Programme description LISA

Module BASIC
Version 4.3

Update: 01.05.2005
Author: Dr. Dr.-Ing. Wilfried Linder, Bad Pyrmont Hagen, Germany
Contact: info@maptec.de

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Please read before starting the programme:

This programme was carefully developed and intensively tested. Nevertheless, due to the
complexity of such software it cannot be excluded that errors were not detected during the
programming and testing. Such errors may occur for instance when seldom sequences or
combinations of commands are carried out, or if the input data have unusual formats or an
extraordinary size.
To prevent you as the user from following damages we recommend urgently to control the
plausibility of all results given by this programme before any further use of the data.
If errors occur, we kindly ask you to inform us about them, if possible together with the
corresponding data set. We will do our best to correct the programme as soon as possible,
and we will wend you the actualised version free of charge.

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LISA BASIC

Pre-remarks
The programme LISA is divided into two modules:
BASIC: Raster GIS software
FOTO: Digital Photogrammetry
Please take a look at our icon. The little ladybird beetle has got three meanings:

it symbolizes luck and shall bring it to you,

it refers to a small, highly successful German car, not to a luxury vehicle that is exactly what our software
is about: small, inexpensive but reliable. Please be fair and don't compare beetles with jaguars!
in American-English, Kfer (the German word for beetle) means also bug and simultaneously refers to
errors within the program none of the software can claim to be 100% perfect nor can we do.

Hardware requirements
LISA is developed for the use on standard PCs. Special equipment such as a second monitor etc. is not required.
Due to the huge amount of data resulting from raster image processing it is however in your own interest to
make sure that there is a high computation speed, enough main and hard disk memory and a good graphics
periphery.
The necessary and the recommended hardware is shown in the following table:

Processor frequency
Main memory
Available disk space
Graphics
Monitor

necessary

recommended

400 MB
128 MB
20 MB
1024 x 768 pxl.
17"

> 1 GHz
> 512 MB
> 10 GB
1280 x 1024 pxl.
19"

In addition, a 3-button mouse and a CD-ROM drive are required.

For the input of graphical data a digitising tablet or a scanner might be used, for output printer or plotter.
The operating system MS Windows 2000 or XP is recommended. It seems that LISA runs also under different
other Windows 32-bit systems (without any guarantee for full functionality!).

Installation
Very important for Windows NT, 2000 or XP: During system starts, you have to log in with maximum
priority (standard: user name = administrator) to have full rights on the system. In other cases the installation
will fail with an error message!

Installation from CD-ROM

Put the CD-ROM into the respective drive.

Click onto Start and then Execute. Type for example d:\l_e_setup (according to the CD-ROM drive and the
name of the Setup file) and click onto OK.
The next steps are self-explaining - you should use all default values.

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Installation after download from the Internet

Create a target directory, e.g. c:\lisa

Copy the Setup file (e.g. l_e_setup.exe) into it and start it like a program (double click).
The next steps are self-explaining - you should use all default values.

Additional settings
Now click successively onto Start, Settings, System control, then onto the icon Display and again onto Settings.
Control / set the following parameters:

Colours: 65536 colours (high colour, 16 bit) or higher.

Resolution: At least 1024 x 768 pixels.
Fonts: "Small fonts".

Now click above onto Representation. Within windows (active or inactive) as well as the dialogue box the
following parameters may not be exceeded:

Pixel: Size 18
Text: Size 10

In case you have less than 512 Mbytes main memory (RAM) available on your computer, and/or you want to
process large raster images a certain part of the hard disk capacity can be made available in addition. Therefore a
correspondingly large paging file is to be defined within the Windows system control: successively click Start,
Settings, System controls, then onto the icon System and there onto Performance data. In the menu Virtual storage
you can define the size of the paging file using the button Modify. For more details, please refer to the Windows
manual.
In case you want to use a digitiser with LISA, you have to install a WinTab driver which the manufacturer
provides with the hardware. Then please install the tablet, switch it on and re-start the computer.

Directory structure
The following information may fascilitate assessments and provide a general view. After a successful
installation, your computer holds directories and files listed below:
c:\lisa

lisa.exe, foto.exe (programme files)

lisa1.fnt, lisa2.fnt (font files)
menu.frm (digitiser menu, see appendix)
lisa.sys (system parameters)
salflibc.dll, freeimage.dll, gidfbib.dll, haspms32.dll (runtime libraries)

c:\lisa\text

programme description(s), PDF files

c:\lisa\common\pal
c:\lisa\common\sig
c:\lisa\common\cam

directory for palettes

directory for area symbols
directory for camera data

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The internal structure of LISA BASIC

Input data: Raster, vector, attribute data

Format conversions

Digital image processing

Digital terrain models

Data input with digitiser

Format conversions

Output: Raster, vector, attribute data

Data management, analysis, statistics

The data flow in LISA: The kernel of the raster-oriented processing are the modules Digital Image Processing
and Digital Terrain Models. The modules for data management, analysis and statistics handle the processed data.

General remarks, conventions

LISA is project oriented. A project consists of a working directory, co-ordinate range, pixel size and an optional
image data base (see option File > Project definition). With the exception of palettes and area symbols, all created
files are stored herein and all input files will be searched here, unless the file name is entered with an concrete
path.
File names may consist of up to 120 characters, if necessary with full path name (e.g. c:\lisa\data\alturas.dat); the
standard is to use the working directory indicated in the project. The file extensions (e.g. .IMA) are fixed,
cannot be changed and therefore they usually dont have to be entered. Beside others these are:
.DAT
.DBF
.FLT
.IMA
.LEG
.PAL
.PRJ
.SIG
.TXT

common ASCII file, e.g. reference point files (*)

attributes (format dBase IV)
filter matrix
raster image in LISA format
raster image legend
colour palette for raster image
project definition
raster symbol
text file, e.g. for legend

(*) free choice for input files.

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Each time the name of an (existing) input file is asked for the button ... can be clicked. A file selection window
(file manager) will then be opened. In general: input- and output files should be given different names.
Exceptions are indicated.
All angular data is given in degrees (circle = 360). Directions are reckoned clockwise from North = 0,
therefore East = 90, South = 180 etc.
Please note that numerical values require a decimal point instead of a comma (input: 3.14 instead of: 3,14) as
customary with EDP.
Instead of the button OK offered in each input window the enter key may be used. Instead of the Cancel or Back
button it is possible to use the ESC key. In addition, some popular options can be called up directly with the
buttons right in the main window or using a pop-up menu: click anywhere in the main windows using the right
mouse button and a menu will be displayed providing the options to start the display of a raster image, a vector
graphics, text or attributes.

Program system files

During your work with LISA different files are created, which serve the control of the system and simplify the
data input. Among others these are:

LISA.PRO: name of the project last used.

LISA____.PRD: name of the files last used (raster, vector, attributes).
IMAGE___.PRD: Contains different information about the size of a raster image. It is created after a
vector-raster-transformation.
MODEL___.PRD: contains the names of reference points and DTM file, will be created through
interpolation of a digital terrain model (DTM).
DEFLT___.PRD: contains different parameters in order to create plotter files (scale, exaggeration, marks).
BIKO____.PRD: Parameters for the manual image co-ordinate measurement (LISA FOTO).
STEREO__.PRD: the last used stereo model (LISA FOTO).

The first file exist only once in the LISA main directory. The others are generated for each project separately so
that the particular parameters can be used there. PRD stands for protocol file.

Error messages
"Error opening input file": File does not exist, at least not in the current or given directory. In most cases the file
name or the path is incorrect or the file exists but is defective (has a file size of 0 Byte, for instance).
"Error opening output file": Inadmissible drive, inadmissible file name (regard Windows conventions!).
"Error reading input file": The file is incomplete or the format is not correct.
"Error writing output file": Usually there is not enough storage capacity.
"Error reading/writing internally": Mostly refers to defective input data.
"First load or interpolate DTM": This operation has to be executed before calculating any kind of DTM resulting
products (like contours, ortho images).
"Files do not fit together": This message may refer to one or more of the following parameters: No. of image
rows and columns, depth of image [bit], co-ordinates of the lower left or the upper right corner, pixel size,
concerning a DTM height range.

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"Maximum size exceeded": A raster image is larger than allowed. Remedy e.g.: Reduce the number of rows
and/or columns, increase pixel size (within the project definition), reduce exaggeration factor (profile, 3-D
view).
In general: Before starting the program make sure that there is enough space for the output files on the storage
medium (hard disk). Otherwise the program will terminate at some stage giving the message "Error writing
output file". WARNING: It may happen that data gets lost!

Differences between the test and the full version

The performance of the test version which is available as a free download from the internet is compared to the
full version limited regarding the following aspects:

the maximum image size is limited to 10 MB

the maximum number of points (vector data) is limited to 50000
the raster image data base is not available
True colour images (24 bit) cannot be processed

To upgrade the test version in order to gain full access see the chapter Upgrade to the unlimited full version
(below).

Help function
For this option, the programme Adobe Acrobat Reader must be installed. You can download this from the
internet (http://www.adobe.com/). With a click onto the button Help or hit the F1 key, this programme will be
started and the programme description loaded. Now activate in the Acrobat Reader the option Bookmarks, giving
you a list of the chapters. With this you can easily reach the respective chapter.
In case of problems please check first if the respective file (e.g. LISA.PDF) exist in the LISA subdirectory
TEXT.

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File

Starting LISA, a project has to be declared. With this, a working directory, an optional image archive, coordinate frame (minimum and maximum for x, y and z) and a pixel size will be defined. In the working directory
all input files are searched for and all output files are stored by LISA. This way a flexible and clear data
arrangement is possible.
The project definition files are in the ASCII format, have the extension .PRJ and are located in the program
directory (usually c:\lisa).

File > Select project

Corresponds to a new start of the program. Alternatively, the last used project can be taken, one of the existing
projects can be chosen or a new project can be defined (see below).

File > Project definition

The following parameters has to be defined:

Name of the project. From this, the definition file (extension .PRJ) will be generated.
Working directory (folder) this can also be chosen from a tree diagram using the respective button. If the
directory doesnt exist it will be created.
Image data base (optional, see programme part data base). Already existing data can be loaded into the
working directory using the respective button.
Co-ordinate range in x and y as well as the pixel size. The button Reset puts Co-ordinate range to the
maximum possible one. In such a case it is without any meaning! Optional the x and y values can be
rounded to an integer manifold of the pixel size.
Co-ordinate range in z. The button Reset puts them to 0 ... 5000 m. A unique value range for z is very
important for the generation and matching of DTMs! As an option, a fixed scaling grey value = z value can
be selected. DTMs then will have a height resolution of 1 meter.
Length unit (m, mm, m or km).

The pixel size and the range of the z-values are invariably fixed for all the data of a project! Therefore these
values should definitely be chosen carefully!

The co-ordinate limits can also be overtaken from an existing geo-coded raster image or a vector file (buttons
Reference raster or Reference vector).

File > Edit project

After choosing an existing project, its parameters can be modified.

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File > Import vector graphics

Input formats: DXF, ASCII- files with any sequence, dBase DBF, MapInfo MIF, ArcInfo E00 ASCII, polar coordinates. TASH KOR, SCOP INP, TOPSY KTB, Zeiss PHODIS (several vector DTM formats), LISA old.
Output file: Format No., x, y, z; ASCII, extension DAT. Single points are stored with the code 1, lines with the
code 5001.
Special features:
AutoCad DXF (release 11 and higher): All lines up to the entry ENTITIES are skipped. Co-ordinates which
follow the entries LINE or POLYLINE (and then VERTEX for several times, until SEQEND) are rated as
points on one line. Co-ordinates after VERTEX without previous POLYLINE or after POINT are rated as single
points. All other entries will be ignored. Normally, the z value will be adopted directly from the file, but as an
option, the layer number may be used instead. In the same way, the layer number can be used as code.
ASCII, any sequence: universal import filter for files containing the required entries x, y, z as well as optional
the number for each reference point within one line, but in an unusual order or sprinkled in among other pieces
of information. Example: In each line the entries
point No. code_1 z code_2 x y operator
are stored in the course of which the first 6 entries are numerical and the seventh is in textual form. For the
processing in LISA, however, the data must look like this:
point No. x y z
Accordingly, the number of (numerical) entries has to been set to 6, the position of the number to 1, of the xvalue to 5, of the y-value to 6 and the one of the z-value to 3. Further more the separating sign between the
entries can be provided, e.g. space or semicolon. Before the data is being read the following operations take
place internally, first (1) all separating signs are replaced by spaces (mute characters), (2) all commas by full
stops and (3) all non-numerical characters by spaces as well. This leads to a slightly slower reading speed with a
high tolerance threshold concerning the formats (so e.g. CSV files or others with semicolon, tab stops etc. can be
processed without any problems). For a maximum of 15 numerical entries within one line and a maximum line
length of 200 characters.
Dbase DBF: The input file has to contain each a field for the x and the y co-ordinates. From the remaining
fields, one must be chosen from which the z-values are taken. Values for x, y and z are set to 999999.
MapInfo MIF/MID: Adopted are entries of the types POINT, LINE, PLINE, PLINE MULTIPLE and REGION.
A numeric field of the MID file can be used to give the z values, otherwise the z values will be set to -999999.
Arc/Info E00 ASCII: Entries of lines (part ARC) as well as anchor points (parts CNT or LAB) will be adopted.
Lines will be given a code according to the so-called coverage-ID (if lower than 5001, increased by 5000).
Individual points are given the code 1 and the so-called centroid number from the input file. If DTM grid points
are found (part GRD), the output file is closed. The grid points will then be imported into a 16 bit raster image
(DTM) by the same name as the output file but with the extension IMA. As an option, an additional 8 bit image
may be derived.
Polar co-ordinates: For this option, no input file must be defined. Beginning with a starting point, all other
cartesian co-ordinates will be calculated using the distance and the direction (= polar co-ordinates) and will be
stored in the output file.
LISA old: Vector data of older programme versions will be updated, the file name is maintained. The point
numbers remain unchanged, the codes are transformed (for instance, 201 5001, 202 5002).

