both IPv4 and IPv6.
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