May 2001

Course 3
**BEGINNING OF EXAMINATION**

1.

For a given life age 30, it is estimated that an impact of a medical breakthrough will be an
increase of 4 years in eo 30 , the complete expectation of life.
Prior to the medical breakthrough, s(x) followed de Moivres law with = 100 as the
limiting age.

Assuming de Moivres law still applies after the medical breakthrough, calculate the new
limiting age.

(A)

104

(B)

105

(C)

106

(D)

107

(E)

108

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2.

On January 1, 2002, Pat, age 40, purchases a 5-payment, 10-year term insurance of
100,000:
(i)

Death benefits are payable at the moment of death.

(ii)

Contract premiums of 4000 are payable annually at the beginning of each year for
5 years.

(iii)

i = 0.05

(iv)

L is the loss random variable at time of issue.

Calculate the value of L if Pat dies on June 30, 2004.

(A)

77,100

(B)

80,700

(C)

82,700

(D)

85,900

(E)

88,000

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3.

Glen is practicing his simulation skills.

He generates 1000 values of the random variable X as follows:
(i)

He generates the observed value from the gamma distribution with = 2 and
= 1 (hence with mean 2 and variance 2).

(ii)

He then generates x from the Poisson distribution with mean .

(iii)

He repeats the process 999 more times: first generating a value , then
generating x from the Poisson distribution with mean .

(iv)

The repetitions are mutually independent.

Calculate the expected number of times that his simulated value of X is 3.

(A)

75

(B)

100

(C)

125

(D)

150

(E)

175

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4.

Lucky Tom finds coins on his way to work at a Poisson rate of 0.5 coins per minute.
The denominations are randomly distributed:
(i)

60% of the coins are worth 1;

(ii)

20% of the coins are worth 5;

(iii)

20% of the coins are worth 10.

Calculate the variance of the value of the coins Tom finds during his one-hour walk to
work.

(A)

379

(B)

487

(C)

566

(D)

670

(E)

768

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5.

For a fully discrete 20-payment whole life insurance of 1000 on (x), you are given:
(i)

i = 0.06

(ii)

qx +19 = 0.01254

(iii)

The level annual benefit premium is 13.72.

(iv)

The benefit reserve at the end of year 19 is 342.03.

Calculate 1000 Px +20 , the level annual benefit premium for a fully discrete whole life
insurance of 1000 on (x+20).

(A)

27

(B)

29

(C)

31

(D)

33

(E)

35

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6.

For a multiple decrement model on (60):

(i)

60 ( 1) ( t ), t 0, follows the Illustrative Life Table.

(ii)

60 ( ) (t ) = 2 60( 1) ( t ), t 0

Calculate

10

(A)

0.03

(B)

0.04

(C)

0.05

(D)

0.06

(E)

0.07

( )
q60
, the probability that decrement occurs during the 11th year.

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7.

A coach can give two types of training, light or heavy, to his sports team before a
game. If the team wins the prior game, the next training is equally likely to be light or
heavy. But, if the team loses the prior game, the next training is always heavy.
The probability that the team will win the game is 0.4 after light training and 0.8 after
heavy training.

Calculate the long run proportion of time that the coach will give heavy training to the
team.

(A)

0.61

(B)

0.64

(C)

0.67

(D)

0.70

(E)

0.73

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8.

For a simulation of the movement of a stocks price:

(i)

The price follows geometric Brownian motion, with drift coefficient = 0.01 and
variance parameter 2 = 0.0004.

(ii)

The simulation projects the stock price in steps of time 1.

(iii)

Simulated price movements are determined using the inverse transform method.

(iv)

The price at t = 0 is 100.

(v)

The random numbers, from the uniform distribution on 0,1 , for the first 2 steps
are 0.1587 and 0.9332, respectively.

(vi)

F is the price at t = 1; G is the price at t = 2.

Calculate G F.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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9.

(x) and (y) are two lives with identical expected mortality.
You are given:
Px = Py = 0.1
Px y = 0.06 , where Px y is the annual benefit premium for a fully discrete

b g

insurance of 1 on xy .
d = 0.06

Calculate the premium Pxy , the annual benefit premium for a fully discrete insurance of 1

b g

on xy .

(A)

0.14

(B)

0.16

(C)

0.18

(D)

0.20

(E)

0.22

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10.

For students entering a college, you are given the following from a multiple decrement
model:
(i)

1000 students enter the college at t = 0 .

(ii)

Students leave the college for failure 1 or all other reasons 2 .

(iii)

b1g t =

bg

bg
b g b t g = 0.04
2

(iv)

bg

0t 4
0t < 4

48 students are expected to leave the college during their first year due to
all causes.

Calculate the expected number of students who will leave because of failure during their
fourth year.

(A)

(B)

10

(C)

24

(D)

34

(E)

41

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11.

You are using the inverse transform method to simulate Z, the present value random
variable for a special two-year term insurance on (70). You are given:
(i)

(70) is subject to only two causes of death, with

k

(ii)

q70(1)

q70 (2 )

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.50

Death benefits, payable at the end of the year of death, are:

During year

Benefit for Cause 1

Benefit for Cause 2

1
2

1000
1100

1100
1200

(iii)

i = 0.06

(iv)

For this trial your random number, from the uniform distribution on 0,1 , is 0.35.

(v)

High random numbers correspond to high values of Z.

Calculate the simulated value of Z for this trial.

(A)

943

(B)

979

(C)

1000

(D)

1038

(E)

1068

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12.

