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POWER QUALITY
PTS 13.01.01
MAY 2013
PTS 13.01.01
May 2013
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POWER QUALITY
FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing by national and international
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice
across the PETRONAS group.
Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.
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Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.
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In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
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PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording
or otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior
written consent of PETRONAS.
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The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information
to PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
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POWER QUALITY
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ANNOUNCEMENT
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Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise
from 2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this
change, the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and
requisition to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and
where required make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users
are requested to refer to PTS 00.01.01 (PTS Index) for mapping between old and revised PTS
numbers
for
clarity.
For
further
inquiries,
contact
PTS
administrator
at
ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my
PTS 13.01.01
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POWER QUALITY
Table of Contents
SCOPE ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.2
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..................................................................................................... 6
1.3
2.2
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2.1
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3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
VOLTAGE DIP MITIGATION FOR VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSD OR VFD) ................... 15
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3.1
3.0
1.1
2.0
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 6
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1.0
4.0
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3.10
4.1
5.0
HARMONICS ........................................................................................................ 18
6.0
7.0
FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS..................................................................................... 20
7.1
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8.0
9.0
TESTING ....................................................................................................................... 21
8.2
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 22
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
SCOPE
1.1.1
This PTS gives recommended practices and requirements to attain and maintain power
quality in PETRONAS facilities. It provides an overview of what are required to be done to
mitigate typical power quality problems found in the plant or any facilities in PETRONAS.
This PTS is developed based on lessons learnt, best practices and experiences.
1.2
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.2.1
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1.0
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1.2.2
Description
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No Terms
Disturbance in AC System.
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i)
Voltage deviations over, dip/sag,
flicker, transient.
ii)
Frequency high/low
iii)
iv)
Resonance
v)
Electro-magnetic interference
Electromagnetic
Compatibility The ability of a device, equipment or system
(EMC), 161-01-07, IEC 60050
to
function
satisfactorily
in
its
electromagnetic
environment
without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances
to
anything
in
that
environment.
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No Terms
Description
value.
Harmonics
ATS
10
PCC
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Abbreviations
Description
ATS
AVR
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
ENMC
FAT
MCC
OLTC
PCC
PMS
10
PQ
11
UPS
12
VSD
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No Terms
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1.2.3
1.3
VFD
Power Quality
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Variable Speed Drive
Variable Frequency Drive
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This PTS 13.01.01 (G) replaces PTS 33.64.10.14 (January, 2011).
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2.0
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i)
2.1.1
The chart in Appendix 1 shows the type of power quality problems that had caused plant
upsets in sixteen plants with data taken from two surveys. Each survey collected data over a
21/2 year period.
2.1.2
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Voltage dip
Relay mal-operation
Under-frequency
Poor power factor
Harmonics
Electro-magnetic interference
Over-frequency
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
Relay mal-operation is not typically regarded as a power quality issue. However, it is seen to
be a key contributor to equipment or power outages based on the surveys carried out.
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2.1
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2.2
2.2.1
The table below summarizes the impact poor power quality can have on plants.
Impact / Effects of poor power quality
Type
Typical Cause
Voltage dip
Faults, switching of large loads e.g. Motor drop-out, VSD trip, ATS
transfer, motor stalling, generator
motor starting
trip, loss of synchronism
Switching transients, lightning
Over-fluxing
of
transformers,
insulation failure, generator trip
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Voltage
unbalance
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Voltage
Impact/Effects
Overfrequency
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Underfrequency
System
Harmonics,
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Poor power Large inductive load, lack or loss of Low power factor penalty, de-rating
factor
power factor control.
of equipment
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resonance
Electromagnetic
interference
Table 1: Impact/ Effects of poor quality
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VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS
3.1
3.1.1
During normal operation of a plant, the steady state voltage at the main intake bus,
generator terminals and consumer terminals should not deviate by more than +/- 5% from
nominal or rated value. Notwithstanding the above, the limits set by the Public Utility on
voltage deviations caused by consumers at the PCC shall be adhered to.