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File > Import raster image

Input formats: BMP, JPEG, TIFF each 1 24 bits, single band byte map (RAW) 8 / 16 / 32 bit with or without
header, multi band byte map at 8 bit each, IDRISI 8 32 bit, ArcInfo ASCII 8 or 16 bit, GTOPO30 16 bits
(DEM), SRTM 16 bits (DEM), From clipboard, LISA old.
Output file: LISA raster image, extension IMA.
Special features:
BMP 1 or 4 bit: is converted to a nominal size of 8 bit.
BMP 24 bit: Either one or more colour extracts of 8 bit each (red, green, blue) or one 24 bit image may be
generated. A single 8 bit mixed grey value image may be produced in addition. The name of the output files will
be added by _R, _G, _B or _M (mixed image).
JPEG, TIFF: For import, parts of the FREEIMAGE library are used. Either one or more colour extracts of 8 bit
each (red, green, blue) or one 24 bit image maybe generated. A single 8 bit grey value image may be produced
in addition.
Byte map 8 32 bit: The length of the header in bytes (without header: enter 0) as well as the number of rows,
columns and depth of the image must always be provided. If known, the co-ordinates of the lower left corner
and the pixel size (for geo-coded images) may be entered. Further more the minimal and maximal terrain
elevation (especially for raster DTM) can be provided. In case of 16 bit images which have been generated on
machines with Motorola processor the Motorola option should be activated. This causes a reversal of the byte
sequence. Subsequently, the grey tone range used in the input image must be selected: 0 ... 32767 (unsigned
integer) or -32767 ...32767 (signed integer). Intel-processor data always uses the latter format The option zvalue = grey value causes an appropriate equalisation.
Multiband byte map: The source has to be a normal (not compressed) byte map file, containing between two and
seven bands at 8 bit each. Inside the file they can be arranged in different ways: either point interleaved (BIP;
point-wise channel 1 to channel n, each), line interleaved (BIL) or band sequential (BSQ). The output is an 8 bit
raster image of each band.
The output image name is extended by _R, _G, _B and _M (mixed image). It is also possible to import channel 1
only.
IDRISI: Only for files with the extension RST (simple byte maps without header). A documentation file by the
same name and with the extension RDC must exist in the same directory as the image file.
GTOPO30 DEM: For the import of tiles (normally 6000 rows x 4800 columns) of the world-wide available 16bit raster DTMs. Beside of the image file (extension DEM) a file of the same name but with the extension HDR
(additional information) must exist. Optional, the whole DTM or a part of it can be transformed to one of the
projections Gauss-Krueger or UTM.
SRTM DEM: For the import of tiles (1 x 1 degrees) of the world-wide available 16-bit raster DTMs. Optional,
the DTM can be transformed to one of the projections Gauss-Krueger or UTM.
From clipboard: The name of the input image is irrelevant. Either one or more colour extracts of 8 bit each (red,
green, blue) or one 24 bit image maybe generated. A single 8-bit grey value mixed image may be produced in
addition.
Remark: If the header of the input file contains a colour palette (usually when 4 or 8 bits depth), this will be
directly used in the header of the IMA file.

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File > Export vector graphics

Input file: LISA vector file with the extension DAT.
Output formats: AutoCad DXF, Standard ASCII, dBase DBF, MapInfo MIF/MID, ArcInfo E00 ASCII, Excel
CSV, HP-GL (plotter), IGES (CAD).
Note: In the vector data display, vector data can also be converted into the raster image formats BMP or JPG or
transferred into other programmes using the clipboard.
Special features:
Standard ASCII: The contents of the input file will be exported without point numbers and codes. The delimiter
sign (e.g. ";") and the decimal sign (point or comma) can be chosen.
Dbase DBF: A DBF-file with three numerical fields (x-value, y-value and z-value) is generated, each of which
having 12 digits with 3 decimals; the name of the third field may be altered. This file can be used to generate an
attribute file, for instance by replacing z-value field by another and/or adding further fields. (Option Output >
Attributes, see below).
MapInfo MIF/MID: Apart from the x-y-values the code as well as the z-value is exported. Important notice: If
MapInfo is being launched subsequently and a new relation generated based on these files, the original file
(from LISA, extension DAT) will be overwritten! Therefore it should be stored in advance.
HP-GL: Version 1, for output on a pen plotter.

File > Export raster image

Input file(s): LISA raster image(s) with the extension IMA.
Output formats: BMP, JPEG, TIFF each 1 24 bits, RAW (a simple byte map without a header) 8 or 16 bit
each, IDRISI IMG 8, 16 or 24 bits, ArcView ASCII, ArcGIS ASCII, DAT / vector, Icon (ICO).
In case of 8-bit images, the grey values can be modified with the options Normal (like in LISA), Negative or
Background white (replaces only grey value 0 by 255). Binary images (1 bit) are always exported black on white,
DTMs (16 bit) are always exported normal.
Special features:
BMP, JPG, TIF: When exporting a geo-coded image, an additional file by the same name but with the extension
BPW (JGW, TFW; world file) or TAB may be generated. This file contains the images geometrical
information (corner co-ordinates, pixel size) required to be adopted by ArcView or MapInfo.
RAW: Besides the image file (simple byte map without header) a documentation file by the same name and
with the extension INF is generated. In case of exporting a 16 bit DTM, the option Motorola can be activated to
reverse the byte sequence described in the raster import section above.
IDRISI: The image file (simple byte map without header, extension RST) and a documentation file (extension
RDC) having the same name are generated.
DAT / vector: The input image must be geo-coded. Output data is issued as the form No., x, y, z in an ASCII file
whereas the z-value is derived from the input image (24 bit: band 3). Especially with grid data the output file can
reach a large extent!

Single point or profile data: The x/y-values must be entered using an ASCII file. To create profile data, it is
necessary to define the intervals (= distances between points).
Grid data: Defined by the co-ordinates of the lower left corner as well as the grid width. As an option for
each pixel of the input image a point may be issued (All Points). Please note once again that the output file
can become rather large!

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Points of the raster image for which no information is available (grey value = 0), will normally be issued given
the minimal z-value (see project definition). In case of individual point or grid data, the output of such points
may be suppressed.

File > Reset file attributes

Reset the attributes of all files in the working directory. This is a useful option for files which were copied from
a CD-ROM and which shall be edited. Files like these have always the attribute read only and could not be
overwritten therefore.

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Tablet

General information
The LISA digitising module is used for the true to scale input of point or line co-ordinates from a map or an
aerial photo on the digitising table or tablet. For this purpose the draft will be rectified internally through control
points. Moreover, areas, slope inclinations and distances can be determined. Note: the following possibilities can
also be used for on-screen-digitising. With the button Periphery can be tested whether a WinTab driver is correct
installed.

Setup of the digitiser

The WinTab-driver which is accompanied has to be installed first. Further on the tablet should be started before
you turn on the PC and the cross hair cursor be placed inside the active area. So the operating system can realise
the driver and include it in its coming work. In some cases, the parallel operation of tablet and mouse causes
problems: The mouse didn't react or the cursor "jumps". Then, switch on the tablet only if you really need it or
put the cross hair cursor, if not needed for the moment, besides the tablet.

General information to the mode of operation

All kind of maps and paper prints of fixed scale can be processed. The degree of the achieved accuracy depends
on the digitiser resolution, the scale of the map or picture, the quality of the draft, the adjustment accuracy etc.
Before there can be any measurements in the picture or in the map, as a rule the draft must be orientated. In
order to do this you have to create a file containing control points, fix the draft on the digitiser and finally
measure the control points. Alternatively you may work without orientation. In this case, device co-ordinates
will be registered.
The orientation data will be stored in a system file (e.g. ORIENT.DAT) as well as in the output file so that they
may be taken over from there if the draft was not removed from the digitiser.

Tablet > Control point editor

Purpose: Create a new resp. edit control point file. This is necessary in order to orient the draft (map or picture).
For a maximum of 900 points.
Definition: A control point is a point which can be clearly defined in the draft (e.g. corner of a house or
property, cross-roads) and whose terrain co-ordinates (x, y) are known to you. With a map, for instance, all
corners of the map or grid intersections may serve as control points. For each point you have to enter the point
number and the values for x and y. The z value will not be used because the orientation is done twodimensional. Also, the BLUH parameters are without any meaning in this case.
The number of control points needed depends on the transformation method (see below), a maximum of 900
points can be processed there. The co-ordinates have to be given in a rectangular system (e.g. Gauss-Krueger or
UTM) and should be well distributed within the area. If the map gives only geographic c-ordinates (longitude,
latitude) these values must first be transformed to Gauss-Krueger or UTM (Vector data > Projections).

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Tablet > Orientation

Basically the orientation of the draft can be carried out using one of the following three methods:
1. The draft was newly fixed or removed in between: The orientation must be done completely anew. The
control point file is to be entered then. After this the control points have to be measured (digitised).
2. The draft has not been removed. Therefore the parameters of the last orientation can be taken over. Go to the
menu Orientation, then select the option Parameters of last orientation.
Afterwards the lower left and the upper right corner of the desired part or the entire draft are to be digitised.
For the orientation an equation system is set up in the computer which enables a clear assignment to either
terrain or device co-ordinates. Concrete: With the help of the control point terrain co-ordinates and the
corresponding device co-ordinates, the coefficients ai and bi of the equation systems
resp.
resp.
resp.

x' = a0+a1x-b1y

y' = b0+b1x+a1y

(plane similarity transformation)

x'= a0+a1x+a2y

y'= b0+b1x+b2y

(plane affine transformation)

x'= a0+a1x+a2y+a3xy

y'= b0+b1x+b2y+b3xy

x'= a0+a1x+a2y+a3xy+a4x2+a5y2

y'= b0+b1x+b2y+b3xy+b4x2+b5y2
(2nd order polynomial type B)

(2nd order polynomial type A)

are determined. For the last three the least squares method will be applied in case of over-determination. In the
first case 2 points are needed, in the second at least 3, in the third at least 4 and in the fourth at least 6 points.
The selection of the type of transformation depends on the number of available control points and on the
geometric state of the draft. So, for a topographic map normally the plane affine transformation is OK whilst for
aerial photos usually 2nd order polynomials are taken.
The control points are to be measured in the indicated order (as located in the file and displayed in the status
line). Points which cannot be measured can be skipped with a button greater than 1. If needed after the last
measuring , the residuals in each point (remaining error in x and y, in the terrain unit) as well as their standard
deviation are shown. If a single value shows a strong deviation from the arithmetical mean with sufficient overdetermination (6 ... 900 control points) the transformation should be done without this point. For this use the
option (De)activate point: Give in the index of the point, then click on New calculation. The residuals of this point
now are set to each -999.999. With a second time giving the index and New calculation, the point can be reactivated.
The residuals are stored in the file RESIDU.TXT, the orientation parameters in another file (e.g.
ORIENT.DAT). If the draft has not been moved (see above) the orientation from this file may be taken over by
LISA later on.
Note: If data shall be obtained without orientation of the map or picture, i.e. only as device co-ordinates, all
steps mentioned before do not apply. Then go straight to the menu point Register, click "no" when question
"Taking over orientation from file?" appears, click "yes" after question "Registration of device co-ordinates?"
and continue as usual.

Tablet > Digitise

Purpose: Measuring and storing (registering) of co-ordinates (points, lines) in the terrain system (unit meters).
For a maximum of 2000000 points.

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At this point as a rule the draft must be oriented already. The name of the output file has to be entered. In case it
already exists it may be overwritten or new data may be added.
First the lower left and the upper right corner of the draft (or the part to be processed) are to be digitised. Then
the co-ordinates of single points or points belonging to a line can be digitised. At the beginning of every
measuring cycle (single points, line) point number, increment, z-value and code etc. must be entered. Note the
following:

The input of a z-value is interesting when digitising contour lines for example. Z must not necessarily be a
terrain height; e.g. when digitising a precipitation map, z would e.g. represent the value for the annual
rainfall. If the z-value is unknown or irrelevant 0 might be entered instead.

A code between 1 and 5000 represents single points, 5001 ... 9999 polylines. Codes between 3501 and
3600 can be linked with single point symbols (see option Image processing > Area symbols). The parameter
code will be further differentiated for later program versions.

The data input is carried out point after point via pressing key 1 of the cross hair cursor. Keys No. 2 to 8 have
the following meaning:
2: Snap to node: For this an already digitised point (e.g. on a polyline) is to be caught. Then press key 2. The
exact co-ordinates of the already existing point are taken over. Continue as you like, e.g. with key 1 for
registration or finish with key 4.
3: Snap to start: Terminates the measurement of a line by registration the current co-ordinates as well as the
ones of the initial point (closes a polyline within the code area 5001 9999). Return to input window.
4: End of measurement and return to input window (then start with a new cycle or end).
5: Interrupt line and immediately measure next line (you need not to return to the input window first; the entered
values will be kept). Continue with key 1 or 2.
6: Delete last point. This option can be used step by step for all points of the current measuring cycle.
7: Quit; that means leave current cycle without storing.
8: Shift z-value by the step width entered in the window. This is useful for example when digitising contour lines
of a fixed equidistance (= step width) successively.
The registration format is No., x, y, z (transformed onto the terrain co-ordinate system); the end of a line is
entered in the file with -99 -99. -99. -99.
Note 1: If you would like to put in data for digital terrain models, please note that the codes are relevant.
Contour lines should be digitised with the code 9009 (soft break line).
Note 2: After the interruption of the registration process by pressing cursor key 3 or 4 the output file will be
closed (= stored) once and then immediately reopened. This means co-ordinates registered up to that point
cannot get lost even in case of an abrupt termination of the program caused by reading errors.
Note 3: In case the cursor has only 4 keys, a paper menu can be used (see below). Also, you can activate the
functions from the tool bar.
Note 4: If you have very much data in the draft so that it seems to be good to subdivide the output into several
files, it is not the best way to do this in the form of sub areas. Quite better is to subdivide according to the
meaning, for example: File 1 contour lines up to 500 meters, file 2 contour lines up to 1000 meters etc., file 3
watershed, file 4 roads etc. With this it will not happen that objects belonging together are splitted into
spaghetties.

- 16 -

Tablet > Measure

Note: For the options described below the draft does not have to be orientated. For the options Area / Perimeter,
Slopes / distances and Polyline the map scale must be defined (see below).
Area / Perimeter: First the map scale is to be entered and the lower left as well as the upper right corner of the
draft are to be digitised. Thereafter areas of any shape may be surrounded (Measurement of break points use
cursor key 1); after returning to starting point or pressing cursor key 2 the area will be displayed. For each area a
minimum of 4 points has to be measured (triangles: double measuring of one point). The area measurement is
done with the strip method (named after Gauss). Further more the compactness parameter is displayed (squared
value of the perimeter divided by area). The result is issued with suitable units ( m2, acres, km2, resp. m or km)
in the terrain model. Results of additional terrain measurements may be added or subtracted.
Slopes / distances: Two points are to be digitised and their respective height is to be entered. From the measured
co-ordinates and the height values the program calculates the slope inclination in degrees and %, the horizontal
and spatial distance between the two points in the terrain unit (meter) as well as the azimuth (angle against gridnorth) in degrees and grads.
Polyline: All points of a polyline are digitised one after another; the last one is clicked on with cursor key 2. The
total length in meters will be shown. Note: If the length of a closed polyline is asked, it is better to use the option
Area / Perimeter (see above) where the parameter perimeter gives the searched result.
Define scale: For the options Area / Perimeter, Slopes / Distance and Polyline the map scale must be defined if it is
not already known from an orientation or the following option.
Scale from distance: Starting and ending point of the distance referred to (e.g. scale bar) are to be digitised and
their nominal (terrain) distance is to be entered in meters. The scale of the map will then be calculated.

Tablet > Test

Useful to find the order of the cursor keys, for example, if they are not labelled with numbers but colour coded.
Press the keys of the cursor one after the other and notice (write down!) the number displayed. With the help of
the individual keys (No. 1-8) you can call different options in the registration mode (see there).

Tablet > Menu bar > Define

In case the cursor has only 4 keys or you prefer to work with the menu, then one can be fixed on the digitiser
(preferable at the edge). For this, print the file MENUE.FRM (delivered with the program) or copy the
corresponding page in the appendix (see below), clip the menu and fix it in portrait at the tablet edge but within
the active area. Afterwards click at the lower left and upper right menu corner within this option. The usage of
the keys 3 to 8 are then available. The position of the menu bar is stored in the file DIGI.SYS in the LISA
directory.