You are simulating one year of death and surrender benefits for 3 policies. Mortality
follows the Illustrative Life Table. The surrender rate, occurring at the end of the year, is
15% for all ages. The simulation procedure is the inverse transform algorithm, with low
random numbers corresponding to the decrement occurring. You perform the following
steps for each policy:
(1)

Simulate if the policy is terminated by death. If not, go to Step 2; if yes, continue

with the next policy.

(2)

Simulate if the policy is terminated by surrender.

The following values are successively generated from the uniform distribution on 0,1 :
0.3,

0.5,

0.1,

0.4,

0.8,

0.2,

0.3,

0.4,

0.6,

0.7,.

You are given:

100

Death
Benefit
10

Surrender
Benefit
10

91

25

20

96

20

15

Policy #

Age

Calculate the total benefits generated by the simulation.

(A)

30

(B)

35

(C)

40

(D)

45

(E)

50

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13.

Mr. Ucci has only 3 hairs left on his head and he wont be growing any more.
(i)

The future mortality of each hair follows

k

b g

qx = 0.1 k + 1 , k = 0, 1, 2 , 3 and x is Mr. Uccis age

(ii)

Hair loss follows the hyperbolic assumption at fractional ages.

(iii)

The future lifetimes of the 3 hairs are independent.

Calculate the probability that Mr. Ucci is bald (has no hair left) at age x + 2.5 .
(A)

0.090

(B)

0.097

(C)

0.104

(D)

0.111

(E)

0.118

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14.

The following graph is related to current human mortality:

20

40

60

80

100

Age

Which of the following functions of age does the graph most likely show?

(B)

bg
l bx g

(C)

l x px

(D)

lx

(E)

lx 2

(A)

x
x

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15.

An actuary for an automobile insurance company determines that the distribution of the
annual number of claims for an insured chosen at random is modeled by the negative
binomial distribution with mean 0.2 and variance 0.4.
The number of claims for each individual insured has a Poisson distribution and the
means of these Poisson distributions are gamma distributed over the population of
insureds.

Calculate the variance of this gamma distribution.

(A)

0.20

(B)

0.25

(C)

0.30

(D)

0.35

(E)

0.40

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16.

A dam is proposed for a river which is currently used for salmon breeding. You have
modeled:
(i)

For each hour the dam is opened the number of salmon that will pass through and
reach the breeding grounds has a distribution with mean 100 and variance 900.

(ii)

The number of eggs released by each salmon has a distribution with mean of 5
and variance of 5.

(iii)

The number of salmon going through the dam each hour it is open and the
numbers of eggs released by the salmon are independent.

Using the normal approximation for the aggregate number of eggs released, determine
the least number of whole hours the dam should be left open so the probability that
10,000 eggs will be released is greater than 95%.

(A)

20

(B)

23

(C)

26

(D)

29

(E)

32

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17.

For a special 3-year term insurance on ( x ) , you are given:

(i)

Z is the present-value random variable for the death benefits.

(ii)

qx + k = 0.02( k + 1)

(iii)

The following death benefits, payable at the end of the year of death:

(iv)

k = 0, 1, 2

bk +1

300,000

1
2

350,000
400,000

i = 0.06

bg

Calculate E Z .

(A)

36,800

(B)

39,100

(C)

41,400

(D)

43,700

(E)

46,000

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18.

For a special fully discrete 20-year endowment insurance on (55):

(i)

Death benefits in year k are given by bk = 21 k , k = 1, 2, , 20.

(ii)

The maturity benefit is 1.

(iii)

Annual benefit premiums are level.

(iv)

kV

denotes the benefit reserve at the end of year k, k = 1, 2,, 20.

(v)

10 V

= 5.0

(vi)

19 V

= 0.6

(vii)

q65 = 0.10

(viii)

i = 0.08

Calculate 11V.

(A)

4.5

(B)

4.6

(C)

4.8

(D)

5.1

(E)

5.3

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19.

For a stop-loss insurance on a three person group:

(i)

Loss amounts are independent.

(ii)

The distribution of loss amount for each person is:

Loss Amount
0
1
2
3

(iii)

Probability
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

The stop-loss insurance has a deductible of 1 for the group.

Calculate the net stop-loss premium.

(A)

2.00

(B)

2.03

(C)

2.06

(D)

2.09

(E)

2.12

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20.

An insurers claims follow a compound Poisson claims process with two claims expected
per period. Claim amounts can be only 1, 2, or 3 and these are equal in probability.

Calculate the continuous premium rate that should be charged each period so that the
adjustment coefficient will be 0.5.

(A)

4.8

(B)

5.9

(C)

7.8

(D)

8.9

(E)

11.8

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21-22.

Use the following information for questions 21 and 22.

The Simple Insurance Company starts at time t = 0 with a surplus of S = 3. At the
beginning of every year, it collects a premium of P = 2. Every year, it pays a random
claim amount:
Claim Amount
0
1
2
4

Probability of Claim Amount

0.15
0.25
0.50
0.10

Claim amounts are mutually independent.

If, at the end of the year, Simples surplus is more than 3, it pays a dividend equal to the
amount of surplus in excess of 3. If Simple is unable to pay its claims, or if its surplus
drops to 0, it goes out of business. Simple has no administrative expenses and its interest
income is 0.

21.

Determine the probability that Simple will ultimately go out of business.

(A)

0.00

(B)

0.01

(C)

0.44

(D)

0.56

(E)

1.00

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21-22.

