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This document discusses several methods for cooling buildings using solar energy or the night sky, including:
1) Evaporative cooling which uses the energy required to evaporate water to lower the temperature of air circulating through a building.
2) Night sky radiational cooling which takes advantage of the night sky being cooler than the earth's surface to radiate heat away from a building's roof.
3) Nocturnal ventilative cooling which vents cool outdoor air into a building at night to lower its temperature then seals it off during the day.
4) Ventilative cooling and cross ventilation which uses outdoor air movement through openings to directly cool buildings when outside temperatures are lower than inside.
This document discusses several methods for cooling buildings using solar energy or the night sky, including:
1) Evaporative cooling which uses the energy required to evaporate water to lower the temperature of air circulating through a building.
2) Night sky radiational cooling which takes advantage of the night sky being cooler than the earth's surface to radiate heat away from a building's roof.
3) Nocturnal ventilative cooling which vents cool outdoor air into a building at night to lower its temperature then seals it off during the day.
4) Ventilative cooling and cross ventilation which uses outdoor air movement through openings to directly cool buildings when outside temperatures are lower than inside.
This document discusses several methods for cooling buildings using solar energy or the night sky, including:
1) Evaporative cooling which uses the energy required to evaporate water to lower the temperature of air circulating through a building.
2) Night sky radiational cooling which takes advantage of the night sky being cooler than the earth's surface to radiate heat away from a building's roof.
3) Nocturnal ventilative cooling which vents cool outdoor air into a building at night to lower its temperature then seals it off during the day.
4) Ventilative cooling and cross ventilation which uses outdoor air movement through openings to directly cool buildings when outside temperatures are lower than inside.
Evaporative cooling takes advantage of the fact that it
takes energy to change water from a liquid to a gas, around 1000 BTU/pound. This phase change energy must come from somewhere, and in air it comes from the sensible heat in the air, thereby lowering the temperature of the air. Evaporative cooling techniques fall into two categories, direct evaporation and indirect evaporation. In direct evaporation, water is evaporated directly into the air that is circulated to the space being cooled. This raises the RH of the air (it actually raises RH two way lowering temperature and adding moisture) and consequently of the space. Indirect evaporative approaches use evaporation to lower the temperature of some medium which is separated from the building air. The most common direct evaporation system in the U.S. is the single stage direct evaporative cooler, or swamp cooler EARTH AIR TUNNELS
Night Sky Radiational Cooling
The temperature of the sky is lower than the temperature of the earth's surface (at least in Martha's Vineyard), so there is a net radiant transfer to the sky. It is interesting to note that this radiant loss occurs 24
hours a day, not just at night, but it is offset by solar
gain during the day. A clear sky is colder than a cloudcovered sky, so that night sky radiant cooling is far more effective under clear skies. The simplest night sky radiant cooling system is a massive roof with movable insulation. The roof is covered with insulation during the day, and exposed at night. The mass needs to be in direct contact with the space below, because the temperature drops are small. The goal is to have the ceiling side of the roof be a few degrees below comfort temperature, so the roof can absorb heat from the space Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling Nocturnal ventilative cooling refers to the strategy of ventilating a building at night, when the ambient temperature is low, and closing it off from the outdoors during the daytime hours. It is most effective in high mass, well-insulated buildings with low internal heat gains. In dry climates, which often have high daily ambient temperature swings, this approach may provide excellent comfort with no additional energy input. Some guidelines are:
Indoor minimum DB = Outdoor minimum DB
+ (0.35-0.45)Daily range
Indoor maximum DB = Outdoor maximum DB
- (0.35-0.45)Daily range Ventilative Cooling Ventilative cooling is the strategy of using outdoor air to cool the building. It is only useful when the outdoor temperature is below the indoor temperature. This
strategy combines the approaches of building cooling
and people cooling, if the air velocities are high enough and are felt within the occupied zone. It is an applicable strategy to warm humid climates. Openings in the buildings are usually windows and doors. Air movement can be provided by the wind, by the stack effect, or by a fan. Much work has been done analyzing the effects of different window placement and building design for maximizing air movement under the pressure of the wind. Some conclusions are:
Cross ventilation is enhanced by an
irregularly-shaped, spread-out building.
Facing the building at an oblique angle to the
prevailing wind is better than facing it directly perpendicular to the wind direction solar energy use in buildings
Heating and cooling buildings consumes a huge part of
our available global energy. According to The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), buildings account for more than 50% of the worlds energy consumption, with the resulting carbon emissions substantially more than those in the transportation sector. The widespread use of solar heating and cooling systems in buildings hinges in large part on their economic performance relative to conventional heating and cooling systems. Economic evaluations and comparisons of alternative solar
and conventional energy systems will be required
by research analysts, by builders, homeowners, architects, lenders, manufacturers of solar ~nergy equipment, government policy makers, and others in order to determine th@ economic merits of solar energy systems. To make these evaluations, reliabl ~~d consistent procedures are needed for the collection and analysis of economic costs and benefits associated with the various systems.
Solar heating systems are affordable for families. The
return on investment can be as little as 3-6 years. Commercial systems help companies reduce and manage their energy bills, managing long-term costs. Meanwhile, fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably and are expected to rise significantly over the next decade.
Water heating, space heating, and space cooling
accounted for 72 percent of the energy used in an average household in the U.S. in 2010 representing a huge market potential for solar heating and cooling technologies! Solar heating & cooling (SHC) technologies collect the thermal energy from the sun and use this heat to provide hot water, space heating, cooling, and pool heating for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. These technologies displace the need to use electricity or natural gas
solar air conditioning
Solar air conditioning refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that uses solar power. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion (sunlight to electricity). The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007[1] created 2008 through 2012 funding for a new solar air conditioning research and development program, which should develop and demonstrate multiple new technology innovations and mass production economies of scale. Solar air conditioning might play an increasing role in zero-energy and energy-plus buildings design Photovoltaics can provide the power for any type of electrically powered cooling be it conventional compressor-based or adsorption/absorption-based, though the most common implementation is with compressors. For small residential and small commercial cooling (less than 5 MWh/a) PV-powered cooling has been the most frequently implemented solar cooling technology. The reason for this is debated, but commonly suggested reasons include incentive structuring, lack of residential-sized equipment for other solar-cooling technologies, the advent of more efficient electrical coolers, or ease of installation compared to other solar-cooling technologie