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VOLTAGE(V)
GAIN(dB)
SHORT:
S.No DISTANCE MOVED BY THE
MOVABLE PROBE ON SLOTTED
LINE(M)
VOLTAGE(V)
GAIN(dB)
VOLTAGE(V)
GAIN(dB)
MISMATCHED:
S.No DISTANCE MOVED BY THE
MOVABLE PROBE ON SLOTTED
LINE(M)
EX.NO:1
MEASUREMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
AIM:
To measure the frequency/wavelength, VSWR, impedance and return loss by using
VRFT-03A-DSS and co-axial slotted line.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
THEORY:
Frequency:
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also
referred to as temporal frequency. The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating
event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart
beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period (the interval between beats) is half a
second
Wavelength:
The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wavethe distance
over which the wave's shape repeats. It is usually determined by considering the distance
2
between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero
crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other
spatial wave patterns. Wavelength is commonly designated by the letter lambda (). The
concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape. The term wavelength
is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated
waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids. The SI unit of wavelength is the
meter.
Characteristic impedance:
The characteristic impedance or surge impedance of a uniform transmission line,
usually written Z0, is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave
propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the absence of
reflections in the other direction. Characteristic impedance is determined by the geometry and
materials of the transmission line and, for a uniform line, is not dependent on its length. The
SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm.
The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line is purely resistive, with no
reactive component. Energy supplied by a source at one end of such a line is transmitted
through the line without being dissipated in the line itself. A transmission line of finite length
(lossless or lossy) that is terminated at one end with a resistor equal to the characteristic
impedance appears to the source like an infinitely long transmission line.
Return loss:
In telecommunications, return loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the reflection
caused at a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber. This discontinuity can be a
mismatch with the terminating load or with a device inserted in the line. It is usually
expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB);
Where RL (dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected
power.
Return loss is related to both standing wave ratio (SWR) and reflection coefficient ().
Increasing return loss corresponds to lower SWR. Return loss is a measure of how well
devices or lines are matched. A match is good if the return loss is high. A high return loss is
desirable and results in a lower insertion loss.
Return loss is used in modern practice in preference to SWR because it has better resolution for
small values of reflected wave.
VSWR:
In telecommunications, standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial
standing wave at antinodes (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum), in
an electrical transmission line.
The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR, (sometimes pronounced
"viswar"), for voltage standing wave ratio. For example, the VSWR value 1.2:1 denotes
maximum standing wave amplitude that is 1.2 times greater than the minimum standing wave
value. It is also possible to define the SWR in terms of current, resulting in the ISWR, which
has the same numerical value. The power standing wave ratio (PSWR) is defined as the
square of the VSWR.
SWR is used as an efficiency measure for transmission lines, electrical cables that conduct
radio frequency signals, used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers
with their antennas, and distributing cable television signals. A problem with transmission
lines is that impedance mismatches in the cable tend to reflect the radio waves back toward
the source end of the cable, preventing all the power from reaching the destination end. SWR
measures the relative size of these reflections. An ideal transmission line would have an SWR
of 1:1, with all the power reaching the destination and no reflected power. An infinite SWR
represents complete reflection, with all the power reflected back down the cable. The SWR of
a transmission line can be measured with an instrument called an SWR meter, and checking
the SWR is a standard part of installing and maintaining transmission lines.
RESULT:
Thus measurement of frequency, wavelength, VSWR, load impedance and return loss
was done.
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
TUBE WITH
MOUNT
ISOLATOR
PIN
MODULATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
CRO
MICROWAVE
DEVICE
EX.NO:2
S-PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF MICROWAVE DEVICES
AIM:
To estimate the S-parameter of microwave devices like E-plane tee, H-plane tee and
magic tee.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given according to block diagram.
2. Microwave devices like E-plane tee, H-plane tee and magic tee is connected as
shown in the block diagram.
3. Input is given to one of the port, one port is terminated with matched load and
other port is connected to load. Power output in two arms is noted for E-plane tee
and H-plane tee.
4. Input is given to one of the port, two ports are terminated with matched load and
other port is connected to load. Power output in two arms is noted for magic tee.
