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ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment is to determine the properties of
measurement/PVT. The equipment that had been used is called Perfect Gas
Expansion and by using this kind of equipment, all 4 experiments were conducted
successfully. For the first experiment, the experiment is conducted to show the
Boyles Law and to determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an
ideal gas. In this experiment, there are three conditions which are gas from
pressurize chamber to atmospheric chamber, pressurized chamber to vacuum
chamber, from atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber. The next experiment is to
determine the Gay-Lussac Law and is repeated three times to get the average value
of the temperature at pressurize and depressurize vessels. The graph of pressure
versus temperature is plotted after getting the total average value. From the graph,
the pressure is proportional to the temperature where it follows the Gay-Lussac Law.
In the third experiment which is to determine the isentropic expansion process, it is
conducted to demonstrate the isentropic expansion of gases, where pressure and
temperature of pressurized chamber is taken before and after expansion. After that,
the last experiment is to determine the ratio of heat capacity. The initial, intermediate
and the final reading of pressure and the temperature are recorded. Only the
pressurized chamber and compressive pump are used during this experiment. All of
these experiments have been successfully conducted and all the readings are
recorded into a data .The objectives for each experiment were achieved. Boyles law
and Gay-Lussac law were proven in this experiment where the ideal gas behaved
accordingly.
1.2
INTRODUCTION
The perfect Gas Expansion is related to First Law of Thermodynamics,
This experiment dealt a lot with the properties of an ideal gas and its
relationship with the various environmental factors. An ideal gas is said to be a gas
which obeys the P-V-T relationship. A PVT relationship is one of the forms of the
equations of state, which relates the pressure, molar volume V and the temperature
T of physically homogeneous media in thermodynamic equilibrium (Reid, Prausnitz &
Sherwood, 1977).Other than that, ideal gas is also a gas that exhibits simple linear
relationships among volume, pressure, temperature and amount (Silberberg, 2007).
Gas particles in a box collide with its walls and transfer momentum to them
during each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to a unit
area of a wall, during a unit time. However, ideal gas particles do not collide with
each other but only with the walls. A single particle moves arbitrarily along some
direction until it strikes a wall. It then bounces back, changes direction and speed
and moves towards another wall. The gas expansion equations are derived directly
from the law of conservation of linear momentum and the law of conservation of
energy (Sears & Salinger, 1975).
1.3
AIMS
1) To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas and to
compare the experimental results with theoretical results.
2) To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value.
3) To determine the relationship between pressure and the temperature of an ideal
gas.
4) To determine the ratio heat capacity.
5) To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
6) To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise
depressurization.
7) To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.
1.4
THEORY
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law,
Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is
none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they
collide between atoms or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive
forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the
gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An
equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas
equation of state which is :
P=R
T
)
V
The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value
of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be
written as:
PV = nRT
where P is absolute pressure
V is volume
n is the number of moles of the gas filling the container
R is the particular gas constant which is R=8.3145J/mol
T is absolute temperature
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as
they has one constant property throughout the experiment where:
P1 V 1 P 2 V 2
=
T1
T2
Boyles Law Experiment
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a
constant for a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature. Written in mathematical
terms, this law is :
PV = constant
A common use for this law is to predict on how a change in pressure will alter the
volume of gas or vice versa. Therefore, for initial values of p1and V1, which change
to final values of P2 and V2, the following equation applies :
P1 V1= P2V2 (for fixed amount of gas at constant temperature)
The graph shows how the pressure and volume vary according to Boyles Law at two
difference temperatures. Then it can be conclude that, the pressure and volume gas
is indirectly related which is if the pressure of the chamber is increase then the
volume of the gas inside the chamber also decrease. Besides, it also involves the
kinetic energy. If we decrease the volume of a gas, thus means that the same
number of gas particles are now going to come in contact with each other and with
the sides of the container much more often. The pressure is also measure the
frequency of collision of gas particle with each other and with the side of the
container they are in. Thus if the volume decrease, the pressure will naturally
increase. The opposite is true if the volume of the gas is increased, the gas particles
collide less frequently and the pressure will decrease.
When the volume of gas is compress into half, the collision of the gas will
increase and thus the pressure will increase double compare to the origin
value.
But if the volume of the gas is doubled or increase in the factor of two, the
collision drop and decrease thus the pressure will decrease into half compare
to the origin.
The equations above apply in the gas of dealing with the relationship between
pressure and temperature of a gas.
1.5
APPARATUS
Valve 1
Valve 2
Pressure chamber
Valve 3
Vacuum chamber
Vacuum pump
1.6
PROCEDURE
5. V02 was fully opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow into the
atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers were recorded after expansion.
7. The experimental procedures were repeated for the following conditions :
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
7.1) For vacuum chamber procedure, ON pump to release pressure until 5060kPa
7.2) Fully open V 02 and allow the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric
chamber
7.3) The pressure reading for both chambers were recorded after expansion.