Tablet > Menu bar > Delete

To delete the definition of the menu bar. This is often necessary for example when a new tablet was installed.

LISA BASIC

- 17 -

Vector data

Pre remark concerning the terminology: Vector data are stored as simple ASCII files in LISA. Due to that, the
termini vector (-data, -files) and ASCII (-data, -files) are often used synonymously.

Basic functions
Extracts: From the data available in the format No., x, y ,z (as well as code) it is possible to define extracts of
each of these parameters. For example, sub areas can be defined by entering a minimal and a maximal x- resp. yvalue (co-ordinates window). Each parameter can be stored being multiplied by a factor and/or increased by a
summand (constant). The data outside the extract will not be taken over into the output file. A logical ANDconnection follows (if point number in the given range AND x-value in the given range AND y-value ...) as well
as a conversion of the form output value = input value x factor + summand.
Factor, summand: Here the same applies as described above, but the data outside the limits will be taken over
into the output file unchanged. In addition the option Centralize is available for the parameters x, y and z. This
allows the corresponding values to be grouped symmetrical around the zero position. Values possibly defined
for factor or summand are not taken into account.
Points polylines: If for example a reference point file based on digitised contour lines is available for the
generation of a DTM, the points belonging to each contour line should be marked "soft break line", which
means they have the code 9009; they should further more be marked "end of line marking" -99 -99. -99. -99. If
this is not the case, which means all points at hand are single points (code in the range from 1-5000) with the
help of this option they can be joined together. For this step the criteria are: Successive points must have the
same code, their distance to one another may not exceed a certain threshold. Point numbers and code for the
polylines in the output file have to be defined.
Data reduction (tolerance): For the purpose of thinning polylines as e.g. digitised contour-lines using the
tunnelling method. A tolerance value has to be provided. Two successive points determine a straight line. All
successive points which fall short of the defined tolerance value wont be taken over into the output file.
Data reduction (grid): As an alternative to the option before, the particular point co-ordinates will be rounded to
the given grid width. The larger this value, the more points will be located in the same grid mesh, but only one
of them will be used.
Match files: For a maximum of 5 LISA vector files (ASCII). If available the header of the first file will be taken
over.

Define symbols > Points

Single points of the codes 3501 ... 3600 can be connected with vector symbols. There are 10 standard symbols
(circle, cross etc.) which can be modified in size and colour. A file named VEC_SYMB.DAT will be created in
the actual working directory. The size units are. The colour is given via the defined colour value and the
corresponding entry in the palette.

- 18 -

Define symbols > Lines

In a similar form like described before, also lines of the codes 8501 ... 8600 can be modified. There are the types
continuous, long dashed, short dashed, dotted and dashed-dotted. A file named LIN_SYMB.DAT will be
created in the actual working directory. The colour is given via the colour value and the palette like before.

Projections
This option is for the transformation of ASCII vector data between several co-ordinate systems. For example,
non-cartesian geographic co-ordinates (longitude, latitude) can be transformed to cartesian (metric) systems like
Gauss-Krueger or UTM.
Projections:

Geographical Gauss-Krueger
Gauss-Krueger geographical
Geographical UTM
UTM geographical
Degree / minute / second Decimal degrees
Decimal degrees Degree / minute / second

Gauss-Krueger co-ordinates refer to the ellipsoid from Bessel (1841), UTM co-ordinates to the ellipsoid from
Hayford (1909).
When entering the co-ordinates consider the following:
In all cases: If you like to read the input data from file, remember the LISA vector format. In each line there
must exist three entries (x, y, z) with z can be set to zero.
Geographical co-ordinates have to be entered in the order longitude, latitude and in the unit decimal degree or
degree/minute/second as one number (example: 7 degrees 12 minutes 24 seconds is entered as 71224). Besides:
eastern longitude positive values, western longitude negative values. Northern hemisphere positive
latitudes, southern hemisphere negative latitudes or option Southern hemisphere activated. For the entering of
zones: this may be given explicitly in case for example co-ordinates of another than the actual position in
question shall be calculated. Otherwise the zone is calculated automatically (from the longitude value).
Gauss-Krueger and UTM data have to be entered in the order Easting, Northing resp. East, North and in the unit
meter. For UTM besides the zone is to be defined geographically. The Northing values of UTM co-ordinates
of the southern hemisphere are according to definition to be entered with an addition value of 10000 km and
option Southern hemisphere activated or as negative numbers. If an area is located both north and south of the
equator, either all north values should be increased by 10000 km and the option Southern hemisphere activated or
values south of the equator must be negative (example: Ecuador).
For special applications, the position of the co-ordinate centre in degrees as well as the corresponding coordinates in meters can be defined explicitly (Example Colombia: GK system with the centre in the observatory
of Bogot, or Austria: GK system with central meridians numbered from the island of Ferro). Further an
ellipsoid can be selected.
When the data entry is done manually and the points position is located within Germany, the map sheet
numbers of the official topographic maps TK25 and TK50 are shown. This may help you to find the actual map
more faster.

- 19 -

LISA BASIC

Rectification
Via a control point file created in the vector graphics display (options Edit > Digitise > Prepare rectification) the
input file can be rectified / transformed using the methods described in the image processing part. The control
point file mentioned contains the entries No., x_new, y_new, x_old, y_old for each point.

Vector Raster
The vector data must exist in the form (No.), x, y, z, (for each point one row). The vector- raster conversion may
be achieved by creating a new raster image or by entering the data in an existing raster image. All needed data
(number of image rows and columns, co-ordinates of the lower left corner, pixel size) can be determined in
different ways:

Like given raster image (in order to adapt the size to the available image)
From project definition
No given data (starts range calculation)

Like raster image: Suggests the last used raster image. This option can then be chosen in case the vector data
should overlay an already existing image or serve as a definition of free cut areas (see below). The raster image
has to be defined.
From project definition: From the parameters co-ordinate range in x and y and the pixel size given in the project
definition, the image size (number of rows and columns) are derived.
Range calculation: The border limits of x and y will be calculated, the values of pixel size and height range
taken from the project definition. The resulting amount of rows and columns will be displayed for control
purposes.
After defining the image dimensions the following options can be chosen:
Binary raster image. The vector data are entered with definable fixed grey value (e.g. 255 = white), grey value
= (rounded) z-value or the height interval given in the project definition scaled to 1 ... 255 (situation overview,
scatterplot). Single points can be entered as scare marks and left to your choice also with their point numbers
or height values. It is possible to assign symbols to single points carrying codes between 3501 and 3600. These
are to be designed with the symbol editor (see option Image processing > Area filling).
Area filling using attributes. Precondition besides a vector file containing the geometry in the shape of one or
more polygons (closed polylines, code 5001 - 9999) is an attribute file (DBF) with anchor points (maximum one
point each polygon). Choose a numerical field out of these attribute files. The value range can be joined to
classes (intervals) using one of the following methods:

Equal distances with giver number of classes.

Equal distances with given width of classes.
Equally distributed.
According to natural breaks. The size of the interval which shall be interpreted as a break can be defined
using the parameter class width.
User defined by a border value file, containing in each row the data from_z to_z grey_value.

The default values for number and width of classes shown in the input window are calculated using the wellknown formula from STURGES (1926).
Example for a file with border values:
12.8
20.7

20.7
28.4

6
7

The values between 12.8 and 20.7 will be given the value 6, those between 20.7 and 28.4 the value 7. The
parameter to_z is inclusive, so in the example above a value of 20.7 would belong to the first class (6). Then the

- 20 -

program fills the polygons with the colour value defined by the class number. The parameter to_z may be
dropped in the table. Then it will equal from_z. Example:
20.
21.

6
7

Meaning: 20 will be given the value 6 and 21 the value 7.

In the special case that all z values are integers in the range between 0 and 255, instead of a classification the
option Class = z value can be used.
For the colour representation increasing or decreasing palettes in red, green or blue are available.
Note: It is important that the single areas are bordered by closed polylines. Especially these have not only to be
closed optically but mathematically as well! In order to meet this precondition, for example you can use the
option File > LISA-Files > Display vector data (see there) and then Edit > Move, or when digitising, the cursor button
2 (Snap to node). For the area filling, grey or colour values between 2 and 254 are used; the values 0
(transparent), 1 (black) and 255 (white) cannot be used here.
Creating anchor-point-file: For each area (bordered by polygons) an anchor point (point situated within the
area) is defined. The anchor-points are stored as ASCII-file with the values No., x, y, area contents. This can
then be used for creating an attribute data base with the help of the option File > Export vector > DBase DBF.
Vector overlay (a geo-coded image must exist): The vector data are entered into it with the chosen grey value.
Similar to binary raster images (see above) the same applies to creating point numbers, heights or symbols.
Free cut areas: If the input file consists of one or more closed polygons (code 5001 or higher) and of one or
more starting points for deletion (code 4007), only the marked areas for not free cutting of the input image will
be taken over into the output image (mask function; compare to this free cut areas with the interpolation of
digital terrain models).
Note: The option Display > Vector offers more possibilities of editing (see there).

LISA BASIC

- 21 -

Image processing

This module is used to create and process (digital) raster images radiometrically or geometrically. These may be
obtained in a number of ways, for example:

Scanning of paper drafts e.g. with a flat bed scanner

Digitising of video images with the help of so-called frame grabbers
Photos from digital cameras
Taking over from other (graphics) programs
Download from the internet

As stated before the LISA programs operate internally with their own file format (IMA). With the help of the
option File > Import raster some formats can be taken over, especially raw data (so-called byte maps) and BMP
files. Thus you should make sure that e.g. when scanning paper drafts (e.g. a map or an aerial) the data are
stored in a supported format (usually BMP). Consult the description of the above mentioned module for the
possibility of the taking over data from the clipboard.

Image processing > Image radiometry

Modules which can change the colour resp. grey tone reproduction of an image, e.g. to give it a better contrast or
to emphasise certain parts of the image in favour of others, belong to this group. One principle may be pointed
out: the information in the original image is the most valuable. Any processing, for instance a filtering, may
possibly result in a better optical impression or in an improved possibility for a visual interpretation, but it will
never increase the actual information! The image geometry (number of rows and columns, pixel size etc.)
remains unchanged in radiometric operations.
Note: Because of the grey value changing effects of radiometric operations these shall be used with care in any
cases where other calculations concerning the grey values shall follow. For example, land-use classifications
shall be done at all times with the original data.

Image processing > Image radiometry > Histogram

Calculate histogram: A histogram (image of frequency of the individual grey values inclusively sum curve) is
calculated and stored as a raster image.
Stretch histogram: Improves the contrast by linear stretching. Grey values within a least frequency (e.g. < 0.1 %)
or given border values will be transformed linearly onto the defined standard range. The background will be set
to 0 or to the given minimum value. Hereby the conversion can also be stored as a table and so be used in the
same way for further images (see below, option Conversion according to table).
Histogram equalisation: Improves the contrast by creating a standard distribution of grey values. The
conversion can be stored as a table and thus be applied to further images of the same kind (cf. below, option
"Conversion with table"). Characteristic sign: The sum curve equals the first main diagonal.
Two-dimensional histogram: Conveys an idea of the degree of correlation of two images of the same size
(channels, 8 bit each). The histogram is created as a raster image whereas the brightness of the grey values
corresponds with the frequency. The highest frequencies (bright areas) can usually be found around the main

- 22 -

diagonal. The more culminated and precise they are the stronger is the correlation between the two channels. A
further indication gives the correlation coefficient shown in the lower part of the histogram.
Correction of brightness: For images showing an irregular brightness in reference to the illumination. For this
regional brightness are calculated. A surface polynomial of second order will then be laid over these values and
serves as correction (8bit).

Image processing > Image radiometry > Calculation

Steps (equidensities): Joins the grey values to groups. In the original 8-bit image there is a maximum of 256 grey
steps (value range 0 ... 255) of which e.g. 16 steps (as in a 4-bit image) can be generated. The step interval in
grey values is to be entered, e.g. 10: The grey values from 0 - 9, 10 - 19 etc. are joined together.
Parts (from ... to): The grey values situated outside are set to the value 0. In case of the grey values have a
numerical meaning, the interval can also be defined via the corresponding z values. For example 50, 150: All
pixels with a grey value under 50 or over 150 are set to the value 0. If on the other hand only the values below
20 and above 200 shall remain, and those between 21 and 199 shall be set to zero, define the parameters from =
200 and to = 20.
Factor, summand: The grey values of the new image are calculated from the grey values of the old one
according to the formula GV_new = factor x GV_old + summand. The resulting image has a depth of 8-bit
(value range 0 ... 255); factor and summand should be matched with this. Values outside are clipped (= set to the
extreme values 0 or 255).
Conversion according to table (8 bit): Single or all grey values of an image can be converted with the help of a
comparative table (ASCII). This contains rules for the assignment between the current and the new grey values
and could look like this:
100
110
120

125
122
200

In doing so all the grey values 100 would be converted to 125, 110 to 122 and 120 to 200. Moreover you can
define grey value ranges (from ... to) in the table, e.g.:
50
101

100
150

80
90

In this case grey values from 50 to 100 would be set to 80, those from 101 to 150 to 90. Values not listed in the
table can be kept originally or set to free definable value. On the other hand, to generate image masks, values
listed in the table can be set to free definable grey value, values not listed to 0.
Note 1: Within the options "Level histogram" and "Stretch histogram" (see above) it is possible to generate
comparative tables automatically.
Note 2: For more sophisticated conversions of grey values the module Data management / Analysis, option
Formula calculation, may be used.
Numerate areas: The input image must contain areas of each unique colour, for instance as a result of a
classification. These areas are numerated, resulting in increasing colour values in the output image.
Colour Grey scale image (8 bit): If, for example, a grey scale image was scanned inadvertently as colour
image, the IMA file can be converted into a real grey scale image, if palette with the same name exists. This is
the case for example after the import of an 8-bit BMP file coming from a scanner.