5. VSWR is calculated for microwave devices.
THEORY:
E-PLANE TEE:
An E-plane Tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm in parallel to the
E-field of the main guide. If the collinear arms are symmetric about the side arm, there are
two different transmissions characteristic. When the waves are fed into the side arm, the
waves appearing at port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm will be in opposite phase and in the
same magnitude. Therefore
S13= - S23
10
TABULATION:-
NATURE OF
TEE
LOAD
PORT
Vmax( mV)
1
E-PLANE
TEE
2
3
1
H-PLANE
TEE
2
3
1
MAGIC TEE
2
3
4
11
Vmin(mV)
VSWR=
Vmax/
Vmin
H-PLANE TEE:
An H plane Tee is a wave guide tee in which the axis of the side arm is shunting the
E-field or parallel to the H field of the main guide as it can be seen that if two input waves
are fed into port1 and port 2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at port 3 will be phase and
additive.
MAGIC TEE:
A magic Tee is a combination of the E- plane Tee and H-plane Tee. The magic tee has
several characteristic. The magic Tee is commonly used for mixing, duplexing and
impedance measurement. Suppose the example there are two identical radar transmitters in
equivalent stock.
12
13
RESULT:
Thus the S-parameter of microwave devices like E-plane tee, H-plane tee and magic
tee was estimated.
14
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
TUBE WITH
MOUNT
ISOLATOR
PIN
MODULATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY
METER
CRO
15
MICROSTRIP
COUPLER
EX.NO:3
DESIGN AND TESTING OF MICROSTRIP COUPLER
AIM:
To design and test the Microstrip coupler.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
THEORY:
A Microstrip coupler is a device in which measurement of incident wave and reflected
wave can be done separately. It consists of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary
arm both are electromagnetically coupled to each other.
Coupling factor, Directivity and Insertion loss can be found by using following
formulae,
1.
2.
3.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given according to block diagram.
2. Input is given to port 1 and power output at port 2 is measured by terminating port
3 with matched load.
3. Input is given to port 1 and power output at port 3 is measured by terminating port
2 with matched load.
4. Input is given to port 2 and power output at port 3 is measured by terminating port
1 with matched load.
5. Input is given to port 2 and power output at port 1 is measured by terminating port
3 with matched load.
6. Coupling factor, Directivity and Insertion loss can be found by using above
formulae.
16
TABULATION:
DIRECTION
PORT1
PORT2
FORWARD
REVERSE
17
PORT3
PORT4
RESULT:
Thus the Microstripcoupler was design and tested.
18
HORN
KLYSTRON TUBE
WITH MOUNT
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
ROTARY
JOINT
FREQUENCY
METER
CRO
19
DETECTOR
MOUNT
EX.NO:4
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To measure the pattern of the Horn Antenna.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
THEORY:
The horn antenna represents a transition or matching section from the guided mode
inside the waveguide to the unguided mode outside the waveguides. The horn antenna
reduces reflections and also leads to a lower standing wave ratio. The horn antenna is used in
the transmission and reception of RF microwave signals and the antenna is normally used in
conjunction with waveguide feed. The horn antenna gains the name from it appearance. The
wavelength can be considered to open out or to be flared launching the signal towards the
receiving antenna.
PROCEDURE: Antenna Radiation pattern:
1. Setup the equipment as keeping the axis of both antennas in same direction.
2. Energizes the Gunn oscillator for maximum output at desired frequency with square
wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of modulation
signal of Gunn power supply and by tuning the detector.
3. Also tune the SS tuner in the line for maximum output.
4. Obtain the full scale deflection on normal dB scale at any convenient range switch
position of VSWR, meter by gain control knob of VSWR meter or by variable
attenuator.
5. Tune the receiving horn to the left in 2 or 5 steps to 4 5 and note the
corresponding VSWR dB reading in normal dB range. When necessary, change the
range switch to next higher range and add 10 dB to the observed reading.
6. Repeat the above steps but this time the receiving horn to right and note down the
readings.S
7. Plot a relative power pattern (i.e.), output vs. angle. From diagram determine 3 dB
width of the horn antenna.
20
PATTERN MEASUREMENT:
SIDE
DEGREE
VR(V)
ANTICLOKWISE
DIRECTION
CLOCKWISE
DIRECTION
21
VT(V)
GAIN IN dB
22
GAIN MEASUREMENT:
S.NO
DISTANCE(CM)
VT(V)
23
VR(V)
GAIN IN dB
RESULT:
Thus the pattern of the wave of horn antenna was measured.
24
wn(z)
x(n)
d^(n)
d(n)
Adaptive
algorithm
Filter i/p
v(n)
d^(n)
ADAPTIVE
FILTER
d(n)
Filter o/p
Co-efficient vector
ADAPTATION
PROCEDURE
25
EX.NO:5
DESIGN OF CHANNEL EQUALIZER USING LMS ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write the MATLAB program for LMS algorithm & simulate it.
