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SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
Objective:
1.
Improve calculator skills needed in a multiple choice statistical examination where the
Helps students identify where and what their problem may be.
Target group: This worksheet is for students who do not have a sound mathematical
background and are doing a statistics module; students who did maths literacy at school;
students who have a supplementary for a statistics exam.
FUNCTION
MY NOTES
FROM QL
WORKSHOP
SHARP EL-532WH
(normal mode)
Proper fractions
1
4
Improper fractions
10
3
10
4 =1
3=3
ab
10
4=1 4
ab
3=3
1
(the answer is 3 )
3
Mixed fractions 4
1
3
3=4
ab
2ndF
SHIFT SD = 13
Converting between
fractions and decimals
ab
ab
3=4
answer 13 3
13 3 SD answer 4.333
13 3 a b
c
4.333 SD answer 4 1 3
4.3333 a b
answer 4.3333
answer 4 1 3
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without the use of a calculator? Did you know it is much quicker to do
12
n! n factorial
5 SHIFT
n! n n 1 2 1
5! 5 4 3 2 1
The factorial notation is
used to represent the
product of the first
n natural numbers,
where n
5 2ndF
= 120
4 =120
Fractions using n!
5!
3!
10!
7!3!
5 SHIFT x
= 20
10 SHIFT x
120
3 SHIFT x
( 7 SHIFT
3 SHIFT x
) =
5 2ndF
= 20
10 2ndF 4
4
3 2ndF
( 7 2ndF
3 2ndF 4
) = 120
Permutations nPr
9 SHIFT
Else
Else
nPr
9P6
n!
(n r )!
9!
(9 6)!
6=60480
9 SHIFT x
SHIFT x
( 96 )
= 60480
9 2ndF 6 6=60480
9 2ndF 4
2ndF 4
( 96 )
= 60480
Combinations nCr
9 SHIFT
Else
Else
6=84
9 2ndF 5 6=84
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nCr
n!
r !(n r )!
9 SHIFT x
9C 6
9!
6!(9 6)!
( 6 SHIFT
( 9 6 ) SHIFT x
9 2ndF
( 6 2ndF
4 ( 9 6 ) 2ndF 4
) = 84
) = 84
Both sets of brackets NB!
Why?
5 x 6 ) = 15625
5 y x 6 = 15625
Counting r objects in
n different ways n r
(repeats/repetition)
56
See diagram 1 for determining the differences between PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS.
(Appendix A attached at the end of this QL worksheet)
Exponents in a bracket
0.75(9
0.75(9
0.75 x 9 6 ) = 0.422
6)
6)
0.75 y x ( 9 6 ) = 0.422
2 =0.844
2 = 0.844
ex
SHIFT ln 1
3 ) = 1.396
2ndF ln
ab
3 = 1.396
e3
Alternatively,
Alternatively,
Quantitative Literacy (QL) UNISA | Durban Learning Centre, 221 Dr Pixley Ka Seme St
SHIFT ln 1
3 ) = 1.396
SHIFT ln ( ) 3 ) = 0.05
2ndF ln ( 1
2ndF ln
3 ) = 1.396
3 = 0.05
1
e3
SHIFT ln 3 ) = 0.05
Alternatively,
SHIFT ln 3 ) = 0.05
But: e
2
3
2ndF ln ( 3 ) = 0.05
Alternatively,
1
e3
Note:
4e
1
3
( ) 4
ab
2ndF ln ( 3 ) =
0.05
e 3 . Why?
1
e3
Note:
e 3.
SHIFT ln ( ) 2
But: e
1
3
e 3 . Why?
e 3.
3 ) = -2.054
4
Alternatively replace
with
2ndF ln (
3 ) = -2.054
Alternatively replace
.
ab
with
Discrete probabilty distributions make use of the universal constant e . Try a worksheet or QL workshop
on
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
Square root
6 ) = 2.45
The calculator automatically
( 6 ) = 2.45
Brackets are not required
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6 = 2.45
Why?
64 20
6 4 2 0 ) = 6.63
( 6 4 2 0 ) = 6.63
64 20
2
6420 )
( 6420 )
2 = 3.32
with
2 = 3.32
Square root as a
denominator
6 ) = 0.41
Similar to
1
6
6 above.