3.1.2
Where the plant is connected to the utility grid, the interconnection transformer shall have
an on-load tap changer which is normally on automatic control. Where the plant has an
ENMC or PMS (Power Management System) to control the interchange of reactive power
with the grid, the OLTC control shal be integrated with the power interchange control and
local voltage control.
3.2
3.2.1
Any voltage deviation of more than 10% below nominal voltage for duration of 10 ms to 60
seconds is considered a voltage dip. During motor starting, the voltage dip should not be
more than -10% at the switchboard to which the motor is connected or more than +10% / 20% at motor terminals. Duration of such voltage dips may range from one second to
several seconds. A motor starting study shal be performed during the Engineering stage of a
project to confirm that these deviation limits are not exceeded. Where the study show that
the deviation limits will be exceeded, measures (to be approved by the Principal) shall be
taken to overcome the excessive voltage drop. The dynamic characteristics of the motor and
the driven equipment shall be modeled in the study. Starters to reduce starting current
should only be used if direct-on-line (DOL) start of motors will cause voltage dips exceeding
the limits set above.
3.3
3.3.1
The severity of a voltage dip depends on the magnitude of the dip as well as the duration.
Voltage dips caused by network fault typically last less than one second depending on the
time taken by protection to clear the fault. The magnitude of the dip can be as much as
100% i.e. 0V at the point of fault, neglecting any fault impedance. The voltage dip
experienced by other parts of the network differs according to network topology. The
severity of the dip can cause plant interruptions e.g. motors to drop out or ATS to operate
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3.0
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3.4
3.4.1
Auto transfer systems (ATS) are usually implemented using under-voltage schemes. ATS
under-voltage settings shall be coordinated with voltage dip statistics to minimize
unnecessary ATS operation. ATS systems are inherently break-before-make systems which
can cause momentary voltage loss to downstream equipment. As a minimum, the following
is required for ATS systems:i)
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ii)
ATS schemes at different voltage levels shall be coordinated such that those for higher
voltages switchboards (upstream) shall operate first thus preventing the lower voltages
switchboards (downstream) ATS from operating.Relay mal-operation
ATS undervoltage settings shall be such that nuisance operation is minimised for voltage
dips.Poor power factor
The trip of an incomer (circuit breaker open) due to relay or manual operation shall
immediate initiate the ATS operation without waiting for the undervoltage relay to
operate.
When either incomers or feeders experience under-voltage at the same time, the ATS
operation shall be blocked.
The operation of busbar protection or switchboard high set over-current protection on
one section of a switchboard shall block the ATS operation. This is to prevent the healthy
section of the switchboard from closing onto the faulted section.
ATS shall be modeled in system studies including motor re-acceleration to ensure
robustness of the overall system.
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3.5.1
Transient stability studies shall be carried out for plants or projects which have synchronous
generators or motor-reacceleration schemes. Attention shall be paid to the critical clearance
time of faults to prevent generator pole slipping or to ensure motor re-acceleration is
successful. Reference is made to PTS 13.00.02 Section 6.2.3. The CCT shall be determined
for both internal plant faults and external grid faults.
3.5.2
In addition to fast fault clearance as determined by CCT, pole slipping protection (out-of-step
relay) may be considered for generators and interconnection with the grid. The out-of-step
relays shall be coordinated with generator loss-of-field (LOF) relays since the LOF relays may
also operate during pole slipping conditions.
3.6
MOTOR RE-ACCELERATION
3.6.1
A motor re-acceleration scheme shall be implemented to restart motors after a voltage dip.
This will require motor re-acceleration studies to be carried out. Fault clearance times shall
be determined to allow successful re-acceleration.
3.6.2
Process requirements or constraints during motor restart shall be taken into consideration.
Voltage at switchboards busbars shall be maintained at minimum 90% during motor reacceleration. Motors shall be equipped with restarting facility as required by the Principal.
For system studies modeling, the actual contactor drop-out voltages shall be used which
must be supported by factory tests. In the absence of such tests, a value of 65% nominal
voltage may be assumed for contactor drop-out.