- 23 -

LISA BASIC

Image processing > Image radiometry > Filter

In contrast to the point orientated methods described so far filters are environs orientated, therefore calculating
the new grey value of the output image from the old one and several others in a square environs, usually called
window. Thus, e.g. a 3x3 window consists of the central pixel and its 4 neighbours bordering at the top, at the
bottom, on the left, on the right and the four diagonal neighbours. If for a filter one of the parameters window
size, threshold or minimum frequency has to be defined, this will be said explicitly. The possibilities in detail
are:
Filter 1 (grey value or colour images)
Mean (smoothing, group of low pass filter): Forming of the arithmetical mean. Example of a 3x3 window: The
arithmetical mean of the grey values of the 8 neighbours and of its own grey value is assigned to the respective
image point. The filter works by smoothing and gives a less sharp image comparing with the input. Window
size 3x3 15x15.
Edge preserving smoothing : Has the same effect as a mean filter, provided that the contrast (difference between
the maximum and minimum grey value in the window) does not exceed the threshold value (which is to be
chosen). Therefore the output image appears less blurred compared to the result of the simple mean filter.
Window size 3x3 15x15.
Speckle-reduction: For the elimination of disturbed pixels. Provided that the difference between the mean of the
grey values of the window and the central pixel is larger than the threshold value (which is to be chosen), the
mean will be assigned as the new grey value to the central pixel. Window size 3x3 15x15.
Remove line errors: Satellite photos (e.g. LandSat MSS) sometimes show row faults of the kind that individual
image rows are partly brighter or darker than their environment. These faults can be eliminated to a large degree
by using a special mean filter. A threshold value must be determined ( = maximum distance to the neighbouring
rows; 8 bit).
Median: Can also be used to eliminate disturbed pixels. Assigns the mean of the grey values of the neighbours,
which are arranged in a rising order, to the central element. Window size 3x3 15x15.
Majority (filling gaps, e.g. for classification): If the grey value with the maximum frequency reaches the
indicated least frequency within the neighbours, the central pixel will also get this value. Suitable for the optical
improvement of classification results. Normally, the grey value 0 is not taken into account. Shall this be done,
the parameter threshold has to be set to zero. Window size 3x3 15x15.
Edge sharpening: The effect of this filter can be set using the parameter Sharpness (between 0 and 1). Window
size 3x3 15x15.
Local contrast: Within the selected window size (3x3 15x15) the contrast is enhanced. The effect can be
increased or decreased using the parameter Threshold.
Self-defined: The values of the filter matrix, located in an ASCII file, are to be entered. This for instance consists
of 9 values (3 in each row) containing the weight for a 3x3-window (real values also possible). Example:
-1 -1 -1
-1 16 -1
-1 -1 -1

(a high-pass filter)

The 8 neighbours are each weighed with -1, the central element with 16, the sum is divided by the average value
(here: 8) (nomination).
If there is a "zero sum filter" (sum of weights = 0) a lifting with the average grey value 127 takes place instead
of a nomination. Window size 3x3 15x15.
Negative image: Inversion of grey value range 0 ... 255 to 255 ... 0.

- 24 -

Filter 2 (binary images)

Remark: In case of 24 bit images, the third band (red) is used for the following options.
Second order equidensities (edges): Calculates the grey value difference between the current pixel and the pixels
at the bottom and to the right. If this value lies below the chosen threshold value the new grey value will be 0
(black), otherwise 255 (white). Thus, depending on the image contrast and threshold value, edges can be
brought out. If the option "negative image" was chosen, the values 0 and 255 are exchanged additionally.
Threshold binarisation: Grey values below the determined threshold value are set to 0 (black), those above to
255 (white). If the option "negative image" was chosen, the values 0 and 255 are exchanged additionally.
Shrink or blow up the binary image: Starting from a binary image the objects contained in it (e.g. points or lines
with the grey value 255) are modified in such a manner that their border is either reduced by one pixel (shrunk)
or broadened. By repetition and combination (e.g. 2x shrinking, then 2x blowing up) complex structures can be
simplified for this, the parameter No. of iterations can be used.
Negative of binary image: Exchanges the values 0 and 255.
Filter 3 (gradients, texture)
Remark: In case of 24 bit images, the third band (red) is used for the following options.
First derivation (gradient): Forms the difference between the grey values of the current pixel and of one of its 8neighbours, which is determined by the chosen "aspect". The result is a pseudo-relief.
Laplace, blurred mask: High pass filter with strong emphasis on the central element (Laplace: four times with
regard to 4-neighbours, blurred mask: eight times with regard to 8-neighbours). It is used for the preparation of
the segmentation of an image.
Sobel in x (columns) or y (rows): Linear structures in row or column direction will be worked out with the help
of difference forming of the current row (column) to the neighbouring row (column).
Texture (monotony): For each of the 8-neighbours it is ascertained whether the difference between its own grey
value and the grey value of the central pixel does not exceed the chosen threshold. The number of these
neighbours determines the new grey value, which gives information about contrast resp. homogeneity in the 3x3
window.
Texture (variance): The difference between the highest and the lowest grey value in the 3x3 window forms the
new grey value.

Image processing > Image radiometry > Noise

This option creates a random noise which may be added to an existing input image or stored as new image
(dimensions like given in the project definition). The amplitude of the noise can be set between 1 and 255 grey
values.

Image processing > Image radiometry > Fade out

The image borders (width in pixels to be set) will be faded out stepless to the selected grey value.

LISA BASIC

- 25 -

Image processing > Image radiometry > 16 8 bit

This is used for example in order to have access to the raster display for a digital terrain model (= 16 bit raster
image) created in LISA. Procedure: linear (grey value/128), root (from grey value), clipping at grey value 255 or
limits (scaling the existing grey values to 1 ... 255). The input image will be maintained. Usually the complete
height range is transformed into the interval 0-255. Optionally the height range can be limited. Furthermore the
areas which are located within the interval can be fixed at 255 (mask).

Image processing > Image radiometry > 8 16 bit

This option is to be used if an 8 bit image in the DTM module should be processed like a terrain model (e.g.
creating a 3-D-view). The conversion takes place as a linear stretching of the value range 0-255 to the range 032767. Important: In order to be able to use the DTM further the image has to be geo-coded (that means the coordinates of the lower left corner are known as well as the pixel size), additionally the grey values must have a
numerical meaning (terrain minimum and -maximum are known and set, compare menu point for changing
header data). If the input image is not geo-coded then the 16 bit variant will be formally geo-coded, meaning
corner co-ordinates xmin = 1, xmax = cols, ymin = 1, ymax = rows, pixel size and height range as given in the
project definition.

Image processing > Image geometry

Among others modules for the modification of the image size ("resampling") as well as for the rectification
(geo-coding) of a raster image belong to this category. The colour and grey values remain unchanged in contrast
to the image radiometry with an exception in the image rectification like described below.
As soon as the pixel size of the output image differs from that of the input image, for the calculation of grey
values (the so-called resampling) some of work has to be done. To illustrate the problem, let us look at the
following example:
Imagine, we want to enlarge an image with factor 2 in column and line direction. Then, the grey value of any
pixel will be taken over into 4 pixels within the output image. So, here we have no problems. But if we choose a
factor of 1.5, the situation changes because "half pixels" doesn't exist. A similar case appears for example during
a turning by 15 degrees.
For the resampling, several methods exist. LISA offers the two most important:

Nearest neighbour: Fast, keeps the original grey values, but gives a coarse appearance especially for
enlargements. Optical, it is the equivalent to a scale changing via photo copy equipment.
Bilinear: A bit slower, smoothes the grey values similar to a mean filter by taken into account a 4 pixel
neighbourhood. The result is "nicer" than before but contains mixed pixels. For this changing of grey values
see also the note in chapter Image processing > Image radiometry.

So, in all cases where the original grey values are of interest for further operations or the input image is an 8 bit
colour image, the first method will be the better. On the other hand, if the optical impression is of higher
priority, choose the bilinear resampling.

Image processing > Image geometry > Basic functions

Turning: The input image can be turned by 90, 180 or 270 degrees (clockwise). Image size and pixel size remain
unchanged; when turning by 90 or 270 degrees, the number of rows and columns is exchanged. Further,
between -90 and 90 degrees a stepless turn by a given angle is possible.
Mirror left-right or mirror up-below: The image dimensions remain unchanged.

- 26 -

Create image extract: In a geo-coded image by entering the co-ordinates of the lower left and upper right corner
of the segment, in a not geo-coded image by entering the first/last row and first/last column. The pixel size
remains unchanged.
Note 1: The creation of a partial image can also be performed interactively in the image display module (option
Measure > Sub image).
Note 2: Partial images of a 16-bit-DTM are to be created with the option Mosaic (see below).
Note 3: Independent from the input image turned or mirrored images are not geo-coded in any case!
Change image size: It is optional whether you enter a percent value or the desired width of the image in pixel or
cm. The last choice refer to the output on a printer. The output image will then be extended row- and columnwise in contrast to the input image. Take into consideration that the image size is changed by the square of the
factor. Resampling method: Nearest-Neighbour or bilinear (see above). This does not apply to geo-coded
images! The stretch factor of geo-coded images (from another project, for instance) is derived from the pixel
size of the input image, respectively from the value set in the current project and cannot be changed.
Fit to reference image: The dimensions (rows, columns) as well as the header information are taken over from
the referential image. The input image starting in the lower left corner will be put into the given frame. Suitable
for example if images of a uniform size are necessary for matching.

Image processing > Image geometry > Corner co-ordinates

For rectifying or geo-coding of a raster image, normally control points are used (see also Image processing,
option Measure > Digitise > Prepare rectification). In case the terrain co-ordinates of the image corners are known,
these can be used instead of control points and can be put in here. After this, go on with the following chapter.

Image processing > Image geometry > Rectification > Numerical

For the rectification of a raster image, a special control point file is used containing the values
Point No., x, y, row, column
of each point. A file like this (standard name GEOCOD.DAT) will be obtained by measuring the control points
on the screen (Image display, option Measure > Digitise > Prepare rectification) or by using the previous option for
the image corners.
Rectification: Is done by a number of control points, optionally done by one of the following methods: Plane
similarity transformation (2 points, no adjustment), plane affine transformation (3 ... 900 points, in case of overdetermination with adjustment), second order polynomial (4 ... 900 resp. 6 ... 900 points, in case of overdetermination with adjustment), projective transformation (4 points, no adjustment), Local / rubber sheet (4 ...
900 points, no adjustment). See also the explanations to the module Orientation of the data input with a digitiser.
Selection of transformation method: If only two control points are to be found the plane similarity
transformation has to be chosen. For oblique photos the projective transformation is suitable. Otherwise a
sufficient over-determination (ca. 10 control points) with an even spatial distribution should be the aim. In case
of a draft with non-regular distortions (for example historic maps) the local method ("rubber sheet stretching")
will be suitable.
The co-ordinate frame for the output image is to be set the option Project limits will use the values from the
project definition. In case of an over-determination first the remaining errors of the control points will be
calculated and displayed. Points with too huge errors can be deactivated (compare also the option Orientation in
the Data input with digitising tablet).

LISA BASIC

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For testing purposes, instead of rectifying the input image the option Only control image can be used. The
program now divides the area of the input image into tiles of 50 x 50 pixels and projects them according to the
transformation parameters, so that the geometric effect of rectification can be seen. Besides, the error vectors of
the control points in x and y are shown within this option.
Note: All transformation methods described above lead in a mathematical view to a transformation of one plane
to a second plane parallel to it. So, for the quality of the rectification the input image shall have only overall
distortions concerning the scale and so on. In case of aerial photos and especially in mountainous terrain we
have in contrary local distortions as a result of the central perspective projection (the so-called radialsymmetrical distortions). If the geometric quality of the output image is not sufficient enough, the only solution
is to calculate a so-called ortho image (for example using the LISA module FOTO).

Image processing > Image geometry > Rectification > Image to image
If a geocoded image exist, another image can be rectified to the geocoded one by a direct measurement of
reference points. Middle mouse key: Simultaneous movement of both images. Right mouse key: Movement of
only the right image. Left mouse key: Registration of points. Method: Move the images with the middle mouse
key pressed until the point of interest is in position with the measurement mark in the left image. Now move the
right image with the right mouse key pressed until the respective point is in position with the measurement mark
in the right image, then press the left mouse key to save the point data. After a click onto the Ready button the
rectification will start (see chapter before).

Image processing > Image geometry > Mosaic

Only for rectified (geo-coded) images or DTMs. At the same time 1 up to 5 images (DTMs) can be processed.
What follows is a dimension control as well as the input for rows and columns of the resulting image if it does
not exist already if this is not the case the entered image files will be added. Where two or more images
overlap, the grey values are overwritten or averaged. This module is also suitable for the creation of partial
images. Then only one input image or DTM will be named. In case of DTMs an additional 8-bit image can be
created afterwards.
If more than 5 images shall be matched to a mosaic, this option has to be started again. Now, the result of the
first time (e.g. MOSAIC.IMA) will be taken as the first input image as well as output image, all others as input
image 2 to 5. Within the warning message File already exists then the option Add has to be activated.
Beside this, it is possible to use in the first input field (Image 1) "wild cards". For example, if Image 1 =
TEST*.IMA, the files TEST1.IMA, TEST2.IMA etc. are used for the mosaic. This option is limited to 1000
images.
For large mosaics consisting of very many images, a data base should be used (see below).

Image processing > Image geometry > Mounting

Can be used for up to 5 images which do not have to be geo-coded. The images may be placed in left-right or
top-bottom order. It will be good if all images are of the same size. If more than 6 images are to be matched,
this option can be started a second time like its described in the previous option Mosaic.

Image processing > Classification (8 bit)

A classification can be carried out in a single image as well as parallel in several channels belonging together.
The parameters needed can be assigned via an unsupervised classification (cluster analysis) on one hand or a
supervised classification (analysis of training areas) on the other hand. The offered methods are the box method
(parallel epiped) as well as the minimum distance method. There is a distinction between the channels (=
bands, images of different spectrum areas, e.g. visible light, near/medium/thermal infra-red, or colour extracts

- 28 -

red/blue/green of a colour image) and the classes (= land use, e.g. forest, arable land, grass/meadow, buildings,
traffic ways, water). The channels are known to the user, the classes however have to be defined first, e.g. by
training areas. These are smaller areas with a homogeneous and known use, whose spectrum characteristics can
then be transferred to the whole image. A maximum of five channels can be classified at the same time and a
maximum of 50 classes can be differentiated.

Cluster analysis (unsupervised classification)

Enter the maximum radiometric distance in the cluster, the minimum frequency of each class in percentages , the
number of iterations (0 or 1) as well as the names of the individual channels (raster images of 8 bit each). Then
the program searches for local accumulations of grey values (one channel) or grey value combinations (several
channels), the so-called clusters. The results are stored in the file ANALYSIS.DAT.
Note: You may take a value of 10 ... 20 for the maximum radiometric distance in the cluster and ca.1 ... 2% for
the minimum frequency in each class. Continue with the item "Define method, start classification" (see below).

Process of a supervised classification

1. Definition of the training areas
Display one of the channels on the screen. Select the option Measure > Digitise > Register and define the code as
5001 (line) in the corresponding window. Now digitise the border line of the first training area. Take the
following into consideration: Within the polygon the grey values ought to be as homogeneous as possible and
typical for the respective use; the size should contain at least 200 ... 300 pixels. End the measurement by
clicking on the button Close. Repeat the points mentioned above for all training areas.
2. Analysis of the training areas
Display each of the possible channels one by one within the display module. Now carry out the following steps
in each of the channels: Option Measure > Analysis, name of file for a vector-overlay as above. Now the border
polygons of the training areas are shown. Click one by one into the middle of each training area and key in the
number of the class. It is important to note the numbering of the classes resp. areas as they must be identical in
all channels! Finish with click of the right mouse button; the results of the analysis are stored in the file
ANALYSIS.DAT and displayed. Now finish the image display and continue similarly with the next channels if
necessary.

Define method, start classification

Choose the option Image processing > Classification > Method, then the method (box or minimum distance).The
suggested names of the input bands (raster image) are taken from the file ANALYSIS.DAT. The parameter used
for the classification depend on the method:

Box: For each class and channel the limits from ... to of the grey value range (= edge lengths of the ndimensional box).
Minimum distance: Largest allowed distance from the centre and medium grey value for each class and
channel (= radius and central point vector of the n-dimensional sphere), further for the weighting of each
class and channel the standard deviation of the grey values

If needed the result can be processed with the majority filter (see there). Here a more homogeneous appearance
is reached, which is of a certain advantage, especially for the output on printer because of its necessary
dithering.
Note: As a rule a classification is practised on the basis of original data! Radiometric pre-processing (e.g.
stretching of contrasts) show no effective additional information . Similar to geometric pre-processing which

LISA BASIC

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may lead to a loss of information (mixed grey values with average filter or rectification with bilinear
resampling).