REQUIREMENTS:
MATLAB Software, PC.
ALGORITHM:
The steepest descent adaptive filter, which has a weight vector equation given
by
Wn+1=Wn +E [e (n-L) X*(n)] --- (1)
So it must be replaced by an estimate such as sample mean.
r-1
E [e (n) x (n)] = 1/L e (n-1)*(n-1)
i=0
Now the equation (1) becomes
r-1
Wn+1= Wn +/L E [N-L] x (n-1) --- (2)
i=0
If we use one point sample of 2L=1 then we get
Wn+1 = Wn + e (n)x (n)
This is known as LMS algorithm.
26
OUTPUT:
27
THEORY:
Least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive filter used to mimic a
desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean squares
of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal). It is a stochastic
gradient descent method in that the filter is only adapted based on the error at the current
time. It was invented in 1960 by Stanford University professor Bernard Widrow and his first
Ph.D. student, Ted Hoff.
PROGRAM :
clc;
clearall;
closeall;
order=2;
size=2;
fs=8192;
t=[0:1/fs:size];
n=fs*size;
f1=35;
f2=99;
voice=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,voice);
title('voice (dont have access to)');
noise=sin(2*pi*f2*t.^2);
primary=voice+noise;
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,primary);
title('primary=voice+noise(input1)');
ref=noise+.25*rand;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,ref);
title('reference(noisy noise)(input2)');
w=zeros(order,1);
mu=.005;
fori=1:n-order
buffer=ref(i:i+order-1);
desired(i)=primary(i)-buffer*w;
w=w+(buffer.*mu*desired(i)/norm(buffer))';
end
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t(order+1:n),desired);
title('adaptive output(hopefully its close to voice)');
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29
RESULT:
Thus the MATLAB program for LMS algorithm was simulated.
30
31
EX.NO:6
AIM:
To stimulate the characteristics of a /4 and /2 transmission lines using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. A personal computer
2. MATLAB 6.5 software.
THEORY:
HALF WAVELENGTH LINE (/2 LINES)
A half wave length transmission lines in one whose electrical length is one half
wavelengths. When a /2 line whose characteristics impedance is Zo is transmitted in a load
impedance ZL. Consider an RF sine wave of frequency f and wavelength transmitting from
input to the load. If Vo cos (2 (/x + ft) are the voltage and current on the transmission line,
then at the input x=0 and the input impedance is,
Zs=Vo cos (2ft) / Io cos (2ft)
At the load x=/2 and the load impedance of the lines is
ZL = Vo cos (+2ft) / Io cos ( + 2ft)
From the voltage trigonometry, we know that cos(+2ft)-cos(2ft).
ALGORITHM:
Initialization of parameter for /4 and /2 transmission lines ZL,Zs,Vs,Is.
Simulate the smith chart parameters and coordinates.
Find the location of stub and stub angle load and
Calculate the normalize value of impedance and admittance at the port on
transmission lines where stub is connected.
5. Calculate the normalized admittance of stub line and length of stub line.
6. Plot the characteristic of line on smith chart.
1.
2.
3.
4.
32
33
LAMDA PROGRAM:
Close all;
Clear all;
amp= rfckt.amplifer;
read(amp,sample 1t2.s2p);
analyse(amp,1.9e9);
data=calculate(amp, s11, s12, s21, s22, none);
[s11,s12,s21,s22]=deal(data{1},data{2},data{3},data{4});
delta= s11*s22-s12*s21;
k=(1-abs(s11)^2-abs(s22)^+abs(delta)^2,a2*abs(s12*s21);
abs_delta=abs(delta);
B=1+abs(s22)^2-abs(s11)^2-abs(delta)^2;
C=s22-delta*conj(s11);
34
35
36
37
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of /4 and /2 transmission lines is studied.
38
39
EX.NO:7
AIM:
To write the MATLAB programs for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIGITAL
MODULATION SCHEMES (ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK) & simulate it.
REQUIREMENTS:
MATLAB Software, PC.
ALGORITHM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
THEORY:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK):
ASK is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude
of a carrier wave. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to
represent digital data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique
pattern of binary digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each
pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The
demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator,
determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents,
thus recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
FSK is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted
through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK
(BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.