3.6.3
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3.5
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Motors controlled by circuit breakers or motors controlled by external supplies from UPS
shall be equipped with under-voltage relays and restart relays to trip the motors. This is to
prevent motors from stalling which can restrain voltage recovery or subject the motor to
overcurrent during under-voltage condition. Under-voltage relays shall be inherently
selfresetting to allow automatic restart.
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3.6.4
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3.6.5
For sequential restart, motors shall be restarted in batches based on criticality or process
requirements. Attention shall be given to start permissive signals originating from process
instrumented systems.
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3.7.1
Plant equipment shall have voltage dip immunity characteristics in accordance with IEC
61000-4-11, 61000-4-34 and 61000-2-4. Reference is made to PTS 13.00.02 Section 3.7.2.
3.7.2
In particular, specifications for motor contactors shall highlight this requirement and tests
shall be conducted at factory to ascertain compliance.
3.7.3
For plants equipped with generators, dynamic response tests shall be carried out to finetune the governor and excitation systems for proper dynamic behaviour (refer PTS 13.00.02
Sections 7.3 and 7.4 and PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.3.1.3.4). This should be done during FAT or
commissioning.
3.7.4
Emergency diesel generators are designed to start up automatically and supply power to
plant vital loads in the event of voltage loss / dips. This function shall be tested on a regular
basis as part of plant routine testing of equipment (auto start test). It shall also be part of
the testing regiment to load the machines either by synchronising them to the plant
electrical system/grid or using a load bank. For new installations, the design of the
emergency switchboard shall allow auto-start functional test (break-before-make) to be
carried out without causing any voltage dip to the essential loads.
3.8
3.8.1
Since motor contactors will inherently drop out if the voltage dip is severe enough, a
successful motor re-acceleration scheme is vital to avoid or minimize interruption to plant
operation. In general, plant equipment should comply with the voltage dip immunity
characteristics as per IEC 61000-4-34 (Appendix 2).
3.8.2
There are equipment available (e.g. dynamic voltage restorer, static compensator) which can
boost system reactive power during voltage dips to maintain system voltages but they
usually involve prohibitive costs. A more pragmatic approach is to maintain motor control
voltage during voltage dips to prevent the contactors from dropping out.
3.8.3
Motors with control circuit power supply from UPS will not drop out during voltage dips.
However, to prevent these motors from stalling, under-voltage protection shall be provided.
3.8.4
To eliminate the risk of critical motors not restarting successfully, the following two
measures can be implemented to improve the immunity of these motors during voltage
dips. The behaviour of such voltage dip mitigation devices need to be modeled and included
in the transient stability and motor re-acceleration studies.
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3.7
i)
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standby operation, the static switch supplies power directly to the load, the inverter
is switched off and the capacitors are charged to the full operating voltage. Should
there be a deviation which is greater than a preset value, the static switch is
switched off and the inverter is activated. Switchover is typically less than 0.2 ms.
b) If the voltage recovers within a preset time, the inverter supply is synchronized to
the mains and the load is switched back to the supply, the capacitors are recharged
in less than one second and the inverter is ready to compensate for the next voltage
dip. If the input voltage does not recover within the preset time, the load is switched
back to the supply regardless of the voltage level.
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3.9.1
Variable speed drives are becoming an integral part of plants due to their energy saving
potential. However, one of the main disadvantages of VSD is its susceptibility to voltage dip.
The following are some measures which should be considered to improve the immunity of
VSD to voltage dip.
Reducing the trip level and/or increasing the time delay of VSD
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VSDs are typically programmed by the manufacturer to trip instantly for a voltage dip of
about 80 - 90% of nominal. This sensitive trip setting is usually selected by the
manufacturer to protect the electronic components of the VSD. However, in many cases,
there is room for relaxing this trip level or introducing time delays into the trip sequence
without sacrificing the VSD integrity. This level of parameter change may require the
manufacturer to provide access to the factory level parameters, which generally cannot
be changed by the customer.