Image processing > Matching (8 bit)

In contrary to the combination of images as mosaic or montage (see above), with matching the images are
overlaid and the grey values of the output image calculated from the corresponding pixels. For this, the images
must have the same dimension (No. of rows and columns).
The chosen method is done pixel for pixel, for example addition: The grey values of corresponding pixels in the
input images are added and thus produce the grey value in the output image as grey value 1 + grey value 2.
Note 1: The entering of a third image is only of relevance for the options directed cosine and pseudo colour
image (see below).
Note 2: For more sophisticated matching (e.g. with more than two input images or using free-definable
formulas) see the option Management / Analysis > Formula calculation.
The different possibilities in detail:
Addition
a) Clipping at white: Sum grey values over 255 are set to the value 255 (white).
b) Scaled sum: The resulting grey values are transformed linearly onto the range 0 ... 255. Options: Either the
actual value range between the minimum and the maximum or the theoretical possible value range (0 ... 510)
will be transformed. The latter case corresponds to the arithmetic mean.
c) Weighted addition: "Double exposure". The weight of image 1 can be set between 1 and 99%, image 2 will be
weighted with the difference of this value to 100%. See also Others > 2 x 8 bit 24 bit.
d) To gap: Only where no information is given in the first image (grey value = 0) the grey values will be taken
over from the second image.
e) Grey value and colour image, superimposed: Useful for grey scale images which shall be overlaid with
colour elements (areas) - these will replace the grey values. The number of colours is limited to 192.
d) Grey value and colour image, transparent: Additional to the grey scale image (= image 1) a colour image
must exist. Usable are a maximum of 10 colours which will be superimposed transparent to the grey values.
Subtraction, masks
Remark: A binary image (1 bit) is defined as a mask. It may be used to cut specific content off other images (see
the two previous options).
a) Clipping at black: Different grey values under 0 are set to the value 0 (black).
b) Scaled difference: The resulting grey values are transformed linearly onto the range 0 ... 255. Options are the
same as in the addition.
c) Absolute sum from image 1 image 2.
d) Image 2 as mask, remains maintained: Wherever there is a grey value higher than 0 in image 2 the point will
be left blank in the output image (set to 0). Otherwise the grey value from image 1 will be taken over.
e) Image 2 as mask, remains away: Exactly the other way round.
Division, ratio
a) Arcus tangens of image 1 / image 2, increased to mean grey value.
b) Scaled quotient: The resulting grey values are transformed linear onto the range 0 ... 255. The quotient can be
limited to a maximum value.
c) Ratio (NDVI): e.g. for LandSat-TM bands 3 and 4; as formula: (image 2 - image1)/(image 2 + image 1) with
image 1 represents the visible red and image 2 represents the near infrared.

- 30 -

d) Ratio (NDVI) scaled: as before, but scaled to 0 ... 255.

Others > Minimum, maximum
The minimum or the maximum value from the grey values of the two input images is used pixel-wise as output
grey value. Note: The arithmetic mean can be derived with the addition (see above, scaled sum).
Others > Directed cosine
Is calculated as quotient of the grey values of a channel to the radiometric distance of the respective point from
zero (grey value = 0). The individual channels and the selected channel are to be entered. The ratio (quotient)
and the directed cosine methods are particularly suitable for the elimination of the influence of varying lighting
(e.g. by shadow casting).
Others > Colour composite
From three channels (raster images of 8 bit each) a colour image with a depth of 24 bit is generated. To aim for a
good optical impression it may be useful to bring the single input channels to their maximum contrast first
(option Image processing > Radiometry > Histogram > Stretch histogram).

Others > True colour image LandSat TM

Similar to the Colour composite option but designed particularly for the channels 1, 2 and 3 of image data
originating from LandSat-TM satellites. A particular adaptation of the histograms generally leads to a good
optical impression.
Others > 2 x 8 bit 24 bit
Similar to the Double Exposure (see above) but designed particularly for 8 bit colour images (for instance,
coloured height representation plus shaded relief, DTM). The result will be stored as a 24 bit image.

Image processing > Profile

Creates a grey value profile over the input image. The profile trace is determined by points of a vector file which
must exist. See also the respective option from the programme part terrain models.

Image processing > Area symbols

Remark: In case of 24 bit images, the third band (red) is used for the following options.
In order to represent grey value or colour images on a black and white printer they have to be dithered.
Alternatively to the point-raster method (dithering) offered in the printer program specific area symbols
(hatching, point raster) can be used for this purpose. For this a file is to be created first (option Determine grey
value <-> symbol). The grey value range (from, to; also possible: from = to), the signature (e.g. hatching 45) and
the distance between the lines or points as well as the width of the lines or the thickness of the points are to be
entered in pixels. Instead of area symbols, raster images (1 or 8 bit, e.g. scanned graphics) can be used. Overall,
grey values from 2 to 254 can be replaced, the values 0 (transparent), 1 (black) and 255 (white) will be kept.
If the file is created or exists already the option Carry out area filling can be started. Non-defined grey values of
the input image may be kept or replaced by 0 (transparent / background).

LISA BASIC

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Finally you have the possibility to define your own area patterns (option Create symbols). The signature size
(number of rows and columns) and the grey value is to be entered; moreover, a signature already existing can be
loaded as a draft. An orientation raster appears left on the screen, a test image right. Depending on the selected
tool, points can be set or deleted with the left mouse button. You should take into account that with the
continued rowing of the signatures a sensible pattern should result this can be checked in the test image. The
finished signature will be stored with a number between 101 and 200, the extension SIG, and can thus be used in
the option Determine grey value <-> symbol.
The displayed saturation (percentage of defined pixel) makes it easier to create brightness flows.
Besides the area filling it is possible to assign the signatures to single points holding the respective code within
the vector raster conversion (e.g. code 3501: the signature file 101.SIG is searched for and if needed be entered
into the raster image).
Newspaper effects: As an alternative to the options described before, the grey or colour values can be replaced
by horizontal or vertical lines of different width or a point raster.
Note 1: An image in which the grey values were exchanged by an area dithering is highly suitable for a
mathematical matching with a same sized grey- or colour image in the sense of a raster overlay. Then the greyor colour tones are visible through the area dithering (cf. above, Matching > Addition > Clipping at white).
Note 2: Self-created symbols (e.g. 101.SIG) are not stored within the working directory but within the common
directory c:\lisa\common\sig.
Note 3: Normally, only for raster images (extension IMA) the replacement of grey or colour areas by symbols
can be done. But, if for the input image a legend (extension LEG) is defined explicitly (with extension), it will
be treated in the same way.

- 32 -

Digital terrain models

This module is used for the calculation and analysis of digital terrain models, hereafter simply named DTM. The
following options are available:

Vector raster conversion

Interpolation of digital terrain model as raster image
Calculation of profiles ("1-D")
Calculation of the surface representation ("2-D")
Calculation of a block image ("3-D")
Matching of two DTMs
Calculation of areas, volumes and statistics

Input data
Almost every type of 3-dimensional co-ordinates can be processed. Usually the aim is to produce and process a
height model. In order to realise this, a network of well distributed points (= as densely and homogeneously as
possible) with the x, y and z (height) co-ordinates being known, is required over the test area.
Note that the quality of a terrain model, which means the extent of an agreement with the real terrain, depends
primarily on the density and distribution of the input data (reference points). It is therefore absolutely necessary
to take the terrain topography into account while collecting the data. A general rule is: The more undulating the
terrain the more dense the point network should be. Terrain elements such as edges of steep faces, ridges or
V-shaped valley floors should be measured separately and defined as break lines. Local minima and maxima
(single points which appear to be higher or lower than their surroundings) have to be entered in the reference
point file, too.
Instead of height data as the third dimension you may use other numerical data related to locations as well, for
example ecological data such as dust or data concerning CO2-pollution, height differences due to soil erosion or
dumping etc. In this case an extreme exaggeration factor may be chosen for profiles or block images; it will be
suggested by the program.
To be able to use the data they must be available as ASCII file and arranged in the sequence (No.) x y z .
As far as the program itself is concerned the number of reference points is not limited. Data of very densely
neighbouring points will be averaged during the interpolation if need. Codes can denote polylines if needed (see
below).
The point numbers are without meaning and need not necessarily be available. The code is used to define the
following meanings see the appendix, vector data, for more details.
Example for a border polygon:
9008
1
2
3
4
-99

-999999.
1000.
1200.
1050.
1000.
-99.

-999999.
1000.
1200.
1600.
1000.
-99.

1.
10.
10.
10.
10.
-99.

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LISA BASIC

Therefore a starting point for deletion:

4007
1

-999999.
1900.

-999999.
1900.

1.
10.

... this one is located outside the polygon, thus it will be deleted.
IMPORTANT: Border polygons must either be closed, or start and ending point must each be situated outside of
the DTM area! Otherwise, the deletion algorithm will go through a gap and will delete also other areas. In an
extremely case, the whole DTM can be deleted. This is the fact if at the end of the DTM calculation the error
message All grey values equal (zero) appears.
There is no limit regarding the number of input points, number of polygon points or number of polygons
themselves. But within a polygon the points have to be in a logical (geometrically correct) order because they
will be joined together respecting their order within the file. Each polygon is finished with the row
-99

-99.

-99.

-99.

Terrain model > Vector raster

Calculates co-ordinate ranges and produces optionally a situation image of the input points. Polyline points will
then be joined together. Furthermore the file IMAGE___.PRD will be created containing data concerning the
dimension and situation of the image which are prerequisites for the interpolation. Important: in any case, if a
situation image shall be created or not, this option should be started before the first interpolation of a new data
set! If a situation image is not desired, press the Cancel button within the last window ("Binary raster image"
etc.).
For further information see the option Vector data > Vector Raster.

Terrain model > Interpolation

Calculates a digital terrain model from the input points as a raster image, scaled to the range 1 ... 32767 ("16"
bit, actually for technical reasons 15-bit).
Moving average: Universal, quick method. Best results when reference points are fairly well distributed and
densely located. Very suitable for the quick visualisation of an overview and the realisation of major mistakes in
the reference point data. Especially close to linear elements (break lines) this method tends to a formation of
plateaus.
Moving surface: Universal method with mostly smooth contour course in flat terrains. Mostly a high accuracy,
lower tendency towards a formation of plateaus but also a bit slower. Automatic change between polynomials of
2nd order, tilted plane and horizontal plane. For special occasions, for example, if the input data are digitised
contours, instead of the automatic switching the method can be fixed to tilted plane.
Triangulated net: Generally preferable when the reference points are fairly well distributed but relatively widely
scattered. Uses triangles to create the terrain surface; therefore tends to show a relatively "edged" course of
contour lines, which can be smoothed however by mean filters.
From digitised contour lines: For input data which consists totally or in majority of digitised contours. These
shall be registered as lines with code 9009 as described. The method gives more or less "smooth" slopes
between neighboured contours.
Trend surface: If the number of input points lays between 5 and 900, a trend surface can be calculated through
these points. This is a 2nd order polynomial optional a tilted plane.

- 34 -

Parameters:

For each method: optional search window size, consideration of break lines and free cut areas, mean or
median filtering optional. For the first two and the fourth methods: Extrapolation towards the borders.
Using an error correction list (vector format), obvious incorrect points from the input file can be taken out
of the interpolation.

The maximum distance from which reference points are to be searched for starting at a new point (search
window size) must be entered (in meters).

Densely neighboured reference points may be combined; therefore the maximum distance in meters must be
entered, 0 no combination. A combination with an averaging of the height values can be useful when
there is an extremely heterogeneous distribution of points.

For the first two methods, the number of reference points which will be searched in each segment for
interpolation, can be defined between 1 and 100.

A smoothing of the DTM surface may be reached with a mean or median filter of variable window size
(standard = 5x5), which is useful, for example, for the generalisation of contour lines (input value 0 no
filtering). Significant single points (code 4006) as well as hard break lines (code 9010) are not touched by
this.

The densification factor, which will be displayed, should not exceed 1000 when there is a fairly homogeneous
distribution of the reference points.
Break lines and free cut areas (polylines) may be defined by codes in the input file. Important for free cut areas:
The border polygons must be closed and situated entirely inside the DTM raster image! To assure this the
polygons are closed automatically. In special cases where a border polygon contains several parts and no unified
circulation do exist (spaghetties), the automatic closing can be turned off.
After the interpolation an additional 8 bit image of the DTM will be created if desired. Compare the option File >
LISA files > Raster data > DTM 16 8-bit.

Terrain model > Filtering

Fill local minima: Within a selectable window size all pixels which are lower than the neighbours will be set to
the mean value of the neighbours (filling depressions without runoff).
Remove peaks: Local maxima which are higher than the neighbourhood more than the given threshold will be
eliminated (for instance trees, buildings).
Filter: Also after interpolation a DTM can be filtered, optional with a mean, median or self-defined filter with
variable window size. See also Image processing > Image radiometry > Filter 1 for details concerning the filter
matrix. To save disk space, the output file can have the same name like the input file.

Terrain model > Graphical evaluation > Profile

The input of the profile (break) points may be done in one of the following ways:

manually (in terrain co-ordinates).

from a file, selected manually through point numbers.
from a file, all contained points, e.g. from a registration in the display module.

The number of break points is limited to 100. The program checks if points lie within the DTM or, in case of
selection through point numbers, if they are contained in the file. The exaggeration of the profile can be chosen

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freely, for the exaggeration factor a value will be suggested. The profile axes will be scaled in the given
distance. Optional is also the altitude of the axis of the ordinate (= minimal height value on the abscissa; already
stated value is the minimal terrain height). When entering the co-ordinates or the point numbers manually, first
click onto OK after the last input was made and then Finish.
Lateral profiles: A vector file has to be defined which gives the longitudinal trace in form of at least 2, at most
100 points. In each of this points a lateral profile will be calculated which length to the left and to the right can
be set using the parameter distance.
Parallel profiles: Parallel running profiles for the entire area in west-east or north-south direction can be created.
For this their distance in meters has to be given; afterwards a message about the number of profiles will appear
(max. 100). Remark: West East means the direction of the particular profile lines these are then created
beginning in the south, going to the north.
The size of the raster image (rows, columns) differs from that of the terrain model and may become very large,
depending on location and number of break points as well as on the exaggeration. In case the message
"Maximum size exceeded!" appears, reduce the exaggeration and/or the number of break points.