(Repeated for convenience) Use the following information for questions 21 and 22.
The Simple Insurance Company starts at time t = 0 with a surplus of S = 3. At the
beginning of every year, it collects a premium of P = 2. Every year, it pays a random
claim amount:
Claim Amount
0
1
2
4

Probability of Claim Amount

0.15
0.25
0.50
0.10

Claim amounts are mutually independent.

If, at the end of the year, Simples surplus is more than 3, it pays a dividend equal to the
amount of surplus in excess of 3. If Simple is unable to pay its claims, or if its surplus
drops to 0, it goes out of business. Simple has no administrative expenses and its interest
income is 0.

22.

Calculate the expected dividend at the end of the third year.

(A)

0.115

(B)

0.350

(C)

0.414

(D)

0.458

(E)

0.550

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23.

A continuous two-life annuity pays:

100 while both (30) and (40) are alive;
70 while (30) is alive but (40) is dead; and
50 while (40) is alive but (30) is dead.
The actuarial present value of this annuity is 1180. Continuous single life annuities
paying 100 per year are available for (30) and (40) with actuarial present values of 1200
and 1000, respectively.

Calculate the actuarial present value of a two-life continuous annuity that pays 100 while
at least one of them is alive.

(A)

1400

(B)

1500

(C)

1600

(D)

1700

(E)

1800

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24.

For a disability insurance claim:

(i)

The claimant will receive payments at the rate of 20,000 per year, payable
continuously as long as she remains disabled.

(ii)

The length of the payment period in years is a random variable with the gamma
distribution with parameters = 2 and = 1 .

(iii)

Payments begin immediately.

(iv)

= 0.05

Calculate the actuarial present value of the disability payments at the time of disability.

(A)

36,400

(B)

37,200

(C)

38,100

(D)

39,200

(E)

40,000

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25.

For a discrete probability distribution, you are given the recursion relation

bg

pk =

b g

2
* p k 1 ,
k

k = 1, 2,.

bg

Determine p 4 .

(A)

0.07

(B)

0.08

(C)

0.09

(D)

0.10

(E)

0.11

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26.

A company insures a fleet of vehicles. Aggregate losses have a compound Poisson

distribution. The expected number of losses is 20. Loss amounts, regardless of vehicle
type, have exponential distribution with = 200.
In order to reduce the cost of the insurance, two modifications are to be made:
(i)

a certain type of vehicle will not be insured. It is estimated that this will
reduce loss frequency by 20%.

(ii)

a deductible of 100 per loss will be imposed.

Calculate the expected aggregate amount paid by the insurer after the modifications.

(A)

1600

(B)

1940

(C)

2520

(D)

3200

(E)

3880

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27.

An actuary is modeling the mortality of a group of 1000 people, each age 95, for the next
three years.
The actuary starts by calculating the expected number of survivors at each integral age by
l95 +k = 1000 k p95 ,

k = 1, 2, 3

The actuary subsequently calculates the expected number of survivors at the middle of each
year using the assumption that deaths are uniformly distributed over each year of age.
This is the result of the actuarys model:
Age
95

Survivors
1000

95.5

800

96
96.5

600
480

97

--

97.5
98

288
--

The actuary decides to change his assumption for mortality at fractional ages to the constant
force assumption. He retains his original assumption for each k p95 .

Calculate the revised expected number of survivors at age 97.5.

(A)

270

(B)

273

(C)

276

(D)

279

(E)

282

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28.

For a population of individuals, you are given:

(i)

Each individual has a constant force of mortality.

(ii)

The forces of mortality are uniformly distributed over the interval (0,2).

Calculate the probability that an individual drawn at random from this population dies
within one year.

(A)

0.37

(B)

0.43

(C)

0.50

(D)

0.57

(E)

0.63

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29-30.

Use the following information for questions 29 and 30.

You are the producer of a television quiz show that gives cash prizes. The number of
prizes, N, and prize amounts, X, have the following distributions:
n
1
2

29.

Pr N = n

Pr X = x

0.8
0.2

0
100
1000

0.2
0.7
0.1

Your budget for prizes equals the expected prizes plus the standard deviation of prizes.

Calculate your budget.

(A)

306

(B)

316

(C)

416

(D)

510

(E)

518

COURSE 3: MAY 2001

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29-30.

(Repeated for convenience) Use the following information for questions 29 and 30.
You are the producer of a television quiz show that gives cash prizes. The number of
prizes, N, and prize amounts, X, have the following distributions:
n
1
2

30.

Pr N = n

Pr X = x

0.8
0.2

0
100
1000

0.2
0.7
0.1

You buy stop-loss insurance for prizes with a deductible of 200. The cost of insurance
includes a 175% relative security load.

Calculate the cost of the insurance.

(A)

204

(B)

227

(C)

245

(D)

273

(E)

357

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31.

bg

For a special fully discrete 3-year term insurance on x :

(i)

Level benefit premiums are paid at the beginning of each year.

(ii)
k
0
1
2
(iii)

bk +1

q x+ k

200,000
150,000
100,000

0.03
0.06
0.09

i = 0.06

Calculate the initial benefit reserve for year 2.

(A)

6,500

(B)

7,500

(C)

8,100

(D)

9,400

(E)

10,300

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32.

For a special fully continuous whole life insurance on (x):

(i)

The level premium is determined using the equivalence principle.

(ii)

Death benefits are given by bt = 1 + i where i is the interest rate.

(iii)

L is the loss random variable at t = 0 for the insurance.