1
Similar to
is in the numerator
1
(
0.82
6 )
6 above.
Brackets for
Denominator
Brackets for
Denominator
Square root as a
fraction in the
denominator, where
( 6 ) = 0.41
2 ) =
1
(
0.82
( 6 )
2 ) =
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of the fraction
1
6
2
1
( 3.5
0.9035
is in the
denominator of the
Alternatively ,
1
3.5
10
is not (see
1 3.5
0.9035
6 above). Why?
Brackets for
Denominator
Brackets for
Denominator
Square root as a
fraction in the
denominator, where
fraction
10 ) ) =
1
( 3.5
0.9035
( 10 ) ) =
Alternatively,
1
10) =
3.5
ab
10 = 0.9035
ab
6
24 12
( 2 4 12 ) = 1.73
Alternatively replace
with
( 2 4 1 2 ) = 1.73
Alternatively replace
ab .
with
.
The calculator always opens
the square root sign. In this
situation it is not essential
to close bracket but it
creates a habit.
( 7.3 3.5 )
( 3.5
Brackets required above 10 ) ) = 3.433
and below
Get into the habit of putting
7.3 3.5
brackets at the top of a
3.5
division line and at the
10
bottom. Why?
( 3.5
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7.3 3.5
3.5
10
7.3 3.5
3.5
10
ab
to replace the
Having difficulty answering all or some of the why? above .. try a worksheet or QL workshop on
ORDER OF OPERATION (BODMAS)
percentage sign %
converting from 67% to
a probability
6 7 SHIFT ( = 0.67
6 7 2ndF 1 = ERROR 1
Begin by doing 6 7 1 = 67
now 2ndF 1 = 0.67
Why does this work? The
calculator requires an ANS
then the 2ndF 1 = 0.67
Having difficulty doing the above without a calculator, then try a worksheet or QL workshop on
PERCENTAGES
The next sections deal with using the MODE function on a scientific calculator.
ONE variable of data
MODE
MODE
Choose option
STAT
by
1
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Choose option
SD
by
0
16 M+ 15 M+ 24 M+ 7 M+ 9
M+ 21 M+ 34 M+
Notice the screen says
DATA SET 7
There are 7 values in the
dataset.
Use either the teal ALPHA
button or the RCL button to
recall the information
SUM of
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
2
2:
126
ALPHA
126
x2
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
1
x2
1:
2784
x
n
ALPHA
2784
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
SHIFT 1
2
2:
ALPHA
18
n
ALPHA 0
18
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n
n 1
n 1
n 1
Brackets inserted:
underneath the square root
sign; at the top (numerator)
and the bottom
(denominator) of a fraction.
Brackets inserted:
underneath the square root
sign; at the top (numerator)
and the bottom
(denominator) of a fraction
ALPHA
SHIFT
calculator
opens this one
STAT 3:SUM
ALPHA
1
1:
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
2:
x2
ALPHA
0
n
x2
SHIFT 1
STAT
SHIFT
4:VAR 1:n
n
ALPHA 0
= 9.274
= 9.274
See the importance of
brackets? Brackets create
steps.
SIZE sample n
SHIFT 1
7
Sample MEAN x
SHIFT 1
n
ALPHA 0
x
ALPHA 4
18
18
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SHIFT 1
STAT 4:VAR
4
4:sx
9.274
Sample VARIANCE
9.274
x
ALPHA 6 is for the
POPULATION standard
deviation. What is the
difference between a sample
and population standard
deviation?
SHIFT 1
ALPHA 5 x 2
STAT 4:VAR
x2
s2
sx
ALPHA 5
4
4:sx
sx
86
86
variance
variance
It is one thing to learn to use a calculator, but a sound understanding of Descriptive Statistics is needed.
Try do worksheets or QL workshops on the following: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
ONE variable of data
using FREQUENCY
option
Example: pdf of a
discrete random
variable
4
4:STAT
Frequency ?