Terrain model > Graphical evaluation > Base image

Height steps. The elevation data, which exist in 32767 steps, will be grouped according to the desired
equidistance (interval in z-direction) with the possibility to limit the range in the output image. The result
represents equidensites of first order. Beneath the image, a text file with the same name but the extension TXT is
stored for creation of a legend.
Contours raster. The desired equidistance must be entered. Count lines can be created (for instance each fifth)
and will be drawn in red. The output can be limited to a particular height range. The lines can be coded in grey
values and therefore be displayed in colours in the display module. If only a part of the contour lines is to be
shown, the area below the lowest contour line can be hatched ("flooded").
Contours vector. The contours are calculated as an ASCII file (No., x, y, z). The smoothing of the lines is done
via subpixel interpolation, the effect of this can be handled in the data reduction running directly after the line
calculation: The lower the tolerance value, the lower is the smoothing and the higher the number of output
points (see also vector data > basic functions > data reduction). The lines have the code 5001, count lines the code
5002.
Shading. An illumination with parallel incident rays is simulated. The azimuth (north = 0, clockwise up to 360,
continuously) as well as the tilt angle (10 = flat up to 80 = steep) are to be entered.
Slopes. Computed using gradient filters. Continuously, in optional distance [deg] or in steps of 0 - 2 - 7 - 15
degrees. Beneath, a text file like described at the height steps is created.
Aspects. The nine aspects N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW and "not tilted" will be shown in different colours in the
display module. Beneath, a text file like described at the height steps is created.
Gradients. For every 9th point in every 9th line a vector is determined pointing to the direction of the steepest
gradient and whose length is proportional to the slope.
Concave / convex: The slope curvature is colour coded in 11 steps. Beneath, a text file like described at the
height steps is created.
Visibility: You need a vector file with target points which must be located within the DTM area and above the
terrain. For instance, this might be radio antenna positions, and the question is if there are areas which will not
be reached, caused by the terrain. A radius must be defined (e.g. the maximum distance of the emitter). The
programme creates an image showing all areas with free sight to the targets in a dithered representation, colour
coded in respect to the distance.

- 36 -

Terrain model > Graphical evaluation > Block images

Derives a block image (3-D-image) from the height and if needed surface data by a parallel projection (isometric
projection).
Wire frame transparent (like a "real" wire frame). Transparent representation of areas that are normally invisible
(back slopes).
West-east-profile: Parallel west-east profiles, with hidden areas taken into consideration.
North-south-profiles: Parallel north-south profiles, with hidden areas taken into consideration.
Wire frame opaque. Combination from 3 and 4: wire frame with hidden areas taken into consideration. This is
the classical variation of a 3-D representation.
Raster image 3-D: A geo-coded raster image (e.g. height steps, shading, geo-coded map or ortho image) is
depicted as a block image (3-D). Hidden areas will not be displayed. The border can be shown in a medium grey
tone. Using a situation image from the vector-raster conversion here you will get a three-dimensional situation
overview (scatter plot). Steep slopes are normally filled with the next-fitting grey value but can be hatched for
special applications.
Direction and inclination of view as well as the exaggeration factor can be chosen freely (continuously). For a
good optical impression avoid too extreme values as well as view directions of integer manifolds of 90 degrees.
It should be taken into account that the dimensions of the block image (number of rows and columns), do not
correspond with those of the surface representation image. The block image may be much larger, depending on
the direction/inclination of view and exaggeration, which may lead to the message "Maximum size exceeded!".
In this case the mentioned parameters should be altered.

Terrain model > Numerical evaluation

In general: All calculations refer to the actual DTM-area. Free cut areas (grey value = 0) from the interpolation
are not taken into account in the computation.
Total area: Calculates ground and real surface area of the entire DTM. "Ground surface" means the parallel
projection onto the x-y-plane and "real surface" the actual three-dimensional surface.
Intersecting surface: Calculates the total area of all regions lying on or over a given height.
Volume: Calculates the volume between the surface of the terrain model and a reference plain of constant height.
The output is done separately for the volume above and below the reference plain. The latter one corresponds to
the filling volume.
Volume differences: Calculated from a difference-DTM. The output is done separately for volume increase and
decrease.
Statistics: Relative [%] and absolute areas for heights, inclination and aspects. For heights and inclinations
interval sizes are to be given.
Take into consideration the resolution in all computations! The values of x, y, and z in the reference point file
from which the DTM was interpolated have to be in the same units. If the values of x and y are in km, for
example, and those of z in m, then the result of the volume computation is definitely wrong!
Note: The option volume is only suitable for "true" DTMs, the option volume differences only for differenceDTMs. For the each opposite case the results will be wrong!

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Terrain model > Matching > Addition

Adds two DTMs of equal position and size.

Terrain model > Matching > Differential DTM

The grey values are increased by an average value. In case this image shall be further processed (e.g. for the
creation of contours) then in option Load / change DTM (see below) the image name is to be entered.
Important: The difference-DTM will only deliver expressive results, e.g. for the calculation of volume changes,
if the following conditions are met:

Image dimension and image position correspond with each other for both DTMs, meaning the values for
rows, columns, pixel size as well as the co-ordinates of the corners are the same.
The actual image size, derived from the data above subtracted by possibly occurring free cut areas is
congruent; this applies in particular to number and location of the free cut areas.

Terrain model > Matching > Masking

According to a binary image (mask) of the dimensions like the DTM, all pixel positions with a grey value > 0
will be maintained in the DTM, all others set to 0.

Terrain model > Load / change DTM

All resulting products of a DTM, e.g. the raster images to be created, are derived from the latest interpolated
DTM. This has to be in the main memory of the computer which is e.g. the case after an interpolation. With the
help of this option the DTM raster image file is to be loaded first of all if another DTM is to be used.
Note: All options which create a 16 bit image (e.g. Conversion 8 16 bit, DTM matching etc.) defines the
result automatically as actual DTM.

- 38 -

Data Management, Analysis

Management /Analysis > Formula calculation

One to five input images (1 or 8 bit) or DTMs (16 bit) of the same dimension can be flexibly combined and
converted according to freely definable formulas (map algebra). The result has a depth of 32 bit and must be
converted for further processing (cf. next paragraph) if needed so. It is possible to use (combined) brackets. The
following syntax must be obeyed when entering the formula:
Operation

Symbol

Syntax

Notes

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Square root
Absolute sum
Exponent
Sine
Cosine

+
*
/
W
A
E
S
C

I1+I2
I1-I2
I1*I2
I1/I2
W(I1)
A(I1)
(I1)E2
S(I1)
C(I1)

pixel-wise addition of image 1 and image 2

division if image 2 greater than zero

square root of absolute sum of image 1
pixel-wise square of image 1

The image variables have the form In, e.g. I1 for the first and I2 for the second image.
The formula may have a maximum length of 120 characters.
The argument for square root, absolute sum and exponent must be in brackets, examples see above.
The standard rules for brackets are used.

Example 1: GV_new = (I1-I2)/(I1+I2)

... results in the vegetation index of a LandSat scene with I1 = channel 4 and I2 = channel 3.
Example 2: GV_new = .7*I1+.3*I2
... results in a "double exposure" with stronger emphasis on the first image (70 %) compared to the second (30
%).
Note: To avoid algorithmic problems, as argument for square roots ,the absolute sum is used all the time. If a
division by zero occurs, zero is given as a result. The latter may happen if parts of the input image are without
information (grey value = 0; within the display you see the background).
After having finished the matching, the formula can be stored with a name which can be freely chosen (40
characters maximum) in the file FORMEL.LST. It will then be available in a menu next time. A maximum of
eight formulas can be stored this way.

Management / Analysis > 32 bit converter

Used for the conversion of the matched image into a 16 bit DTM or 8 bit image. The conversion to 16 bit is
done linearly after limits. When converting to 8 bit you may choose among different methods:

1:1, clipping
according to limits, equidistant (linear)

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LISA BASIC

according to limits, equally distributed

user defined according to table

With the first two options the number of the output values (steps) has to be determined, with the third option a
table must be determined. This table contains line-wise the entries
from

to

grey value

From = lowest input value, to = highest input value, grey value = output value (between 0 and 255). The first
two values may be conform with one another. A maximum of 100 rows will be processed.

Management / Analysis > Logical matching (8 bit)

A mask is created by the logical combination of two images. Options:

image 1 > 0 AND image2 > 0 (... as well as ...)

image 1 > 0 AND/OR image2 > 0
image 1 > 0 OR image2 > 0 (either ... or)
image 1 > 0 AND image2 = 0
image 1 = 0 AND image2 = 0

Example for the first option: If there is a grey value bigger than 0 in both image1 and image2 the output image
(= mask) shows the defined grey value (e.g. 255) at this spot, otherwise the grey value 0. With the help of this
mask a special section can be created from an image with the same dimension e.g. in the module Image
processing > Matching > Subtraction / masks.

Management / Analysis > Statistics 8 bit

Only for 8 bit images. A separate statistic option exists for 16 bit DTMs (see there).
Grey value statistics: A file is created which contains the following data concerning the grey values of the
determined image: Minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviance, minimum > 0, mean > 0, standard deviance >
0 (that means without taking the background in consideration), number of pixels altogether, the background
elements (grey value = 0), image depth in bit, geo-coding.
Moreover for each grey value interval (or for each grey value with the interval size = 1): Total area (if the image
was geo-coded, otherwise = number of grey values), area in percent, area in percent as a sum as well as a
histogram showing the frequency of all with at least 2% frequency occurring grey values. With limiting the grey
value range (from ... to) the referential size (sum of all grey values which is set to 100%) can be changed.
Example: The value range 1 ... 255 does not include the background pixels in the statistics.
Statistic matching: A search (reference) image as well as the to be analysed image are to be entered. Usually the
search image contains colour coded areas e.g. from a classification, nearest neighbour assignment (see below) or
an area filling (option within vector-raster conversion). For each colour of the search image a statistic will be
calculated which lists the frequency of the grey values in the input image.
Cross table: Starting from a search (referential) image, similar to previous option, for each occurring colour the
respective grey values of the input image will be analysed and the following characteristics calculated:
Minimum, maximum, mean and the most frequent (=dominance).
Compare table GV = Z: Shows the relation between the grey values and their numerical equivalence for input
images in which this relation is given (e.g. height steps or slopes, but not shadings).
Note 1: The first column listed grey values can, by entering a text file, be replaced by the respective text
(maximum 8 characters). Example: Grey value 1 (class 1 of a land use depiction) by Forest and so on
(concerning the format of such a file consult the option Output > Frame and legend, head word text file).

- 40 -

Note 2: Additionally and optionally an output file in DBF format for the taking over of statistics into data base
or table calculation programs can be created.

Management / Analysis > Environs analysis (8 bit)

A search pattern image is to be determined. It must contain information on point and/or line formations with the
grey value 255 and must otherwise be empty. Barriers or border polygons, which may occur, are to be entered
with the grey value 254. You may obtain such an image for example by a vector raster conversion as binary
image for the search pattern and a vector raster conversion of the barriers as a following overlay with grey value
254. Contained points with a grey value between 1 and 253 can be used for area filling with help of the option
Colour like search pattern.
The distance from a search object can be calculated using one of three functions: Linear (standard), square or
root. The function can be modified with a factor. For the calculation of the real (euclidic) distance the option
linear and a factor of 1 has to be used. The other functions depend on the situation. For example, if the search
objects are points of noise, then the intensity of noise with increasing distance can be simulated using the root
function. Defaults for the factor: Linear = 1, Square = 0.1, Root = 10.
Distance image: The distances from the search objects are displayed as coded grey values; the brighter, the
shorter the distance. It is possible to determine distance steps; steps = 1 results in a continuous representation.
The maximum distance to be taken into consideration can also be defined. Moreover a positive-negative
transformation is possible.
Buffer zones: Like previous option but only the first distance step will be given. The result is a binary image
(mask).
Thiessen polygons: Image of the lines with maximum distance between the individual search objects (only
points, no lines!). Binary, the polygons have the grey value 255.
Neighbourhoods: Also for this the input image has to contain only points and no lines. The output image is then
build up by areas with uniform colour values (starting with 1) which each represent the neighbourhood of a
point.

Management / Analysis > Area / Perimeter

You need:

Raster binary raster image (1 bit) containing border polygons of the to be calculated areas with the grey
value 255 (white). For instance, a land use depiction created by the vector raster conversion and the option
Area filling according to attributes or a simple binary raster image (there option binary raster image, grey value
= 255)
Attribute file (DBF) containing for each to be considered area an anchor point (x-value, y-value as first and
second field) as well as a field of the length 12 with 3 places after the comma in which the area sizes are
written. For example the above mentioned file (anchor points land use). The creation of additional fields
within an existing DBF file can be done for example using the option File > LISA files > Attributes > Add field.

For each area being in the attribute file the area size or the perimeter will be calculated and entered into the file.

LISA BASIC

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Database

General remarks
Geo-coded raster images created or prepared with LISA BASIC or LISA FOTO can be filed, sorted in different
layers according to their contents and, only limited by the storage of the hard disc, in an image archive. The
integration will be done at the right place automatically (mosaic function). Moreover any areas within the
archive co-ordinate frame can be exported again as LISA raster images.
As a rule, for smaller plans the definition of a project is sufficient will be defined consisting above others of a
working directory, in which the input data are stored and the output data are filed. Typically a linear
processing of the input data takes place resulting in the final product via different steps. Having created this if
need be a copy can be made onto a data carrier and /or a graphical output on printer. Afterwards all data may be
deleted from the computer. Possibly the next project may follow.
But if an information system is to be built, where above other things

large data sets have to be available at all times,

a thorough order of the topics in layers is required,
a (piecewise) up-dating and continuation have to be possible,
several colleagues shall have ordered access confined by unequivocal defined rights to the data,
accidental deletion or change of the data set is prevented,

then a data management program like the one present is necessary.

The focused term is the image data base (image archive). Firstly it should be understood as a directory on a hard
disc (e.g. F:\LISA_DAT.LDB) structured in one ore several layers (subdirectories). Such an image archive may
have according to its directory structure the following appearance:
F:\LISA_DAT.LDB
\DTM
\AERIAL
\LANDSAT
\TK50_DIG
The outer co-ordinate frame and the uniform pixel size are common in each layer. Each layer (=each
subdirectory) now is subdivided into storage blocks, the so-called tiles. These are raster images of square size
and constant dimensions (e.g. 1000 rows x 1000 columns) which are created and named automatically when
obtaining data. With this method a relative quick access to very large areas or data sets is possible merely by the
co-ordinate range and without any knowledge of file names etc.
For each layer the name (becomes the name of the subdirectory), the depth in bit (radiometric resolution) as well
as if need be the minimum and maximum z value (e.g. terrain heights using DTM) are separately definable.

Hardware aspects
It would be ideal if all data in question could be available on one central computer in order to keep them
consistent. A network architecture with central fileserver of large hard disc capacity and connected work stations
is recommendable. Then the processed data will be saved in suitable time intervals (example: changes daily, the

- 42 -

complete data base monthly). Streamer tapes of different types, removable hard discs or CD-/DVD- writing
devices can be used. The latter have the advantage that due to the quick reading access onto the storage medium
entire archives can be filed on a CD and be processed directly from it. Therefore a CD changing system ("juke
box") would be perfect.

Software aspects
The basis should be a strict separation between data processing and data retrieving. That means in concrete
terms that only one colleague should have direct access onto the image archive, that only he is allowed to read,
write and delete data (data processing). All other colleagues should only have the basic programme LISA at their
disposal. With this they may use at all times data from the image archive (data retrieving) but further access
(writing, deleting) is impossible. The particular rights of access must be given using the network software. With
this method an accidental deletion or overwriting of data is avoided to a large extent; furthermore, at any time
only one "official" data set exists (consistence). To complete the picture it should be taken into account that such
preparations for example do not prevent hardware errors or malice and therefore a regular data saving is
necessary in one's own interest.
The following figure explains the mentioned computer and software configuration.