(iv)

T is the future lifetime random variable of (x).

b g

Which of the following expressions is equal to L ?

c A h
c1 A h
c A hc1 + A h
c A h
c1 + A h
c A hc1 A h
dv + A i
c1 + A h
T

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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33.

For a 4-year college, you are given the following probabilities for dropout from all
causes:
q0
q1
q2
q3

= 015
.
= 010
.
= 0.05
= 0.01

Dropouts are uniformly distributed over each year.

Compute the temporary 1.5-year complete expected college lifetime of a student entering
o

the second year, e11: .5 .

(A)

1.25

(B)

1.30

(C)

1.35

(D)

1.40

(E)

1.45

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34.

Lee, age 63, considers the purchase of a single premium whole life insurance of 10,000
with death benefit payable at the end of the year of death.
The company calculates benefit premiums using:
(i)

mortality based on the Illustrative Life Table,

(ii)

i = 0.05

The company calculates contract premiums as 112% of benefit premiums.

The single contract premium at age 63 is 5233.
Lee decides to delay the purchase for two years and invests the 5233.

Calculate the minimum annual rate of return that the investment must earn to accumulate
to an amount equal to the single contract premium at age 65.

(A)

0.030

(B)

0.035

(C)

0.040

(D)

0.045

(E)

0.050

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35.

You have calculated the actuarial present value of a last-survivor whole life insurance of
1 on (x) and (y). You assumed:
(i)

The death benefit is payable at the moment of death.

(ii)

The future lifetimes of (x) and (y) are independent, and each life has a constant
force of mortality with = 0.06 .

(iii)

= 0.05

Your supervisor points out that these are not independent future lifetimes. Each
mortality assumption is correct, but each includes a common shock component with
constant force 0.02.

Calculate the increase in the actuarial present value over what you originally calculated.

(A)

0.020

(B)

0.039

(C)

0.093

(D)

0.109

(E)

0.163

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36.

The number of accidents follows a Poisson distribution with mean 12. Each accident
generates 1, 2, or 3 claimants with probabilities 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 6 , respectively.

Calculate the variance in the total number of claimants.

(A)

20

(B)

25

(C)

30

(D)

35

(E)

40

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37.

For a claims process, you are given:

(i)

m bg

The number of claims N t , t 0 is a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with

intensity function:

R|1,
( t ) = S2,
|T3,

0 t <1
1 t < 2
2 t

(ii)

Claims amounts Yi are independently and identically distributed random variables

that are also independent of N ( t ) .

(iii)

Each Yi is uniformly distributed on [200,800].

(iv)

The random variable P is the number of claims with claim amount less than 500
by time t = 3.

(v)

The random variable Q is the number of claims with claim amount greater than
500 by time t = 3.

(vi)

R is the conditional expected value of P, given Q = 4.

Calculate R.

(A)

2.0

(B)

2.5

(C)

3.0

(D)

3.5

(E)

4.0

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38.

Lottery Life issues a special fully discrete whole life insurance on (25):
(i)

At the end of the year of death there is a random drawing. With probability 0.2,
the death benefit is 1000. With probability 0.8, the death benefit is 0.

(ii)

At the start of each year, including the first, while (25) is alive, there is a random
drawing. With probability 0.8, the level premium is paid. With probability
0.2, no premium is paid.

(iii)

The random drawings are independent.

(iv)

Mortality follows the Illustrative Life Table.

(v)

i = 0.06

(vi)

is determined using the equivalence principle.

Calculate the benefit reserve at the end of year 10.

(A)

10.25

(B)

20.50

(C)

30.75

(D)

41.00

(E)

51.25

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39.

A government creates a fund to pay this years lottery winners.

You are given:
(i)

There are 100 winners each age 40.

(ii)

Each winner receives payments of 10 per year for life, payable annually,
beginning immediately.

(iii)

Mortality follows the Illustrative Life Table.

(iv)

The lifetimes are independent.

(v)

i = 0.06

(vi)

The amount of the fund is determined, using the normal approximation, such that
the probability that the fund is sufficient to make all payments is 95%.

Calculate the initial amount of the fund.

(A)

14,800

(B)

14,900

(C)

15,050

(D)

15,150

(E)

15,250

COURSE 3: MAY 2001

- 39

GO ON TO NEXT PAGE

40.

For a special fully discrete 35-payment whole life insurance on (30):

(i)

The death benefit is 1 for the first 20 years and is 5 thereafter.

(ii)

The initial benefit premium paid during the each of the first 20 years is one fifth
of the benefit premium paid during each of the 15 subsequent years.

(iii)

Mortality follows the Illustrative Life Table.

(iv)

i = 0.06

(v)

A30: 20 = 0.32307

(vi)

a&&30: 35 = 14.835

Calculate the initial annual benefit premium.

