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This paper aims to analyze the distribution and function of the Indonesian marker "meng-". The author argues that meng- is not a verbal prefix or transitivity marker as commonly assumed, but rather an indefinite clitic object pronoun. The analysis shows that meng- originates in the theta position of the object and raises to adjoin to the verb. This accounts for why meng- is incompatible with NP movement to a position higher than the verb, such as in passives or wh-movement, as the object NP would be an adjunct prohibited from such movement. The analysis provides a Minimalist account of meng- and reconciles its distribution with restrictions on NP movement.
This paper aims to analyze the distribution and function of the Indonesian marker "meng-". The author argues that meng- is not a verbal prefix or transitivity marker as commonly assumed, but rather an indefinite clitic object pronoun. The analysis shows that meng- originates in the theta position of the object and raises to adjoin to the verb. This accounts for why meng- is incompatible with NP movement to a position higher than the verb, such as in passives or wh-movement, as the object NP would be an adjunct prohibited from such movement. The analysis provides a Minimalist account of meng- and reconciles its distribution with restrictions on NP movement.
This paper aims to analyze the distribution and function of the Indonesian marker "meng-". The author argues that meng- is not a verbal prefix or transitivity marker as commonly assumed, but rather an indefinite clitic object pronoun. The analysis shows that meng- originates in the theta position of the object and raises to adjoin to the verb. This accounts for why meng- is incompatible with NP movement to a position higher than the verb, such as in passives or wh-movement, as the object NP would be an adjunct prohibited from such movement. The analysis provides a Minimalist account of meng- and reconciles its distribution with restrictions on NP movement.
My goal in this paper is threefold: 1) To provide a comprehensive description of the
distribution and function of the transitivity marker meng- in Indonesian; 2) To demonstrate that meng- is in fact not a verbal prefix or transitivity marker, as is usually assumed, but a clitic pronoun; and 3) To provide a Minimalist account of the properties and distribution of meng-, particularly with respect to the incompatibility of meng- with certain types of NP movement, which has been observed but not previously accounted for. My analysis of meng- reflects two key properties of meng- that have been marginalized in previous analyses, although these properties render meng- unique among the inventory of Indonesian verbal affixes. First, meng- is purely optional in the environment in which it is licensed, namely transitive, active clauses (1); in these clauses, omitting meng- results in no change in meaning. (1) Bill (meng)ira Tom (meng)harap Fred (men)cintai Ali. Bill meng-think Tom meng-expect Fred meng-love Ali Bill thinks that Tom expects that Fred loves Ali. Second, meng- reflects a semantic, not syntactic, transitivity: meng- becomes mandatory when the object of the active, transitive verb is not overtly expressed (2). (2) Ali sedang *(mem)baca. PROG *(meng)-read Ali is reading. meng- observes several restrictions on its distribution that are unexplained under the assumption that meng- merely marks transitivity. meng- is unable to appear in its customary environment in the case of NP-movement to a position higher than the verb, as in passives (3) or wh-movement (4), (5). (3) Buku itu sudah saya (*mem)baca. (4) Apai yang Ali (*mem)baca ti? book that already 1SG (meng-)read what that Ali (meng-)read That book was read by me. What is Ali reading? (5) Siapaj yang kamu (*meng)harapkan tj akan (mem)beli mobilmu? who that 2SG (*meng-)hope-APP will (meng-)buy car-2SG Who do you hope will buy your car? Such NP movement must be overt: if the wh-element remains in situ, or moves only to a position that is c-commanded by the verb in question, the appearance of meng- is not affected. Movement of wh-adverbials also has no effect on the appearance of meng-. To account for these facts, I propose that meng- is an indefinite clitic object pronoun. Following e.g. Baker 1996, I show that in a clause containing meng-, meng- originates in the theta position of the object and raises to adjoin to the verb; if the clause also contains an object NP, this NP is an adjunct, co-referent with meng. In a meng-less clause, the object NP is thetamarked in the customary position. That meng- is mandatory when there is no object NP follows: meng- is necessary to meet the Theta Criterion, so that the verbs internal theta role may be assigned. The incompatibility of meng- with NP movement to a position higher than the verb follows. meng- is disallowed in passives (3) because if meng- appears, the overt object NP is an adjunct, which by the Chain Condition is prohibited from raising to an A-position. The prohibition on overt wh-NP movement, but not on overt wh-adverbial movement or wh-in-situ, over a verb bearing meng- is similarly accounted for: for example, in a multiclausal sentence (5), matrix meng- is co-referent with the embedded CP. Wh-movement from within the adjunct CP can be shown to be subject to island effects, and is hence prohibited.
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