...

Workstations
Read-only access

File server: Image data base (DTMs, geo-coded images)

System manager: Full access to the data base (read, write, delete)

Data base > New

The following parameters are to be entered:
Drive and directory: No subdirectories! It is inadmissible to enter LISA_SYS\ARCHIVE or similar forms. The
defined directory will be appended with the extension LDB automatically.
Number of layers: At the moment 1 to 20 are allowed. The number of layers may be altered later, see below.
For each layer: Name (max. 20 characters, usual syntax for Windows), e.g. AERIAL, depths in bit (1, 8, 16 or
24), if need be values for minimum and maximum z value (from the project definition; in case they are
unknown, choose the offered option both values then are set to -999999.).
For the complete data base: Co-ordinate frame (x and y values of each the lower left and upper right corner;
serves only the initialisation and can later be exceeded), tile size in terrain units. The tile size is a 1000-folds up
to 10000-folds of the pixel size (in other words: Each tile is a square raster image with an edge length between
1000 and 10000 pixel).

LISA BASIC

- 43 -

First of all the programme tests if the named drive can be used and the directory does not exist. This as well as
the given subdirectories (layers) will then be created. The valid entries for the entire image archive are stored in
the file CATALOG.DAT in the uppermost archive directory, the valid parameters for the single layers are stored
in the respective layer in a file of the name LAYER.DAT.

Process layers
Add layer: Parameters as above (name, depth [bit], minimum and maximum z value).
Empty layer: All files in the subdirectory will be deleted.
Delete layer: Additionally to the above mentioned the subdirectory itself will be deleted.
After each change, the file CATALOG.DAT will be actualised.

Data import / export

The default values for path and if need be co-ordinate frame are taken over from the current project but may be
changed in any way.
Write into DB: The desired archive and layer as well as the to be imported raster image with the entire path are
to be entered. First of all it is tested if the chosen image corresponds to the archive and layer requirements: it has
to be geo-coded, pixel size and bit depth have to be correct. If the image is situated entirely or partial outside the
archive co-ordinate frame a warning announcement occurs. Furthermore in case of already existing data you
have to determine if they shall remain (= merely filling of gaps), shall be overwritten by the new ones (updating) or if old and new ones shall be averaged pixel-wise.
The distribution of raster data onto the tiles as well as the placing of names is done automatically (example for
tile names: 50005000.IMA).
Note 1: The name of the input file may include wild cards (asterisks). For example, entering GITT*.IMA all
files like GITT_11.IMA, GITT_12.IMA etc. will be taken over into the data base step by step (max. 1000
images).
Note 2: If the raster image which shall be imported is situated in total or part-wise outside the defined coordinate frame, a respective warning message appears and the option to actualise the co-ordinate frame. It will
be a good idea to control the position of the image and then to use the offered option.
Read from DB: From the data base given in the project definition a raster image is created for each layer within
the co-ordinate range also given in the project definition and stored within the actual working directory (IMA
format). The file name is composed from LDB_ and the layers name (example: LDB_AERIAL.IMA).
Delete area: The data the chosen layer will be deleted within the co-ordinate frame given in the project
definition. Alternatively to the entering of a single layer the option Simultaneously for all can be chosen.

Create data base survey

It is possible either to question the current data base in the image archive in form of a table (for the entire
archive) or graphical (as sketch/point raster or survey image, for a single layer each). The name of the output file
(ASCII or IMA format) is to choose and it will be filed in the uppermost directory of the archive. It is possible to
process a graphical output with the LISA basic module further (display, printing etc.).

- 44 -

Output

Output > Display raster image

Input image: 1, 8 or 24 bit raster image (format IMA, BMP, JPG or TIF). 16 bit DTMs are converted to 8 bit
internally before.
File: Open, Save, Save as, Print. Save: If the colour palette was changed, the image rotated or mirrored or the
geo-codification changed, the image can be stored with this modifications. Print: Raster images may be issued
using a matrix printer or raster plotter installed in the operation system. If the output size exceeds the available
paper size the print will cover several sheets which must be attached manually.
Palette: Several possibilities for the modification of the images grey values. Options: Normal, Negative (for grey
value, respectively colour images), Colour 1, Colour 2, Open, 0 black, 0 white, Brightness, Flood, Marking.

Option brightness: Settings for brightness and contrast.

Option Flood: Especially useful for 8 bit images of a DTM - the area below the defined grey value will be
displayed in a blue colour (8 bit).
Option Marking: Only one grey value is displayed in green, all others in grey. Useful for example to
highlight areas in an image of land use (8 bit).

The original palette can be restored using the button Reset.

View:

Reduce / Enlarge / Move: Activates a cursor to magnify or a hand shape. With the left mouse button pressed,
the image can be reduced, enlarged or moved. Finish this option with Normal or right mouse button.
Independent of this, the image can be moved at any time with pressed middle mouse key. The speed of
moving can be set using the respective buttons. Further, the image detail displayed in the overview image
(see below) can be moved using the left mouse key, then moving the image simultaneously.
Turn by 90, 180 or 270 degrees, mirror left-right
Factor: Fixed factor between 10% and 1000%
Optimal: Maximum zoom factor in order to display the entire image
Reset: Like when starting the module.

Measure:

Display of co-ordinates (all times active): If the image is geo-coded, x- and y-value, otherwise row and
column. The third position is the grey value and, if this correspond to a numerical meaning (e.g. terrain
height), the fourth position is the z-value. If 24 bit images are used the colour intensities (red, green and
blue) are shown in the 3rd, 4th and 5th position. If a text file with the same name as the input image exists,
instead of the z value the text belonging to the respective grey value will be displayed (e.g. land use).

Digitising of points and lines (on-screen-digitising; for the options control point file, orientation and
registration see option Digitise)

Which kind of co-ordinates will be registered, results from the kind of loaded image.

Image is geo-coded: The option orientation is (logically) not available. Terrain co-ordinates will be
given as an output.

LISA BASIC

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Image is not geo-coded, no orientation done: Column and row positions (pixel co-ordinates) are given
as an output.
Image is not geo-coded but an orientation took place before: Terrain co-ordinates calculated by a
transformation will be given as an output.

Area / Perimeter, Slope / Distance, Polyline measurement (see also option Tablet)
Analysis of the grey values within a polygon (cf. option classification; 8 bit)
Magnifying glass for the direct display of grey values in a 5x5 environs of the cross hairs position; 8 bit
Definition of a partial image by a drawn window with the mouse.

Overlay:

Vector data: The superimpositions colour or grey value may be selected. Individual points may be issued
alternatively with the corresponding number, height or dot mark (small square).
Attribute data, photos, text (see also appendix, data formats); applies for geo-coded images only! The
positions for which information is available are indicated by small squares. Clicking onto such a square
induces the display of the relevant data set, image or movie. Before commencing with further operations or
closing the window the right mouse button is to be pressed once.

Additional:

Display of overview image, histogram and grey tone wedge, legend. The overview image features the
position of the detail currently displayed. If the display of a legend is required it has to be generated
beforehand (option Output > Create legend, see below).

Copy: Stores the image within the clipboard for use in other graphics programmes.

Info image: After having chosen a file, its most important data will be displayed. An existing geocodification can be deleted using the button Reset. The button Formal creates a formal geo-codification.
The relation grey value z value can also be deleted using the Reset button.

Prepare rectification: A control file has to defined. Like for the orientation of an image, the control points then
are to digitise. An output file (e.g. GEOCOD.DAT) will be created which contains the merged data in the form
Point No., x, y, column, row. This can then be used for the rectification of the image (directly after this or using
the option Image processing > Image geometry > Rectification).

Output > Display vector graphics

This option can be used for vector files up to 2000000 points. You can choose whether you want the individual
points to be displayed on screen with numbers and/or with height values. The points and lines may be coloured
according to their codes (Option palette > Colour 1). Colour allocation works according to the following scheme:
For single points (code 1 ... 5000) colour = code, for lines (code ascending from 5001) colour = code 5000.
File: Open, Save, Save as, Print.
Palette: Normal, negative, colour 1, colour 2, external, 0 black, 0 white. For details see the option Output >
Display image.
View

Minimize / Maximize / Move: Activates a magnifier- or hand-shaped cursor. Holding the left mouse button
pressed down allows the image to be reduced in size, to be enlarged or to be moved. This function is closed
by going back to Normal or by pressing the right mouse button. This image content may be shifted
independently any time using the central mouse button.
Window: Move mouse to the upper left window corner, press the left mouse key and keep pressing, draw
the window and let go of the mouse-key in the desired lower right corner.
Reset: Display as in the beginning zoom factor and position being reset.

- 46 -

Co-ordinates (permanently active): In the status line the terrain co-ordinates corresponding to the mouse
cursor position are displayed.

The vector file can also be displayed in a 3D manner. The parameters Azimuth, Inclination and Exaggeration
can be set. Default values are: Azimuth = 0 (from south), Inclination = 1,57 (/2, vertical), Exaggeration = 1.
Editing of points can only be done with these default values which can be reset using the Reset button.
Edit

Co-ordinates: After clicking on a point with the mouse cursor, depending on the kind of point different
parameters can be edited:
Single point: Number, x-, y-, z-value and code.
Point on a line: It is either possible to change x, y, z for this single point (option Point) or number, code
and height for the entire line (option Line). The original line can be maintained or be renewed. Finish the
edit mode with the right mouse-key.
Note: After clicking the OK button, normally the input window will be closed. If it appears a second
time the reason is that there exists another point at the same location.

Points Lines: Define point numbers and code (range 5001-9999). Click on point after point with the left
mouse key, mark last point with right mouse key. The original points can be maintained or be renewed.

Shift points: Shift point with the left mouse key to the desired position, then let go of the mouse key. If one
point is moved onto another (e.g. polygon starting on ending point) and the other point is hit a signal can
be heard. The co-ordinates of the target point will be taken over exactly - ideal for a secure closing of
polylines, e.g. for a following area filling. Determine shifting modus with the right mouse-key. Note: If after
shifting of a point, the point seems to remain at its old position, this means that there was two or more
points.

Delete: You can choose whether you want to delete single points or entire lines. Click on point(s) with the
left mouse key, and determine the deletion modus with the right mouse key. If you click on a point (or a
line) for the second time it will be restored. Moreover polylines can be separated by a marked point. It is
possible to restore this with a repeating click on the point. Points for deletion are marked with a colour and
are not taken over into the output file while storing.

Digitise > Register: After entering point number, increment, height (z-value) and code you can continuously
digitise with the left mouse-key. The values for x and y from the mouse co-ordinates are transformed onto
the terrain system. Code values from 5001 create polylines. Close polyline or finish measurement with a
click onto the corresponding button (see also respective options for digitising with a tablet.) The registered
data can be added to the input file or stored in a separate file.

Digitise > Prepare Rectification: With this option, you can click to a maximum of 100 points of an existing
control point file, giving them new co-ordinates. With these control points you can transform the file into a
new co-ordinate system directly from here or using the option Vector data > Rectification (see below).

Additional

Search: After entering a point number the corresponding spot will be marked with a violet circle (in case it
could be found). If the input file contains more than one point with that number the first one found will be
indicated.

Export into the raster image formats BMP or JPG. The actual displayed part of the file will be exported.

Copy: Stores the graphics within the clipboard for use in other graphics programmes.

Info graphics: The number of points in the input file are shown as well as the co-ordinate ranges in x, y and
z.

- 47 -

LISA BASIC

In case of leaving the display the (changed) file can be stored. If the name of the input file is offered, the usual
warning announcement appears. With the help of the option New a new file name can be entered. Consequently
the former file can be maintained.

Output > Display text

This is used for the creation, display, processing and printing of a text file (e.g. control points, statistical results,
LISA vector data). This module is started automatically in LISA at some places, for example after calculating
statistical data of a DTM.

Output > Display attributes

For display, editing or printing of a DBF file (table). This has to contain in field 1 the x- and in field 2 the yvalue (reference- or anchor-point) for each data set and can for example be generated out of an ASCII vector file
by the option File > Export vector. Limits: a maximum of 5000 data sets with a maximum of 50 fields.
Rename field: Only the name is changed, the data structure (type, length) remains.
Add field: You have to enter the field parameters (name, type: numerical or text, length, if need number of
decimals). The field will be append after the last available one.
Delete field: Header entry and data are removed.
Enter data from vector file: The z-value of a vector file that is to be given will be entered into the chosen field
of a DBF file according to their x-y-values. Optionally an assignment between (full numbered) z-values and
assigned texts of a text file can be chosen for the entry of non-numerical data. For this choose text field, ASCII
file of the form No., x, y, z, text file of the form z, text.
Example: Choose text field land use, then an output-file can be created by an ASCII- and a text-file and by a
replacement of the z-value.
ASCII file

text file

1 1100.00 1800.00 10.00

2 1240.00 1417.00 11.00
3 1800.00 1510.00 10.00

10 lawn
11 arable land

output file (DBF)

1100.00 1800.00 lawn

1240.00 1417.00 arable land
1800.00 1510.00 lawn

Enter raster image data: Based on the x-y-values of the DBF file the corresponding z-values will be drawn from
a geo-coded raster image and entered into a field to be selected.
Choose data: data sets which contain values in two specific fields and are located within certain defined
intervals and further on are suitable for a combination will be separated in an output-file. Example: In case the
values located in field 3 are between 100 and 200 AND/OR the values located in field 4 are between 35 and 70
the data set will be taken over. Otherwise nothing will happen. If you want to work only with one criteria you
can choose the combination AND and set the interval limits for the second field to maximum values (e.g.
999999. ... 999999.). Possibilities to combine: AND (as well as), OR (exclusively, either or), AND/OR, AND
NOT.

Output > Colour palette

The colour of each particular class can be adjusted individually, mixing the primary colours red, green and blue
(additive mixture; option Individual). Several fixed or external palettes may be loaded as a draft. The option
Transitions (colour ramp) offers the possibility to use one of a number of colour transitions as draft. The result
will be stored in a palette (file extension .PAL); this can then be loaded in the display module (option Palette >
Open). The option Continuous (symbol \) calculates all values between the colours to be provided (from...to).

- 48 -

Using the relevant button, black can be associated to the grey value 0, or white to the grey value 255. The option
Inverse inverts the colour sequence, the button System starts the Windows colour mixing option for the actual
colour value.
Note: Palettes are not stored within the working directory but within the common directory c:\lisa\common\pal.
If the created palette should be connected with an image, this must be loaded into the image display. Then load
the palette using Palette > Open and store it using File > Save (only for 8 bit images).

Output > Text file

For creating or editing text files which can be used, for example for creating a legend. The format of such a file
is described below (create legend).

Output > Grid crosses

For geo-coded images (1, 8, 24 bit). Grid crosses or -lines can be drawn into the image in selectable distance and
can be labelled with their co-ordinate values at the image borders.