(A)

0.010

(B)

0.015

(C)

0.020

(D)

0.025

(E)

0.030

**END OF EXAMINATION**

COURSE 3: MAY 2001

- 40

STOP

COURSE 3
MAY 2001
MULTIPLE-CHOICE ANSWER KEY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

COURSE 3: MAY 2001

E
A
C
E
D
B
C
D
C
A
B
A
E
B
A
B
A
E
C
C
E
D
A
B
C

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

- 41

B
D
D
E
D
D
A
D
A
B
E
C
A
E
B

STOP

SOLUTIONS FOR MAY 2001 COURSE 3 EXAM

Test Question: 1

Key: E

For de Moivres law,

o

FG1 t IJ dt
H 30 K
L t OP
= Mt
N 2b 30gQ

e 30 =

30

30

30
=
2
= 100 eo 30 =

Prior to medical breakthrough

o

After medical breakthrough e 30 = e 30 + 4 = 39

so

e30
= 39 =

30
= 108
2

100 30
= 35
2

Test Question: 2

L = 100,000v 2.5 4000a&&3

= 77,079

Key: A

@5%

Test Question: 3

Key: C

= = = 2
Var = Var + Var E N
= + Var = 2 + 2 = 4
Distribution is negative binomial (Loss Models, 3.3.2)
Per supplied tables
mean = r = 2

b g
b1 + g = 2

Var = r 1 + = 4
=1
r = 2
r =2
From tables
p3 =

b gb g
3!b1 + g

r r +1 r +2 3

1000 p3 = 125

r +3

b2 gb3gb4g1

3! 2

4
= 0.125
32

Test Question: 4

Key: E

b gb g
b gb g b gb g b gb g
= b 0.6gb1g + b 0.2 gb 25g + b 0.2 gb100g = 25.6

E N = Var N = 60 0.5 = 30
E X = 0.6 1 + 0.2 5 + 0.2 10 = 3.6
E X2

Var X = 25.6 36
. 2 = 12.64
For any compound distribution, per Loss Models

Var S = E N Var X + Var N E X

d i

= (30) (12.64) + (30) 3.62

= 768

For specifically Compound Poisson, per Probability Models

Var S = t E X 2 = (60) (0.5) (25.6) = 768
Alternatively, consider this as 3 Compound Poisson processes (coins worth 1; worth 5; worth
2
10), where for each Var X = 0 , thus for each Var S = Var N E X .
Processes are independent, so total Var is
2
Var = 60 0.5 0.6 12 + 60 0.5 0.2 52 + 60 0.5 0.2 10

b g

bg b g
b gb gb g b gb gb g b gb gb gb g

= 768

Test Question: 5

1000

20
20Vx

Key: D

= 1000 Ax+ 20 =
=
a&&x+ 20

1000

20
19Vx +20 Px

. g q b1000g
ib106
x +19

px +19

. gb1.06g 0.01254b1000g
b342.03 + 1372
= 36918
.

0.98746
1 0.36918
=
= 111445
.
0.06 / 106
.

so 1000Px+ 20 = 1000

Ax +20 36918
.
=
= 331
.
a&&x +20 111445
.

Test Question: 6

b g
k px = e

bx

g b t g dt

Key: B

z b gb g
F b g b g IJ
= Ge z
H
K
= b p g where
=e

2 x t dt

x1 t dt

10

k px

is from Illustrative Life Table, since b1g follows I. L.T.

6,616,155
= 0.80802
8,188,074
6,396,609
=
= 0.78121
8,188,074

p60 =

11 p60

10

b g = pb g p b g
q60
10 60 11 60
=

10

p60

g b
2

11

p60

from I. L.T.

= 0.808022 0.781212 = 0.0426

Test Question: 7

State 1:
State 2:

Key: C

light Training
heavy Training

P11 = 0.4 0.5 + 0.6 0 = 0.2

P12 = 0.4 0.5 + 0.6 1 = 0.8
P21 = 0.8 0.5 + 0.2 0 = 0.4
P22 = 0.8 0.5 + 0.2 1 = 0.6
0.2 0.8
P=
0.4 0.6
1 = 0.2 1 + 0.4 2
2 = 0.8 1 + 0.6 2
1 + 2 = 1

LM
N

OP
Q

1 2 = 0.2 1 2 + 0.4. 2 = 0.2 + 0.2 2 12

. 2 = 0.8

2 =

8 2
=
12 3

Note: the notation in Probability Models would label the states 0 and 1, and would label the
top row and left column of the matrix P with subscript 0. The underlying calculations
are the same. The matrix P would look different, but the result would be the same, if
you chose to make heavy the lower-numbered state.

Test Question: 8

Key: D

= 0.0004 = 0.02
Y 1 is normal 0.01, 0.0004
0.1587 corresponds to -1 standard deviation
Y (1) = 0.01-(1)(0.02) = -0.01
Y ( 2) Y (1) is normal (0.01, 0.0004)
0.9332 corresponds to +1.5 standard deviation
Y ( 2) = Y (1) + 0.01 + (15
. )( 0.02)
= 0.01 + 0.01 + 0.03
= 0.03

bg

F = 100eY b 1g = 100e 0.01 = 99.00

G = 100 eY b 2 g = 100 e0.03 = 103.05

G F = 4.05

Test Question: 9

Ps =

Key: C

1
d , where s can stand for any of the statuses under consideration.
a&& s

a&&s =

1
Ps + d

1
= 6.25
01
. + 0.06
1
a&&xy =
= 8.333
0.06 + 0.06
a&&x = a&&y =

a&&xy + a&&xy = a&&x + a&& y

a&&xy = 6.25 + 6.25 8.333 = 4.167
Pxy =

1
0.06 = 018
.
4.167

Test Question: 10

Key: A

b
g
g j = 48

d 0b g = 1000 e b + 0.04 g t + 0.04 dt

1

= 1000 1 e b + 0.04

e b +0 .04 g = 0.952

+ 0.04 = ln 0.952
= 0.049
= 0.009

d 3b 1g = 1000 e 0.049t 0.009 dt

4

= 1000

0.009 b 0.049gb 3 g b 0.049gb 4 g

e
e
= 7.6
0.049

Test Question: 11

Key: B

b g = 1 01. 01. 0.1 0.5 = 0.2

p70

b g = 0.20
F ( 0) = 2 p70

b g bg
F d1100v i = F b 979g = F b 943g + q b g = 0.40
F b1100v g = Fb1038g = F ( 979) + q b g = 0.50
F d1200v i = F b1068g = F b1038g + q b g = 100
.
b1g = 0.30
F (1000v ) = F 943 = F 0 +0 q70
2