1
1:ON
MODE
MODE
Choose option
STAT
by
1
SD
by
0
3:STAT
1:1 VAR
0 = 1= 2= 3=
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0 STO 0.25 M+
where x is 0
1 STO 0.4 M+
REPLAY
then move to
the freq column using the
right arrow on the replay
button.
2 STO 0.2 M+
DATA SET 4
3 STO 0.15 M+
Notice the screen says
probability of x , i.e. P x
probability of x , i.e. P x .
The expected value of
SHIFT 1
x
ALPHA 4
1.25
x
ALPHA 6
0.9937
1.25
SHIFT 1
STAT 4:VAR 3: x
0.9937
Notice that
sx
ALPHA 5
Notice that
SHIFT 1
ERROR
ERROR 2 . In this
x
ALPHA 6 x 2
The variance of x
SHIFT 1
standard deviation
0.9875
variance
STAT 4:VAR 3: x
0.9875
standard deviation
variance
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Frequency ?
2
4
4:STAT
2:OFF
MODE 3
For example:
Choose option
x
2.6
2.6
3.2
3.0
2.4
3.7
3.7
y
5.6
5.1
5.4
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.2
3:STAT
2
2: A BX
x equal to 2.6
then move to
the freq column.
5.6 = 5.1 = 5.4 = 5.0= 4.0 =
5.0= 5.2=
using the toggle button
move the cursor up to the
last line where x=3.7 and
y=5.2 on the screen then
push AC
Make sure that the variable
x is entered underneath
the x column and the
y variable underneath the
y column.
MODE
Choose option
STAT
by
1
LINE
by
1
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12
SHIFT 1
n
ALPHA 0
x
ALPHA 4
3.029
y
ALPHA 7
5.043
ALPHA 5
0.531
ALPHA 8
0.509
7
Sample MEAN
SHIFT 1
3.029
SHIFT 1
STAT 4:VAR 5: y
5.043
sx
SHIFT 1
STAT 4:VAR
4
4:sx
0.531
sy
sy
SHIFT 1
0.509
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
21.2
2
2:
ALPHA
21.2
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SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
4
4:
ALPHA 2
35.3
35.3
x2
x2
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
1
x2
1:
ALPHA
65.9
65.9
y2
y2
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
ALPHA 3
179.57
y2
3:
179.57
xy
xy
SHIFT 1
STAT 3:SUM
5
5:
xy
b0
b1 x
slope
intercept
Subscript increases 0 to
1
Intercept: b0
SHIFT 1
Intercept: b0
STAT 5:Re g 1: A
ALPHA ( 4.093
a
4.093
Slope: b1
On calculator
107.44
107.44
Regression coefficients
ALPHA 1
Slope: b1
ALPHA ) 0.314
b
b x
intercept
slope
SHIFT 1
STAT 5:Re g
1
2:B
0.314
Alphabet increases from
a to b.
Correlation coefficient: r
Hence,
SHIFT 1
Intercept b0
STAT 5:Re g
3
3:r
Correlation coefficient: r
r
ALPHA
0.327
0.327
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Slope b1
Coefficient of
Coefficient of
Determination: r
SHIFT 1
STAT 5:Re g
Determination: r 2
3
3:r
x2
ALPHA
0.107
0.107
Estimated value of y i.e. y
3.1 :
SHIFT 1
SHIFT 1
STAT
2
2:B
3.1 :
ALPHA (
b
ALPHA )
3.1
5.065
a
STAT 5:Re g 1: A
5:Re g
when x
3.1
=5.065
Alternatively,
Alternatively,
3.1 SHIFT 1
STAT
5
5:Re g
5.065
y'
3.1 2ndF )
5.065
5: y
The above section requires a sound understanding of correlation and simple regression. Try a worksheet
or a QL workshop on CORRELATION AND SIMPLE REGRESSION.
Contact acalit@unisa.ac.za or a Quantitative Literacy Facilitator in your region
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Appendix A:
Repetition
(repeats)
Yes
nr
combination
No
ORDER important
Yes
No
Permutation ( nPr )
Combination ( nCr )
nPr . Why?
n!
r !(n r )!
n!
1
permutation
r !(n r )! r !
permutation r !combination
combination
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