With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space
frequency. The time domain of an FSK modulated carrier is illustrated in the figures to the
right.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
51
axis([1,500,-1.5,1.5]);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(msgeven);
title('MESSAGE EVEN');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Amplitude(v)');
grid;
axis([1,500,-1.5,1.5]);
n=1:100;
s=sin(2*pi*2*n/50);
c=cos(2*pi*2*n/50);
k=1;
fori=1:5
for j=1:100
c1(k)=s(j);
c2(k)=c(j);
k=k+1;
end
end
fori=1:500
qo(i)=msgodd(i)*c1(i);
qe(i)=msgeven(i)*c2(i);
qpsk(i)=qo(i)+qe(i);
end
figure(2);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(qo);
title('INPHASE BITS');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Amplitude(v)');
grid;
axis([1,500,-1.5,1.5]);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(qe);
title('OFFSET QUADRATURE PHASE BITS');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Amplitude(v)');
grid;
axis([1,500,-1.5,1.5]);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(qpsk);
title('OFFSET QPSK WAVEFORM');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Amplitude(v)');
grid;
axis([1,500,-1.5,1.5]);
52
53
RESULT:
Thus theMATLAB programs for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIGITAL
MODULATION SCHEMES (ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK) was simulated.
54
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
55
EX.NO:8
AIM:
To write the program for Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing(OFDM)transceiver and simulate it using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB software
Personal Computer
ALGORITHM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
THEORY:
OFDM TRANSMITTER
In an OFDM schemes , a large number of orthogonal ,overlapping, narrow band sub
channel or sub carriers,transmitted in parallel, divide the available transmission bandwidth.
The separation of the sub carriers is theoretically minimal such that there is a very compact
spectral utilization. The attraction of OFDM is mainly due to how the system handles the
multipath interference at the receiver. Multipath generated two effects :frequency selective
fading and intersymbol interference.
OFDM RECEIVER
The design of OFDM receivers is open , there are only transmission standards. With
an open receiver design, most of the research and innovations are done in the receiver. For
example the frequency sensitivity drawback is mainly a transmission channel predicting
issues, something that is done in the receiver.
56
OUTPUT:
TRANSMITTER
57
PROGRAM:
OFDM TRANSMITTER:
%DVB-T 2K Transmission
%The available bandwidth is 8 MHz
%2K is intended for mobile services
clearall;
closeall;
%DVB-T Parameters
Tu=224e-6; %useful OFDM symbol period
T=Tu/2048; %baseband elementary period
G=0; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta=G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts=delta+Tu; %total OFDM symbol period
Kmax=1705; %number of subcarriers
Kmin=0;
FS=4096;
%IFFT/FFT length
58
59
60
61
figure(7);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t(80:480),real(uoft(80:480))); subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t(80:480),imag(uoft(80:480))); figure(8);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(ff,abs(fft(uoft,q*FS))/FS); subplot(2,1,2);
pwelch(uoft,[],[],[],Rs);
%Upconverter
s_tilde=(uoft.').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);
s=real(s_tilde); %passband signal (E)
figure(9);
plot(t(80:480),s(80:480)); figure(10);
subplot(2,1,1);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((real(uoft).').*cos(2*pi*fc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((imag(uoft).').*sin(2*pi*fc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
plot(ff,abs(fft(s,q*FS))/FS);
subplot(212);
%pwelch(((real(uoft).').*cos(2*pi*fc*t)),[],[],[],Rs);
%pwelch(((imag(uoft).').*sin(2*pi*fc*t)),[],[],[],Rs);
pwelch(s,[],[],[],Rs);
62
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OFDM RECEIVER:
%DVB-T 2K Reception
clearall;
closeall;
Tu=224e-6; %useful OFDM symbol period
T=Tu/2048; %baseband elementary period
G=0; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta=G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts=delta+Tu; %total OFDM symbol period
Kmax=1705; %number of subcarriers
Kmin=0;
FS=4096;
%IFFT/FFT length
%Data generator
sM = 2;
[x,y] = meshgrid((-sM+1):2:(sM-1),(-sM+1):2:(sM-1)); alphabet = x(:) + 1i*y(:);
N=Kmax+1;
rand('state',0);
a=-1+2*round(rand(N,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(N,1))).'; A=length(a);