1
1 70
0

2
70

2
1 70

good; must have F maximum possible = 1

F(943) < random number < F(979), so choose 979

Test Question: 12

Key: A

Let Zi be random variable indicating death; Wi be random variable indicating lapse for policy.
Let U denote the random number used.
policy # 1:

q100 = 0.40812 from Illustrative Life Table

U = 0.3 < 0.40812
Z1 = 1
W1 = 0

policy # 2:

q91 = 0.20493 from Illustrative Life Table

U = 0.5 > 0.20493
Z2 = 0
next checking lapse U = 0.1 < 0.15 (surrender rate) W2 = 1

policy # 3

q96 = 0.30445
U = 0.4 > 0.30445
Z3 = 0
next checking lapse U = 0.8 > 015
. W3 = 0
total Death and Surrender Benefits = 10+20+0 = 30

Test Question: 13

Key: E

2p x

= 1 01
. 0.2 = 0.7

3 px

= 0.7 0.3 = 0.4

Use l x = 1 (arbitrary, doesnt affect solution)

so l x +2 = 0.7

l x+ 3 = 0.4
1
1
1
By hyperbolic
=.5
+.5
lx +2 .5
lx +2
l x +3
=

.5 .5
+ = 1.9643
.7 .4

l x +2 .5 = 0.5091= 2.5 p x
2 .5 q x

= 1 0.5091 = 0.4909

Prob (all 3 failed) = 0.4909 = 0118

.

Test Question: 14

Key: B

bg

This is a graph of l x x .

bg

x would be increasing in the interval 80,100 .

l x2

The graphs of l x px , l x and

would be decreasing everywhere.
The graph shown is comparable to Figure 3.3.2 on page 65 of Actuarial Mathematics

Test Question: 15

Key: A

Using the conditional mean and variance formulas:

c h
= Var d E c N h j + E dVarc N h j

E N = E N
Var N

Since N, given lambda, is just a Poisson distribution, this simplifies to:

bg
bg

E N = E
Var N = Var + E

bg
bg

We are given that E N = 0.2 and Var N = 0.4 , subtraction gives Var = 0.2

Test Question: 16

Key: B

N = number of salmon
X = eggs from one salmon
S = total eggs.
E(N) = 100t
Var(N) = 900t

bg b gb g
Varb S g = E b N gVar b X g + E b X gVarb N g = 100t 5 + 25 900t = 23,000t
F S 500t > 10,000 500t IJ =.95
Pb S > 10,000g = PG
H 23,000t 23,000t K
E S = E N E X = 500t

10,000 500t = 1645

.
23000 t = 250 t
40 2t = t

d ti

t 40 = 0

1 1 + 320
= 4.73
4
t = 22.4
round up to 23
t =

Test Question: 17

Key: A

A P V (xs benefits) = v k +1bk +1 k p x q x +k

k =0

b g

b gb g

b gb gb g

= 1000 300v 0.02 + 350v 2 0.98 0.04 + 400v 3 0.98 0.96 0.06
= 36,829

Test Question: 18

Key: E

denotes benefit premium

19 V = APV future benefits - APV future premiums
1
0.6 =
= 0.326
108
.
10V + 1.08 q65 10
11V =
p65

b
gb g b gb g
. gb10g
b5.0 + 0.326 gb1.08g b010
=
1 010
.

=5.28

Test Question: 19

Key: C

X = losses on one life

E X = 0.3 1 + 0.2 2 + 0.1 3

b gb g b gb g b gb g

=1
S = total losses
E S = 3E X = 3

b g

c b gh
= E S b1gc1 f b 0gh
= 3 b1gd1 0.4 i

E S 1 + = E S 1 1 Fs 0
s

= 3 0.936
= 2.064

Test Question: 20

Key: C

bg

M x r = E e rx
e r + e2 r + e 3 r
3
0.5
e + e + e1.5
M x 0.5 =
= 2.95
3
1+ 2 + 3
p1 = E X =
=2
3
=

b g

bg
b g
2b 2.95 1g = 0.5c

M x r 1 = cr
Since = 2 and r = 0.5,
2 M x 0.5 1 = 0.5c
3.9 = 0.5c
c = 7.8 = premium rate per period

Test Question: 21

Key: E

Simples surplus at the end of each year follows a Markov process with four states:
State 0: out of business
State 1: ending surplus 1
State 2: ending surplus 2
State 3: ending surplus 3 (after dividend, if any)
State 0 is absorbing (recurrent). All the other states are transient states.
Thus eventually Simple must reach state 0.

Test Question: 22

Key: D

(See solution to problem 21 for definition of states).

t =0

0 0 0

t =1

0.0 01
. 0.0

LM1.0
0.1
1 M
MM0.1
N0.0

LM1.0
01
.
0.9 M
MM 01.
N 0.0

0.0
0.5
0.0
0.1

0.0
0.5
0.0
01
.

