2.

1 Linear Motion

Displacement

rx
ry

r = rxi ryj

r r2 r1

r1

r2

Velocity
Average velocity is defined as the change in displacement over the time, t
v

r
t

Instantaneous velocity is called the limit of x/t as approaches zero or the

derivative for x with respect to time, t

v lim

t 0

r dr

t dt

Direction of v is a tangent to the path at that

Magnitude of v is the speed

point in the direction of motion

tangen

Acceleration
Average acceleration define as the ratio of the change in the velocity V=V2-V1

to the time interval t=t2-t1

a

Instantaneous acceleration limit of V/t as approaches zero or the derivative

for x with respect to time, t
a lim

t 0

v
t

v dv

t
dt

Magnitude change of v only - 1D motion

Direction change of v only - circular motion
Uniform motion

r
Gradient = v = uniform
t

v
a=0

Area = vt = r

2.2 Motion with Constant a

A constant acceleration means that the acceleration does not depend on time:

Integrating this equation, the velocity of the object can be obtained

where v0 is the velocity of the object at time t = 0.

From the velocity, the position of the object as
function of time can be calculated:

where x0 is the position of the object at time t = 0

Graph of velocity vs time with a constant

t
v
v

vo
t
Displacement = graph area

1
S (vo v)t vt
2
graph gradient = acceleration
a

v vo
t

velocity at any later time t,

v vo at

Displacement s, at any later time t,

s vo t

1 2
at
2

And

v 2 v 2 o 2as

2.3 Free falling motion

What you understand about freely falling bodies ?
Free Fall Equation
The Equation of Motion for the 1-D motion of an object in free fall near the Earths
surface are obtained from equations
v vo at

s vot

1 2
at
2

v 2 vo 2 2as

If we use the coordinate system shown,then,when substituting into equation

a = g = -9.8 ms-2
Since g points down

+y
g
y= 0

-y

This is a nice example of constant acceleration (gravity):

In this case, acceleration is caused by the force of gravity:
Usually pick y-axis upward
Acceleration of gravity is down:

Problem 2.1.1

Stone was thrown straight upward at t=0 with +20.0m/s initial velocity on the roof
of a 50.0m high building,

Find the time the stone reaches at maximum height (v=0)

Find the maximum height

Find the time the stone reaches its original height

Find the velocity of the stone when it reaches its original height
Find the velocity and position of the stone at t=5.00s

1. v f vyi ayt 20.0 9.80t 0.00

t

2.

20.0
2.04 s
9.80

yf yi vyit

1
ayt 2
2

1
(9.80) (2.04) 2
2
50.0 20.4 70.4( m)
50.0 20 2.04

3. t 2.04 2 4.08s
4. vyf vyi ayt 20.0 (9.80) 4.08 20.0(m / s )
5-Velocity

5-Position

vyf vyi ayt

20.0 (9.80) 5.00
29.0(m / s)
1
yf yi vyit ayt 2
2
1
50.0 20.0 5.00 (9.80) (5.00) 2 27.5( m)
2

1000 m

Problem 2.1.2
The pilot of a hovering helicopter drops a lead brick from a height of 1000 m.
How long does it take to reach the ground and how fast is it moving when it gets
there? (neglect air resistance)

Solution:

1000 m

y
y=0

First choose coordinate system.

Origin and y-direction.

Next write down position equation:

y y 0 v 0y t

1 2
gt
2

Realize that v0y = 0.

y y0

1 2
gt
2

y y0 -

1 2
gt
2

1000 m

y
y=0

Solve for time t when y = 0 given that y0 = 1000 m.

t

2 y0

Recall:

v22 v12 2a ( x2 x1 )
vav

2 1000m
14.3s
9.81 m s 2

1
(v1 v2 )
2

Solve for vy:

v y 2 gy0
140 m / s

Projectile Motion

A 2-dim motion of an object under the gravitational acceleration with the

assumptions

Free fall acceleration, -g, is constant over the range of the motion

Air resistance and other effects are negligible

vx = ux + axt
vy = uy + ayt
X = xo + vx t + (1/2)ax t2
Y = yo + vy t + (1/2)ay t2

A motion under constant acceleration!!!! Superposition of two motions

Horizontal motion with constant velocity and Vertical motion under constant
acceleration
Show that a projectile motion is a parabola!!!
a ax i a y j g j
v xi vi cos , v yi vi sin i
x f v xi t vi cos i t
1
g t 2
2
1
vi sin i t gt 2
2
y f v yi t

xf
vi cos i

y f vi sin i

x f tan i

Example 4.1

xf

1
g

vi cos i
2 vi cos i

g
xf 2
2
2
2vi cos i
xf

A ball is thrown with an initial velocity v=(20i+40j)m/s. Estimate the time of flight and
the distance the ball is from the original position when landed.
Which component determines the flight time and the distance?

Flight time is determined by y

component, because the ball
stops moving when it is on the
ground after the flight.

Distance is determined by x
component in 2-dim, because the
ball is at y=0 position when it
completed its flight.

1
g t 2 0m
2
t 80 gt 0
80
t 0 or t
8 sec
g
y f 40t

x f v xi t

20 8 160 m

Horizontal Range and Max Height

Based on what we have learned previously, one can analyze a projectile motion in

more detail

Maximum height an object can reach

Maximum range

vi

At the maximum height the objects vertical motion stops

to turn around!!
v yf v yi a y t vi sin gt A 0
t A

vi sin
g

y f h v yi t

v sin i
vi sin i i
g

vi sin 2 i
2g

Since no
acceleration in x, it
still flies at vy=0

1
g t 2
2

R v xi 2t A
vi sin i
g

2vi cos i

vi sin 2 i
g

1 v sin i
g i
g
2

Maximum Range and Height

What are the conditions that give maximum height and range in a projectile

motion?

This formula tells us that the

maximum hieght can be achieved
when i=90o!!!

vi sin i

2
g

vi 2 sin 2 i
g

This formula tells us that the

maximum hieght can be
achieved when 2i=90o, i.e.,
v 2 sin 2 i
R i
g

i=45o!!!

Example 4.2
A stone was thrown upward from the top of a building at an angle of 30o to
horizontal with initial speed of 20.0m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0m,
how long is it before the stone hits the ground?
v xi vi cos 20.0 cos 30 17.3m / s
v yi vi sin i 20.0 sin 30 10.0m / s
1 2
gt
2
gt 2 20.0t 90.0 9.80t 2 20.0t 90.0 0
y f 45.0 v yi t

20.0

20 2 4 9.80 (90)

2 9.80
t 2.18s or t 4.22 s
t 4.22 s

What is the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground?

v xf v xi vi cos 20.0 cos 30 17.3m / s

v yf v yi gt vi sin i gt 10.0 9.80 4.22 31.4m / s
v

v xf v yf

17.32 31.4 35.9m / s

2