info=zeros(FS,1);
info(1:(A/2)) = [ a(1:(A/2)).'];
info((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS) = [ a(((A/2)+1):A).']; carriers=FS.*ifft(info,FS);
64
OUTPUT:
RECEIVER
65
%Upconverter
L = length(carriers);
chips = [ carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)]; p=1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;
g=ones(length(p),1);
dummy=conv(g,chips(:));
u=[dummy; zeros(46,1)];
[b,aa] = butter(13,1/20);
uoft = filter(b,aa,u);
delay=64; %Reconstruction filter delay
s_tilde=(uoft(delay+(1:length(t))).').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);
s=real(s_tilde);
%OFDM RECEPTION
%Downconversion
r_tilde=exp(-1i*2*pi*fc*t).*s; %(F) figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,real(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -60 60]); grid on;
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,imag(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -100 150]); grid on;
figure(2);
ff=(Rs)*(1:(q*FS))/(q*FS); subplot(2,1,1);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_tilde,q*FS))/FS); grid on;
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,2);
pwelch(r_tilde,[],[],[],Rs);
66
67
%Carrier suppression
[B,AA] = butter(3,1/2);
r_info=2*filter(B,AA,r_tilde); %Baseband signal continuous-time (G)
figure(3);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,real(r_info));
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]); grid on;
figure(3);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,imag(r_info));
axis([0 12e-7 -100 150]); grid on;
figure(4);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS); subplot(2,1,1);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_info,q*FS))/FS); grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
pwelch(r_info,[],[],[],Rs);
%Sampling
r_data=real(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t)))... %Baseband signal, discrete-time
+1i*imag(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t)));
% (H)
figure(5);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(tt(1:20),(real(r_data(1:20)))); axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);
gridon;
figure(5);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(tt(1:20),(imag(r_data(1:20)))); axis([0 12e-7 -100 150]);
gridon;
figure(6); f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS); subplot(2,1,1);
68
69
%FFT
info_2N=(1/FS).*fft(r_data,FS); % (I)
info_h=[info_2N(1:A/2) info_2N((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS)];
%Slicing
for k=1:N,
a_hat(k)=alphabet((info_h(k)-alphabet)==min(info_h(k)-alphabet));
end;
figure(7)
plot(info_h((1:A)),'.k');
title('info-h Received Constellation')
axissquare;
axisequal;
figure(8)
plot(a_hat((1:A)),'or');
title('a_hat 4-QAM')
axissquare;
axisequal;
gridon;
axis([-1.5 1.5 -1.5 1.5]);
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71
RESULT:
Thus the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Transceiver was simulated in
MATLAB.
72
73
EX.NO:9
SIMULATION OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
AIM:
To design and test the Microstrip antenna using MATLAB.
REQUIREMENTS:
MATLAB Software, PC.
ALGORITHM:
1. Enter the dielectric constant value, the resonant frequency value in GHz, height of
the micro-strip antenna in mm and width of the micro-strip antenna in cm.
2. Effective dielectric constant of micro-strip is Calculated and displayed.
3. Increase in length of micro-strip in cm is Calculated and displayed.
4. Length of micro-strip in cm is Calculated and displayed.
5. Effective length of micro-strip in cm is Calculated and displayed.
6. The program is run and output is visualized in the command window.
THEORY:
Micro strip radiation can be transmitted through space or through the atmosphere in a
microwave beam from a microwave antenna and the microwave energy can be collected with
a microwave antenna.
Microwave antennas are used for transmitting and receiving the microwave are used
for transmitting and receiving the microwave radiation. Microwave antenna are usually
essential parts of microwave telecommunication systems. Microwave antennas are as
antennas typically comprise an open ended wave guide and a parabolic reflector or horn and
they typically transmit a predetermined frequency in a predetermined direction. Microwave
antennas are usually equipped with a reflector having a structure of predetermined shape on
which is placed a micro of reflecting microwaves. The structure and the mirror are supported
by a frame mainly formed of tubes welded together or of welded or viveted compartments.