Output > Create legend

For 8-bit raster images a legend may be generated and attached either to the image (see next paragraph) or be
made available as a separate illustration of the display using the option Others > Legend. Apart from the image
itself a text file which contains the labelling of the legends segments and moreover two title rows (max. 23
characters each) can be provided. If a text file is available the number of segments of the legend, the lowest
(first) grey value, the mode of succession and the numerical equation of the grey values chosen must be defined .
If the output file is geo-coded a scale bar and a north-indicating arrow may additionally be placed.
For the case that the grey values of the input image reflect a numeric equation already (as slopes or altitude
levels, e.g. the grey values of the scale segments can be derived from the nominal values using the option
According to header data). Then it is also possible to replace the legends segments by an continuous grey scale
bar.
Example for text file: The image LAND.IMA contains information on the land use in four classes. Then the file
LAND.TXT can be created with any text editor. This file has the following structure and is added to the legend:
Land use /
Vegetation 1995
2
meadow
12
field
7
forest
8
settlement

Position 1

(the first two rows: title, maximum 23 characters)

(per entry a maximum of 20 characters)

Position 5

In the legend, 4 fields with the grey values 2, 12, 7 and 8 as well as the corresponding labelling will be created
with this. Therefore the questions after number of fields, starting grey value etc. do not appear here.
Note: It should be taken into consideration that when using text files the first four columns contain the numeric
entry and hence in column 5 the text begins! A text file of this structure can be used in the statistics module, too
(see there). Some LISA options create a text file automatically.
The legend file is stored as raster image in the LISA format but with the extension LEG.

LISA BASIC

- 49 -

Output > Add legend

From the input image (8 bit) and the legend defined a new image is calculated with the legend placed on the
right hand side of the image. This option has to be activated for example, if grey tones and colours are to be
replaced by area symbols, because then the grey values resp. colours are replaced simultaneously in the image
and the legend.

- 50 -

Upgrade to the unlimited full version

Click onto the Registration button. Provide the requested data in the form sheet. After clicking OK the programme
generates the file T2V_REG.TXT within the LISA programme directory (e.g. c:\lisa), which you are asked to
mail to the following address: info@maptec.de. You can start your mail programme directly within LISA.

Variant 1
LISA is protected against unauthorised usage and distribution by connection of the software with the network
adaptors ID address (MAC address) and the harddisk serial number. Thus, each license is connected to the
particular computer.

Advantages of the solution: No special hardware (copy protection key) is needed, and no fees are to pay for
this and the delivering. The distribution of the software, updates, or the upgrade from test to unlimited version so can be done completely via internet.

Disadvantage: The computer must have a network adaptor or a modem, and LISA will indeed run only on
this one computer. If the network adaptor and/or the harddisk are changed, you need a new upgrade.

Important for users wishing to run LISA on several PCs: The procedure described must be applied to each individual computer! To avoid confusion it is advisable to send each file t2v_reg.txt with a separate mail providing
an unequivocal identification in the concern row as for instance conversion full LISA PC1.
Variant 2
As an alternative, LISA can also be run using a copy protection key (HASP dongle for USB port from Aladdin
Ltd.). Also in this case the file T2V_LIC.TXT must be located in the programme directory (see below), but no
check of the hardware components will be carried out.

You will get the file T2V_LIC.TXT from us which you then have to copy into the LISA programme directory
(e.g. c:\lisa), and in case of variant 2 also the copy protection key. Put this into a free USB port and run the
programme HASPUserSetup. Now, LISA runs as unlimited version.
Remarks:

It is urgently recommended to make a copy from the T2V_LIC.TXT file! It is the key to your full version!

Depending on the operation system on your PC it can be necessary to log in with full rights, usually as
administrator.

If any error occur please look at the file ERROR.LOG in the LISA directory.

- 51 -

LISA BASIC

Appendix

LISA data formats

Raster images (extension IMA)
The header which is present in any case contains some common data (150 byte), flags (20 byte) and pointer (200
byte) and therefore always has a length of 370 bytes.
(a) Common image data (150 byte)

Byte

Format

Meaning

1 ... 6
7 ... 12
13 ... 14
15 ... 29
30 ... 44
45 ... 59
60 ... 74
75 ... 89
90 ... 104
105 ... 119
120 ... 134
135 144
145 ... 150

I6
I6
I2
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F15.4
F10.3

No. of image rows

No. of image columns
Depth [bit]
xmin
xmax
ymin
ymax
pixgr
zmin
zmax
fkt
focal length [mm], else 0.
Reserve

Remark: These entries must be present in any case! For each grey or colour value a storage space of between
one and four bytes are used (8 32 bit). From technical reasons, binary images (normally 1 bit) are also stored
as 8 bit files.
Image geometry:

rows, columns, bits: These entries must exist and be precise.

xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax: Co-ordinates of the lower left and the upper right corner in terrain units (metres).
The image is geo-coded if these values, as well as pixgr for the pixel size, are available. Whenever the
situation of the image is unknown (e.g. an unrectified image from a scanner) enter -999999 for xmin, xmax,
ymin and ymax and 1 for pixgr.
zmin, zmax: Minimum and maximum terrain height (in case of a Digital Terrain Model / DTM), resp. the
general minimum and maximum numerical value which is assigned to the corresponding grey values.
Whenever the grey values have no numerical meaning (e.g. in a common aerial photo or any 24 bit image)
these values are to be set each to -999999.
fkt: Is calculated with a few exceptions using the formula 2bit / (zmax - zmin).

- 52 -

(b) 20 flags (20 byte)

Flag No.

Byte

Format

Meaning

1
2
3
...
20

151
152
153
...
170

A1
A1
A1
...
A1

0 = image, 1 = DTM
IPV version

Remark: The entries must be made as character*1, for example char(1) for byte 151, if it is a DTM. So, for any
flag values between 0 and 255 are available.
(c) 20 pointer (200 byte; give the first byte of the corresponding data set)

Pointer No.

Byte

Format

Data set

1
2
3
4
...
20

171 ... 180

181 ... 190
191 ... 200
201 ... 210
...
361 ... 370

I10
I10
I10
I10
...
I10

Begin of the palette (0 = no palette, or 371)

Begin of the image data (371 or 1139)
IPV info

Remark: Pointers not used must have a value of 0!

(d) Palette
Contains the palette entries. For 8 bit images (and only for them) all times a palette will be created and stored.
As a rule, for all 256 grey values (0 ... 255) three entries for red, green and blue must be present (intensities,
values between 0 and 255). Therefore, the palette all times has a size of 768 bytes and is located in byte 371 ...
1138.
(e) Image data
The image data begins in byte 371, if no palette is present, or in byte 1139 else (see also pointer 1 and 2). For
true colour images (24 bit) the colour information is stored pixel by pixel (BIP) using the sequence BGR like in
the Windows internal bytemap format.

- 53 -

LISA BASIC

Vector data (extension DAT)

Vector data in LISA consists of three-dimensional point co-ordinates which are stored line-wise as an ASCII file
in the sequence-No. - format, x-value, y-value, z-value.

The notations x, y, z refer to a Cartesian co-ordinate system with axes arranged mathematically. This means,
for example, that Gauss-Krueger or UTM system data can be processed: Easting refers to x and Northing
refers to y (G.-K.-system); "East" refers to x and "North" refers to y (UTM)! Non-cartesian co-ordinates like
the so-called Geographical co-ordinates (longitude, latitude) cannot be processed correctly and must therefore
be transformed in advance (e.g. with Vector data > Projections)!
Besides the co-ordinates, additional information will be stored in the vector file: code commands, end of line
information in between the data.

1 3000
3001 3100
3501 3600
4001 5000
4006
4007

single points, general

like before, raster symbol (file with extension SIG)
like before, vector symbol
for DTM, then:
significant points, filter resistant
delete start points for free-cut areas (*)

5001 8000
8501 8600
9001 9999
9007
9008
9009
9010

points on lines, general

like before, vector symbol
for DTM, then:
limits for interpolation (*)
border polygon for free-cut areas (*)
smooth break line, may be filtered
hard break line , filter resistant

(*) z value without meaning.

Example:
5001
1000
1001
1002
-99

-999999.000
1000.000
1267.800
1600.311
-99.000

-999999.000
1040.000
807.450
1197.020
-99.000

1.000 (code 5001)

20.000
17.000
21.500
-99.000 (end of line)

Notes regarding the individual entries:

No. of points:
X-, Y-values:
Z-values:
Codes:

positive integer numbers, maximum 10 digits.

real numbers, maximum 12 digits, 3 decimal-digits.
real numbers, maximum 10 digits, 3 decimal-digits.
positive integer numbers, maximum 6 digits.

Note regarding the parameter code: Codes between 1 and 5000 stand for single points, code between 5001 and
9999 for lines. It is possible to access particular data within a certain file using codes if, for example, lines have
been assigned individual codes following criteria like "field border", "street" etc.
To read and to process vector files in LISA, the following rules apply:

The file is being read line by line. If there are four or more numerical entries in one line, the (first) four are
interpreted as No., x, y, z. In case there are only three numerical entries, they are interpreted as x, y, z. The
whole line is left out in case there are less than three numerical entries. If the file consists of only x- and yvalues, it has to be imported to begin with (options File > Import vector > ASCII any sequence).

- 54 -

Blank lines and comment rows may exist (will be ignored). In the data lines there may be texts and other
non-numerical entries.
Only problem: If there are three or more numerical entries in a comment row (e.g.: "data input 10 / 08 /
1998") they are interpreted as co-ordinates (in this case x = 10, y = 8, z = 1998). You should take this into
consideration when creating a file! In case of strange results, you ought to delete such comment lines from
the file.

Attribute data (extension DBF)

Information not being of a direct geometric nature and/or refer only to a few locations (e.g. owner of each plot
or horizontal expansion of single soil samples) may expediently be managed as attribute data. This is done in
DBF files (format dbase III+ or IV) which can either be processed in data base programs such as dBase or table
calculation programs such as Excel or alternatively be made available for LISA. You have to take into account
that the first field must contain the x-value and the second one the y-value of a referential point, for instance
centre co-ordinates of each plot or location co-ordinates of soil samples.
Note concerning the termini: The field corresponds to the column, the data set to a line of a table.
Each field has a well-defined data type. There are different data types:

Numeric (for numbers) with the sub-types integer or real

Logical (true or false)
Text (alphanumerical)

Each field has also a defined length and in the case of type real fields a defined number of decimals.
Two special kinds of attribute data can be used within the raster image display (see Output > Display raster):

Photos: You can overlay images or movies onto a geocoded image. The names of the files (formats: BMP,
PCX, AVI, WMV, MPG or MP3) have to be defined in a DBF file (first field x-value, second field y-value,
third field file name). The x-y co-ordinates determine a reference point in the terrain, e.g. the location of the
taking.

Texts: In a similar form like described before, single points can be connected with texts. These are either
simple ASCII files with the extension TXT which may be created with any text editor, or PDF files. The file
names must be listed in the DBF file in the same structure like photos (first field x-value, second field yvalue, third field file name). Within the image display, texts can directly be modified within the window.

Example:
1000.000
1267.800
1600.311
1104.200
1888.421

1040.000
807.450
1197.020
973.100
1234.567

test1.bmp
test2.pcx
test3.avi
test4.txt
test5.pdf

Remark: For a correct display of the files a suitable programme must exist on the computer (for instance a media
player, Acrobat Reader).

LISA BASIC

- 55 -

Palettes
LISA raster images of 8 bit colour depth (and only these) have a colour palette. Besides, palettes can be stored
within the central directory c:\lisa\common\pal. Some notes about this:

Format: ASCII, 4 entries each row: Grey value, intensity red, intensity green, intensity blue, all entries
between 0 and 255.

If a raster image is imported which contains a palette (e.g. BMP or TIFF, 8 bit), the palette is directly used
for the LISA raster image but not stored separately.

Imported or self created palettes (Output > Colour palette) are stored in the directory mentioned above.

Connection of a palette from this directory with a raster image: Display image, load the palette using Palette
> External, then Palette > Store.

Extraction of a palette from a raster image: Output > Colour Palette > From Image.

Explanation of key words often used

ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange = standard character set for almost all types of
computer. An ASCII file is readable since it contains the alphanumeric signs (digits, letters, sentence signs etc.)
in their original form. On the contrary a raster image file is not readable. In this case the entry "W", for instance,
does not mean the letter W, but for the grey value 87.
Resolution. You can distinguish between geometric and radiometric resolution. The pixel size resp. the number
of image rows and columns determines the geometric or positional resolution (in x, y). The number of the
different colours or grey values of an image is a measurement for the radiometric resolution. Therefore an 8 bit
deep image can contain a maximum of 256 (= 28) colour or grey shades.
Binary image. Contains only two grey values, i.e. 0 (black) and 255 (white).
Bitmap: Alternative expression for a raster image with 1 bit resolution (binary image, mask).
Bytemap: Alternative expression for a raster image with a resolution of 8 bit = 1 byte
Geo-coded: In LISA the term is used for raster images which are rectified on a terrain co-ordinate system, so
that for each pixel the co-ordinates can be given. Synonym: geo-referenced.
Header: Credit title of a raster image containing information regarding the number of rows and columns,
radiometric resolution, etc...
Polyline. A chain of points that is connected by straight lines. Closed polylines are called polygons. Within a
vector file all the points that are linked together (i.e. that belong to the same polyline) must follow one another
and each such a group of points must be terminated by the row -99 -99. -99. -99., standing for No., x, y, z.
Raster image. Known for many centuries as carpet or Gobelin: An image made up of individual points
(knots) of fixed size and particular colour. The smallest unit ("atom") is the pixel. The size is determined by the
number of points in row and column direction. In a digital raster image every pixel is represented by an entry
which specifies its colour (grey value). In this case all pixels follow one another sequentially in rows (byte
map).
Dithering. Grey-tone images must be converted into binary images (= only two grey values: black and white)
before they can be printed on a matrix printer. This is accomplished with the help of "dithering". The resulting
image is somewhat similar to familiar images in newspapers.
Scaling. This is defined as the transformation of one numerical range to another. Examples:

- 56 -

a. The elevation values in the input file reduced by the terrain minimum are linearly transformed to the grey
value range 1-32767 (DTM-interpolation, automatic scaling).
b. The grey values of the final image can be limited to a particular range in the display. On the screen a low grey
value appears "dark", and a high value "bright". For example, the scaling from:
0-255
120-255
255-0

produces maximum contrast (presumably the image is in this dynamic range)

produces a "bright" image,
produces a negative image.

c. In the display module the effect of a changed scaling can be directly observed (e.g. palette "negative", cf.
suitable chapter...).
d. Finally, the term "scaling" also describes the division of a co-ordinate axis ("scale") and appears in the profile
module in this context.

Plug-Ins
The user can integrate self-build modules in LISA BASIS or FOTO (so-called plug-ins). For this it is necessary
to create a subdirectory named PLUGINS below the program directory (for example c:\lisa, so the path is
c:\lisa\plugins). Copy your modules into this in form of a runtime library (DLL). If then LISA is started, the programme will find this DLL and will offer their contents below the menu entry "Plug-Ins" in the upper-most menu
row.

Menu bar for digitising table

On the following page you will find a menu bar which can be used with digitisers endowed with a cross hair
cursor and no more than four buttons. If you wish to make use of it either copy the page and cut the table out or
load the file MENUE.FRM from the CD to a text processing software and print it. Attach the bar to the digitiser
and provide the information to the software using the options Tablet > Menu bar. The fields T1 and T2 have no
function and are only listed for completeness.

- 57 -

LISA BASIC

(T1)

(T2)

T3
Close
polyline
T4
End

T5
Interrupt
line
T6
Delete
point
T7
Quit

T8
Increase Z