History of performance appraisal

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I. Contents of getting history of performance appraisal

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Judging people's work has occurred informally for centuries. Evaluating employees to improve
productivity has its roots in the work of Frederick Taylor, a mechanical engineer. Appraising
employee work became common during World War II. Modern performance management
systems provide structured environments to help managers provide employee evaluations that are
fair, defensible and accurate, and that adhere to local, state and federal regulations.
Scientific Management
Technical work in the early 1900s was usually performed by skilled craftsmen. In 1911,
Frederick Taylor described how the application of the scientific method to management could
improve productivity in manufacturing. Additional research by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, a
management engineer, helped managers learn to identify the procedures required to accomplish
work. These techniques helped managers optimize the way tasks were performed. The strategies
allowed managers to simplify the work so that workers could be trained and evaluated on
performing short tasks in a consistent manner, without having to produce the whole product. By
providing training to new employees so they could accomplish short, simple tasks or functions,
management could hire unskilled personnel to do the work.
Performance Appraisals
Early performance-appraisal systems didn't take morale and motivation into consideration.
Modern companies use employee evaluation activities to identify training and development
needs. Managers also use performance appraisals to make decisions regarding promotions or

terminations. Managers may also use employee evaluations to justify paying some workers more
than others based on their productivity.
Ranking
In the 1990s, Ford Motor Company tried to implement a system in which the lowest-ranked
employees lost their jobs. While that practice has been eliminated, rankings still play a role in the
employee evaluation process. Managers need to identify high performers, not only so that they
can reward them, but also so that those employees can coach and mentor other employees.
Employee evaluation rankings also help workers know how well they're doing relative to their
peers. By identifying their strengths and weaknesses, employees can learn how to improve their
production rate.
Current Issues
Managers usually conduct employee evaluations for their direct subordinates. Without effective
recordkeeping or documentation, managers who rate employees below par run the risk of not
being able to prove their allegations. Managers may fear that providing negative comments will
result in legal action or employee retaliation, so they often avoid dealing with poor performers.
Additionally, critics observe that executive leadership tends to disregard employee evaluation
results and conducts evaluations inconsistently. In general, though, organizations usually agree
that a well-designed performance management plan benefits both the company and the
employees. Mandating that employees develop an annual plan to improve their technical and
professional skills allows them to manage their own careers, as well as contribute to overall
company success.
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III. Performance appraisal methods

1. Essay Method
In this method the rater writes down the employee
description in detail within a number of broad categories
like, overall impression of performance, promoteability
of employee, existing capabilities and qualifications of
performing jobs, strengths and weaknesses and training
needs of the employee. Advantage It is extremely
useful in filing information gaps about the employees
that often occur in a better-structured checklist.
Disadvantages It its highly dependent upon the writing

skills of rater and most of them are not good writers.

They may get confused success depends on the memory
power of raters.

2. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales

statements of effective and ineffective behaviors
determine the points. They are said to be
behaviorally anchored. The rater is supposed to
say, which behavior describes the employee
performance. Advantages helps overcome rating
errors. Disadvantages Suffers from distortions
inherent in most rating techniques.

3. Rating Scale
Rating scales consists of several numerical scales
representing job related performance criterions such as
dependability, initiative, output, attendance, attitude etc.
Each scales ranges from excellent to poor. The total
numerical scores are computed and final conclusions are
derived. Advantages Adaptability, easy to use, low cost,
every type of job can be evaluated, large number of
employees covered, no formal training required.
Disadvantages Raters biases

4. Checklist method

Under this method, checklist of statements of traits of

employee in the form of Yes or No based questions is
prepared. Here the rater only does the reporting or
checking and HR department does the actual evaluation.
Advantages economy, ease of administration, limited
training required, standardization. Disadvantages Raters
biases, use of improper weighs by HR, does not allow
rater to give relative ratings

5.Ranking Method
The ranking system requires the rater to rank his
subordinates on overall performance. This consists in
simply putting a man in a rank order. Under this method,
the ranking of an employee in a work group is done
against that of another employee. The relative position of
each employee is tested in terms of his numerical rank. It
may also be done by ranking a person on his job
performance against another member of the competitive
group.
Advantages of Ranking Method
Employees are ranked according to their
performance levels.
It is easier to rank the best and the worst
employee.
Limitations of Ranking Method
The whole man is compared with another
whole man in this method. In practice, it is very difficult
to compare individuals possessing various individual
traits.
This method speaks only of the position where an

employee stands in his group. It does not test anything

about how much better or how much worse an employee
is when compared to another employee.
When a large number of employees are working,
ranking of individuals become a difficult issue.
There is no systematic procedure for ranking
individuals in the organization. The ranking system does
not eliminate the possibility of snap judgements.

6. Critical Incidents Method

The approach is focused on certain critical behaviors of
employee that makes all the difference in the
performance. Supervisors as and when they occur record
such incidents. Advantages Evaluations are based on
actual job behaviors, ratings are supported by
descriptions, feedback is easy, reduces recency biases,
chances of subordinate improvement are high.
Disadvantages Negative incidents can be prioritized,
forgetting incidents, overly close supervision; feedback
may be too much and may appear to be punishment.

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