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OUTPUT:
Enter the dielectric constant value=25
Enter the resonant frequency value in ghz:15
Enter the height of the Microstrip antenna in mm:20
Width of the Microstrip in cm=
w = 0.2774
ereff = 13.4077
The effective dielectric constant of the Microstrip=
ereff =
13.4077
increase in length of the Microstrip in cm=
inclen =
2.8865
Length of the Microstrip in cm=
len =
-5.5000
Effective length of the Microstrip in cm=
leff =
0.2731
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PROGRAM:
clc;
clearall;
er=input('Enter the dielectric constant value=');
fr=input('Enter the resonant frequency value in ghz:');
h=input('Enter the height of the microstrip antenna in mm:');
c=30;%10^9cm/sec
%--------------width calculation------------w=((sqrt(2/(er+1))*c)/(2*fr));
display('Width of the microstrip in cm=');
display(w);
%----------dielectric constant calculation---------wbyh=w/h;
ereff=((er+1)/2)+((er-1)/2)*(1+12*1/wbyh)^-0.5
display('The effective dielectric constant of the microstrip=');
display(ereff);
%---------increase in length calculation-------------a=((ereff+0.3)/(ereff-0.258));
b=((wbyh+0.264)/(wbyh+0.813));
inclen=0.412*h*a*b;
display('increase in length of the microstrip in cm=');
display(inclen);
%----------length-----------len=(c/(2*fr*sqrt(ereff)))-(2*inclen);
display('Length of the microstrip in cm=');
display(len);
%------------effective length of microstrip---leff=len+(2*inclen);
display('Effective length of the microstrip in cm=');
display(leff);
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RESULT:
Thus the Microstrip antenna was designed and tested by using MATLAB.
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EX.NO:10
AIM:
To evaluate the performance of CDMA using MATLAB.
REQUIREMENTS:
MATLAB Software, PC.
ALGORITHM:
1. Pseudo noise sequence is generated by using the maximum length sequence shift
register of length = 3 and length of PN sequence is 7.
2. Random digital is generated by using maximum length sequence.
3. The spread message is modulated by using primary phase shift keying technique
and it is transmitted over AWGN channel.
4. The received message is demodulated and despread using correlation of the same
PN sequence.
5. Bit Error Rate (BER) is calculated.
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PROGRAM:
clc;
clearall;
N=128;
M=32;
snr_db=0:15;
K=[0 10];
r1=(pi/4)*(exp(-K(1))/(K(1)+1))*((1+K(1))*besseli(0,K(1)/2)+K(1)*besseli(1,K(1)/2))^2;
r2=(pi/4)*(exp(-K(2))/(K(2)+1))*((1+K(2))*besseli(0,K(2)/2)+K(2)*besseli(1,K(2)/2))^2;
fori=1:length(snr_db)
snr=10^(snr_db(i)/10);
p_awgn(i)=(sqrt(snr));
p_ray(i)=(sqrt((pi/2)*(snr/(((2-pi/2)*snr/N)+(M-1)*snr/N)+1)));
p_rician1(i)=(sqrt((r1*snr)/((M*(1-r1)*snr)/N+1)));
p_rician2(i)=(sqrt((r2*snr)/((M*(1-r2)*snr)/N+1)));
end
figure(1);
semilogy(snr_db,p_awgn,'-*',snr_db,p_ray,'-^',snr_db,p_rician1,'-+',snr_db,p_rician2,'-+');
title('signal to noise ratio of AWGN,RAYLEIGH,RICIAN CHANNEL');
xlabel('10*log10SNR');
ylabel('Average error probability');
legend('AWGN','RAYLEIGH','K=0 RICIAN','K=10 RICIAN');
clearall;
snr_db=0:15;
p_ray1=ray(128,8);
p_ray2-ray(128,64);
p_ray3=ray(128,128);
figure(2);
semilogy(snr_db,p_ray1,'-+',snr_db,p_ray2,'-*',snr_db,p_ray3,'-^');
title('BER in rayleigh fading(number of users=8)');
xlabel('10*log10SNR');
ylabel('Average error probability');
legand('M=8 rayleigh','M=64 rayleigh','M=128 rayleigh');
clearall;
snr_db=0:15;
p_rician1=rician(128,8);
p_rician2=rician(128,64);
p_rician3=rician(128,128);
figure(3);
semilogy(snr_db,p_rician1,'-^',snr_db,p_rician2,'-*',snr_db,p_rician3,'-+');
title('BER in rician fading channel K=0(number of users=8)');
xlabel('10*log10SNR');
ylabel('Average error probability');
legand('M=8 rician','M=64 rician','M=128 rician');
clearall;
snr_db=0:15;
p_rician1=rician(128,64);
p_rician2=rician(128,128);
p_rician3=rician(128,256);
figure(4);
semilogy(snr_db,p_rician1,'-^',snr_db,p_rician2,'-*',snr_db,p_rician3,'-+');
title('BER in rician fading channel K=0(number of users=64)');
xlabel('10*log10SNR');
ylabel('Average error probability');
legand('M=64 rician','M=128 rician','M=256 rician');
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OUTPUT:
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RESULT:
Thus the performance evaluation of CDMA system was done by using MATLAB.
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