0.00
0.25
0.50
0.00

0.00
0.25
0.50
0.00

OP
PP
PQ

0.00
0.15
= 0.0 01
. 0.0 0.9 at t = 1
0.40
0.90

OP
PP
PQ

0.00
015
.
= 0.01 014
.
0.025 0.825 at t = 2
0.40
0.90

Expected dividend at the end of the third year =

3

(probability in state k at t = 2) (expected dividend if in state k)

k =0

0.01*0 + 0.14*0 + 0.025(0*0.85 + 1*0.15) + 0.825*(0*0.6 +1*0.25 + 2*0.15) = 0.4575

Test Question: 23

Key: A

1180 = 70a30 + 50a40 20a30 :40

b gb g b gb g

1180 = 70 12 + 50 10 20a30 :40

a30 :40 = 8
a30 :40 = a30 + a40 a30 :40 = 12 + 10 8 = 14
100a30:40 = 1400

Test Question: 24

bg

a = a f t dt =
o t
=

Key: B

1 e 0.05t

1
0.05

0.05

zb

te

1
te t dt
2

bg

. t
te105
dt

LM b g
N
1 L F 1 I
=
M1 G . JK
0.05 MN H 105

FG
H

IJ
K

1
t
1
=
t + 1 e t +
+
e 1.05 t
0.05
1.05 105
. 2

20,000 185941
.
= 37 ,188

OP = 185941
PQ .

OP
Q

Test Question: 25

bg

Key: C

b g
LM OP b g
N Q

2
p k 1
k
2
= 0 + p k 1
k

pk =

Thus an (a, b, 0) distribution with a = 0, b = 2.

Thus Poisson with = 2 .
e 2 2 4
p4 =
4!
= 0.09

bg

Test Question: 26

Key: B

By the memoryless property, the distribution of amounts paid in excess of 100 is still
exponential with mean 200.

b g

With the deductible, the probability that the amount paid is 0 is F 100 = 1 e 100/ 200 = 0.393.
Thus the average amount paid per loss is (0.393) (0) + (0.607) (200) = 121.4
The expected number of losses is (20) (0.8) = 16.
The expected amount paid is (16) (121.4) = 1942.

Test Question: 27

Key: D
l96 + l97
2
600 + l97
480 =
l97 = 360
2
l97 = 360 and l97 .5 = 288, we get l98 = 216
l96 .5 =

From UDD

Likewise, from

For constant force,

e =
0.5

l98 216
=
= 0.6
l97 360

b g = 0.7746
= b 0.7746gl = b0.7746gb360g = 278.86

p97 = e .5 = 0.6

l97 .5

97

Test Question: 28

Key: D

Let M = the force of mortality of an individual drawn at random; and T = future lifetime of the
individual.
Pr T 1

= E Pr T 1 M
=
=
=

z
zz
zd

bg

Pr T 1 M = f M d

0
2 1
0

1
e t dt d
0
2
1
1
1
1 e du = 2 + e 2 1 = 1 + e2
2
2
2

= 0.56767

i d

Test Question: 29

Key: E

b gb g b gb g
E N = b 0.8g1 + b0.2gb4 g = 16
.
Varb N g = 16
. 1.2 = 016
.

E N = 0.8 1 + 0.2 2 = 12
.
2

E X = 70 + 100 = 170

bg

b
g
E S = E N E X = 12
. b170g = 204
VarbSg = E N Var b Xg + E X Varb N g = 12
. b78,100g + 170 b016
. g = 98,344
Std dev b S g = 98,344 = 313.6
Var X = E X 2 E X

= 7000 + 100,000 1702 = 78,100

2

So B = 204 + 314 = 518

Test Question: 30

Key: D

b g b gb g b gb gb gb g
f b1100g = b 0.2 gb2gb 0.7 gb 0.1g = 0.028
f b2000g = b 0.2 gb0.1g = 0.002
E b S 200g = b0.088gb800g + b 0.028gb900g + b 0.002 gb1800g
f s 1000 = 0.8 0.1 + 0.2 2 0.2 0.1 = 0.088
s

= 99.2
With 175% relative security loading, cost = (2.75) (99.2) = 272.8
Alternatively,
f s 0 = Fs 0 = 0.8 0.2 + 0.2 0.2

.
b g b g b gb g b gb g = 0168
f b100g = b0.8gb 0.7g + b 0.2 gb2gb 0.2 gb 0.7 g = 0.616
F b100g = 0.168 + 0.616 = 0.784
2

s
s

E S = 204 [from problem 29]

E S 200

g b100gc1 F b100gh
= E S b100gc1 F b 0gh b100gc1 F b100gh
= 204 b100gb1 0.168g b100gb1 0.784g
= E S 100

= 99.2
cost = (2.75) (99.2) = 272.8

Test Question: 31

Key: D

Let = benefit premium

Actuarial present value of benefits =
= 0.03 200,000 v + 0.97 0.06 150,000 v 2 + 0.97 0.94 0.09 100,000 v 3

b gb

g b gb gb

= 5660.38 + 7769.67 + 6890.08

= 20,32013
.
Actuarial present value of benefit premiums
= a&&x:3

b gb g

= 1 + 0.97v + 0.97 0.94 v 2

= 2.7266
20,32013
.
=
= 7452.55
2.7266
1V

. g b 200,000gb0.03g
b7452.55gb106

= 1958.46

1 0.03

Initial reserve, year 2 = 1V +

= 1958.56 + 7452.55
= 9411.01

g b gb gb gb

Test Question: 32

Key: A

Let denote the premium.