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The motor will coast down during the duration of the dip and as soon as the voltage
recovers, the VSD will start into the still-spinning motor and ramp up to set speed.
iii) Ride-through using load inertia
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This option which is provided by some manufacturers of VSDs, uses the energy stored in
the mechanical load to keep the DC bus voltage of the VSD from dropping down to the
trip level. This is accomplished by running the inverter section during a voltage dip at a
frequency slightly below the motor frequency, causing the motor to act as a generator.
Similar to the flying restart option, the motor speed will drop while it is acting as a
generator. However, the advantage is that the motor is never disconnected from the
drive. This option works best for those high-inertia loads that are allowed to slow down
without interrupting the process.
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3.10.1 The main causes of voltage surges or spikes are lightning and high voltage switching. When
required, surge arrestors are used to protect against the effects of overvoltages. However,
the surge arrestor will offer optimized protection level only if it is installed directly across the
terminals of the equipment to be protected. In practice, it is not always possible to locate
the arrestor close to electrical equipment like transformers, generators or motors and an
inevitable separation distance will be required.
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3.10.2 Protection against switching overvoltages is normally not a problem for most applications
since travelling wave effects can be neglected on short distances. For fast transient
overvoltages like lightning, conductor inductance and travelling wave effects can cause
significant voltage differences between the arrestor and the equipment.
3.10.3 Calculation of separation distances can be found in IEEE Standard C62.22-19 whereas
calculation of arrestor protective zones is described in IEC 60071-2.
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4.0
POWER FACTOR
4.1
4.1.1
Power factor is the ratio of active power and apparent power in an AC system. Fundamental
power factor is the value measured without considerations of harmonics distortion while
true power factor is a value that includes both fundamental and harmonics distortions.
4.1.2
True power factor can be measured with equipment that measure true RMS values. Low
true power factor means higher losses in the system. Low true power factor can be
improved by reducing the harmonics level in the system.
4.1.3
The power factor measured by Utilities companies is the fundamental value. Power factor at
the point of common coupling (PCC) should be maintained at a value to avoid financial
penalty. Control of power factor may be affected by the following methods in order of
preference (refer PTS 13.00.01 Section 4.4):(i) Variation of excitation of synchronous machines (generators and motors).
(ii) Static capacitors at individual HV motors
(iii) Static capacitor banks connected to distribution switchboards and MCCs.
4.1.4
The correction of power factor at other branches in a network depends on the economic
benefit. Where capacitors are used, measurements and / or harmonic studies shall be
carried out to verify that they do not cause any resonance effects in the system. If necessary,
the capacitors shall be de-tuned accordingly by adding a reactor in series.
4.1.5
Capacitor banks may be connected in star or delta up to a rating of 1000kVA above which,
the connection shall be double-star. The star point shall not be earthed. For double-star
connection, unbalance protection shall be provided to monitor the star point voltages or
differential protection shall be provided across the two halves of the capacitor banks.
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5.0
HARMONICS
5.1
HARMONICS LEVELS
5.1.1
Harmonics levels shall comply with PTS 13.00.01. However, if the Utility imposes more
stringent requirements, then those limits shall apply as shown in the table below.
5.1.2
Reference is to be made to IEEE 519 for allowable harmonic current levels. Harmonics
generated in static UPS, VSD and power electronics devices shall comply with the EMC
requirements as specified in:
(i) PTS 13.12.02 Static DC UPS units
(ii) PTS 13.12.01 Static AC UPS units
(iii) PTS 13.22.01 A.C Electrical Variable Speed Drive Systems
(iv) PTS 13.13.03 Electrical Process Heaters
5.1.3
Required FAT tests shall be carried out to ensure compliance with above limits. Where FATs
are not possible for distribution systems, equipment shall be specified to IEC61000-3-2,
software simulations performed to gauge IEEE519 compliance, and results verified at site.
5.2
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
5.2.1
A harmonics study shall be carried out for plants or projects which have sizeable power
capacitors or power electronics equipment. In addition, power quality measurements shall
be carried out in existing plants to ascertain the level of harmonics in a facility.