8. The PV value was calculate and the Boyles Law was proved.
9. The ratio of volume was calculated and compared to theoretical value.
1.7
RESULTS
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before Expansion
152.0
134.9
After Expansion
145.9
145.2
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before Expansion
108.0
58.8
After Expansion
91.2
90.8
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before Expansion
153.5
58.8
After Expansion
121.4
121.6
Trial 2
Trial 3
Pressure
(kPa abs)
110
120
130
140
150
160
Temperature (oC)
Temperature (oC)
Temperature (oC)
Pressurise
Depressurize
Pressurise
Depressurize
Pressurize
Depressurize
vessel
22.6
22.9
23.5
24.5
25.4
27.9
vessel
22.3
22.8
23.6
24.8
26.6
27.9
vessel
22.1
22.3
22.8
23.9
24.8
25.9
vessel
22.6
23.3
24.5
25.7
26.8
27.3
vessel
22.2
22.4
23.0
23.8
24.8
25.6
vessel
23.1
24.1
25.3
26.6
26.9
27.0
Average Temperature
22.30
22.53
23.10
24.07
25.00
25.93
Pressure (kPa)
80
60
40
20
0
22.3
22.53
23.1
24.07
25
25.93
Temperature (C)
Average Temperature
22.67
23.40
24.47
25.70
26.77
27.40
Pressure (kPa)
80
60
40
20
0
22.67
23.4
24.47
25.7
26.77
27.4
Temperature (C)
PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT1 (oC)
Initial
160.0
26.7
Intermediates
138.2
26.2
Final
141.16
24.4
PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT1 (oC)
1.8
After expansion
103.5
21.7
CALCULATIONS
-1
ln
Cv
= 140.19 L kPa
CP
= Cv + R
K -1 mol-1
CP 148.50
=
C V 140.19
= 1.0593
Percentage error :
1.4 - 1.0593
X 100% = 24.34%
1.4
Experiment 4 : Isentropic Expansion Process
(
k - 1
T 2 P2 k
=
T 1 P1
ln
k-1
)
k
21.7 103.5
=
15.2 163.0
21.7 k - 1
103.5
=
ln
15.2 k
163.0
( )
k = 0.05606
1.9
DISCUSSIONS
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a
T 2 P2
=
T 1 P1
k - 1
)
k
Where, k is constant. Given the value of temperature and pressure before and after
expansion, we can find the value of k. Thus, the calculated value of k in this
experiment is 0.5606. In this experiment the pressure is dropped from 163.0 kPa to
103.5 kPa and the temperature also decrease from 25.2 C to 21.7C.This is
because due to the volume is kept constant thus the temperature and pressure is
increase. In fact, during this experiment no heat flow occurs in the system and no
energy transformation change .Therefore, the change of the gas in entropy also
zero. It can be concluded that, when isentropic expansion process occur, the work
done by the gas is equal to the decrease in the internal energy of the gas.
1.10
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the experiment is conducted successfully to determine the
1.11
RECOMMENDATIONS
During conduct this experiment , there are a few precautions that should be
taken so that accurate result will be obtained. Firstly, before start the new
experiment, each experiment should do the start-up and shut-down experiment first
in order to make sure there are no gas left in the chamber. Thus, all the valve must
be opened to remove all gasses in the chamber.
Besides that, to avoid the parallax error during taking the reading of pressure
and temperature, repeat the experiment three times and calculate the average value
so that more accurate result will be obtained.
Apart from that, read the procedures carefully and follow the instruction
accordingly. Open and close the valve carefully according to the procedure given so
that the experiment will run smoothly and no mistakes occur during this experiment.
Next, the pump pressure must not be above 2bar as excessive pressure may
results in glass breaking. Make sure that extra precaution is taken when the valve is
open because high pressure is released so as to avoid unwanted accidents to occur.
Lastly, the experiment should be conducted at the stable and unshaken place
and all the data must be collected and recorded into a table.
1.12
REFERENCES
1) Reid, R., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K. (1977) The Properties of Gases and
Liquids, 3rd Edition, New York : McGraw-Hill.
2) Sears, F.W and Salinger, G.L. (1975) Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and
Statistical Thermodynamics, 3rd Ed, Addison-Wesley, pp (254-266) and (354-360).
3) https://www.scribd.com/doc/217642669/PROPERTIES-MEASUREMENT-PVT
retrieved on 19.04.2015
4) Silberberg, M. (2007) Principles of General Chemistry, 1 st Edition, McGraw-Hill.
5) http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/kt/idealgases.html retrieved on 20.04.2015
6) http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
Phases_of_Matter/Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law retrieved on 23.04.2015
7) https://www.scribd.com/doc/131470670/perfect-gas-expansion retrieved on
23.04.2015