b g

L = bT v T aT = 1+ i

v T aT

= 1 aT
E L = 1 ax = 0

L = 1 aT = 1

aT
ax

ax

ax 1 vT

vT 1 ax
v T Ax
=
=
ax
1 Ax

ax

Test Question: 33

Key: D

(0, 1)

(1, 0.9)
(1.5, 0.8775)
(2, 0.885)

t p1

p1 = (1 01
. ) = 0.9

p1 = 0.9 1 0.05 = 0.855

b gb

since uniform, 1.5 p1 = 0.9 + 0.855 / 2

= 0.8775
o

e1:1.5 = Area between t = 0 and t = 15

.
=

FG 1 + 0.9 IJ b1g + FG 0.9 + 0.8775 IJb0.5g

H 2 K H 2 K

= 0.95 + 0.444
= 1.394
Alternatively,
o

e11: .5 =
=
=

z
z
zb

1.5
t p1dt
0
1
0 .5
p1dt +1 p1 x
t
0
0
1
0

p2 dx

1 01
. t dt + 0.9

= t 0.12t

1
0

0 .5

+ 0.9 x

= 0.95 + 0.444 = 1394

.

b1 0.05xgdx

0.05 x2
2

0.5
0

Test Question: 34

Key: A

b g

10,000 A63 112

. = 5233
A63 = 0.4672

b g
. g 0.01788
b0.4672gb105
=

Ax+1 =
A64

Ax 1 + i qx
px

= 0.4813
A65 =

1 0.01788

b0.4813gb1.05g 0.01952
1 0.01952

= 0.4955
Single contract premium at 65 = (1.12) (10,000) (0.4955)
= 5550

b1 + ig

5550
5233

i=

5550
1 = 0.02984
5233

Test Question: 35

Key: B

Original Calculation (assuming independence):

x = 0.06
y = 0.06
xy = 0.06 + 0.06 = 012
.
x
0.06
=
= 0.54545
x + 0.06 + 0.05
y
0.06
Ay =
=
= 0.54545
y + 0.06 + 0.05
Ax =

Axy =

xy
xy +

012
.
= 0.70588
012
. + 0.05

Axy = Ax + Ay Axy = 0.54545 + 0.54545 0.70588 = 0.38502

Revised Calculation (common shock model):
x = 0.06, Tx *b x g = 0.04

y = 0.06, Ty *b yg = 0.04

xy = Tx *b x g + Ty *b yg + Z + 0.04 + 0.04 + 0.02 = 010

.
x
0.06
Ax =
=
= 0.54545
x + 0.06 + 0.05

0.06
Ay = y =
= 0.54545
y + 0.06 + 0.05
Axy =

xy
xy +

010
.
= 0.66667
010
. + 0.05

Axy = Ax + Ay Axy = 0.54545 + 0.54545 0.66667 = 0.42423

Difference = 0.42423 0.38502 = 0.03921

Test Question: 36

Key: E

Treat as three independent Poisson variables, corresponding to 1, 2 or 3 claimants.

rate1 = 6
rate2 = 4
rate3 = 2

LM= 1 12OP
N 2 Q

Var1 = 6
Var2 = 16

= 4 22

Var3 = 18
total Var = 6 + 16 + 18 = 40, since independent.
Alternatively,

d i

E X2 =

12 22 32 10
+ +
=
2
3
6
3

For compound Poisson, Var S = E N E X 2

b gFGH 103IJK = 40

= 12

Test Question: 37

bg

Key: C

bg

t dt = 6 so N 3 is Poisson with = 6.

g g

P is Poisson with mean 3 (with mean 3 since Prob yi < 500 = 0.5

P and Q are independent, so the mean of P is 3, no matter what the value of Q is.

Test Question: 38

Key: A

At age x :
Actuarial Present value (APV) of future benefits =
APV of future premiums =

FG 4 a&& IJ
H5 K

FG 1 A IJ 1000
H5 K

1000
4
A25 = a&&25 by equivalence principle
5
5
1000 A25
1
8165
.
= =
= 1258
.
4 a&&25
4 16.2242
= APV (Future benefits) APV (Future benefit premiums)
1000
4
=
A35 &&
a
5
5 35
1
4
= 128.72 1258
.
153926
.
5
5
= 10.25

10V

g b gb

Test Question: 39

Let

Key: E

Y = present value random variable for payments on one life

S = Y = present value random variable for all payments

E Y = 10a&&40 = 148166
.
Var Y = 10

2
A40 A40

ib

2
= 100 0.04863 016132
.
1.06 / 0.06

= 70555
.
E S = 100E Y = 14,816.6
Var S = 100 Var Y = 70,555
Standard deviation S = 70,555 = 265.62
By normal approximation, need
E [S] + 1.645 Standard deviations = 14,816.6 + (1.645) (265.62)
= 15,254

Test Question: 40

Key: B

Initial Benefit Prem =

Where

1
5 A30 4 A30
:20

5a&&30:35 4a&&30:20

g b
g b

5 010248
.
4 0.02933
5 14.835 4 11.959

0.5124 0.11732 0.39508

=
= 0.015
74.175 47.836
26.339

1
1
A30
:20 = A30:20 A30:20 = 0.32307 0.29374 = 0.02933

and
a&&30 :20 =

1 A30 :20
d

1 0.32307
= 11.959
0.06
1.06

FG IJ
H K

Comment: the numerator could equally well have been calculated as A30 + 4 20 E30 A50
= 0.10248 + (4) (0.29374) (0.24905)
= 0.39510