5.2.2
To mitigate excessive harmonics, harmonic filters shall be installed. The type of filter to be
installed should be decided based on effectiveness, reliability and economic considerations.
There are generally two types of filters; passive and active filters. Where passive filters
consisting of LC elements are installed, they should be of the acceptor circuit type (L and C in
series). The filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply.
5.2.3
Active harmonic filters shall be connected in parallel with the supply. In general, they shall
be connected as close as possible to the harmonic source.
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6.0
6.1
GENERAL
6.1.1
6.1.2
Portable PQ measuring instruments are recommended for quick snapshots of power quality
at the point of measurement. Plant personnel should be trained to use them and to analyze
the results.
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7.0
FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS
7.1
LOAD SHEDDING
7.1.1
During normal operation, frequency shall be maintained at 50 Hz +/- 2% as per PTS 13.00.01
Section 3.
7.1.2
For plants which are connected to the grid, the system frequency will be determined by the
grid. Plants with their own generation and can run on island mode shall have a load shedding
scheme (PTS 13.30.01 Section 4). Dynamic studies for load shedding schemes shall be carried
out accordingly.
7.1.3
During island operation, plants that run N+ 1 generator normally allow for the trip of the
largest generator without causing any impact to the plant. In such a trip scenario, the
dynamic response of the remaining N generators shall be such that the system frequency
will not drop to a value that initiates load shedding. The prime mover dynamic
characteristics shall be fine-tuned by testing in accordance with PTS 13.00.02 Section 7 and
PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.
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8.0
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
8.1
TESTING
8.1.1
To prevent wrong settings, protective relay settings shall be managed in a proper manner
and any changes made shall be auditable. Relay testing shall be carried out in accordance
with PTS 13.02.01 Section 4.5.
8.1.2
Directional relays shall be system tested to ensure that the direction of protection have been
set correctly. This is done by reversing the normal current flow direction until the relays
pickup. Generator reverse power relay shall be tested by decreasing the governor setting.
Loss-of-field relay shall be tested by decreasing the AVR setting at minimum load. Directional
over-current relays shall be tested by temporarily reducing the setting to a practical value
and reversing the current flow.
8.1.3
Reverse power protection for grid interconnection shall be tested by exporting power to the
grid. The setting may be reduced for the purpose of the test.
8.1.4
8.2
8.2.1
As a minimum, the following protection shall be applied for the grid interconnection.
i) transformer protection (over temperature, buchholtz, pressure)
ii) cable pilot wire (from grid CB to transformer)
iii) transformer differential
iv) restricted earth fault
v) over-current and earth fault
vi) directional over-current
vii) reverse power
viii) under-voltage
ix) under-frequency
x) syn-check
8.2.2
The settings for the non-unit protection (directional over-current, reverse power, undervoltage, under-frequency) shall be selected based on system studies with relevant input
from the grid.
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9.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following other Standards/Publication. Unless
specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together
with any supplements/revisions thereto:
PTS 00.01.01
PTS 00.01.03
PTS 13.00.01
PTS 13.30.01
PTS 13.00.02
PTS 13.50.01
PTS 13.21.01
PTS 13.21.02
PTS 13.12.02
PTS 13.12.01
PTS 13.22.01
PTS 13.11.02
PTS 13.11.01
PTS 13.13.03
Maintenance
of
Electrical
PTS 13.02.01
PTS 13.00.01
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PTS 13.30.01
PTS 13.00.02
PTS 13.50.01
PTS 13.21.01
PTS 13.21.02
PTS 13.12.02
PTS 13.12.01
PTS 13.22.01
PTS 13.11.02
PTS 13.11.01
PTS 13.13.03
Maintenance
of
Electrical
PTS 13.02.01
IEEE 519
AMERICAN STANDARDS
OTHER STANDARDS
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency
conducted disturbances
IEC 61000
IEC 61000-2-4
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IEC 61000-4-11
IEC 61000-4-34
SEMI F-47
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Before installation
After installation
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