El espacio subterrneo opcin del futuro

WTC CIUDAD DE MXICO, 8 10 OCTUBRE 2014

SESION 4 Metodos Convencionales

Harald Wagner, ITA EXCO Expert

8 Octubre, 2014 17:30 18:10

CTM Structures Strategic Approach

Introduction
Geotechnical Principles
Conceptual Design Phase
Preliminary Design Phase
Tender Design Phase
Final Design Phase
Geotechnical Design

Geotechnical Construction
Geotechnical Report
Baseline Construction Plan
Safety Management Plan
Monitoring
Risk Management
Extraordinary Support
Conclusions

1. Introduction

Classical CTM construction stages for infrastructure tunnel (1998)

WDC - CTM Station (10.000 trees to the future)

CTM Technology
Ground surrounding the
Tunnel is considered to be a
load bearing structure as full
or part of support.

Ground has to be kept in its

integrity.
Ground and Ground
Behaviour determine basic
and additional Support.

Geotechnical Baselines

Baseline 1 Equilibrium
Shortly after excavation and
installation of support, the new ground
Equilibrium shall be achieved!

Baseline 2 Safety

Tunnel lining Safety during and after

construction needs to be defined until
the end of design life !

stress r0/100

Geotechnical Model

100

80

Soil
Rock

Soil

60

Rock
40

20

0
4

10

20

50

deformationr

20

40

Scheme of r r Curve
(after Fenner and Pacher)

80

time

60

100

Radial deformation governing size of excavation section

CTM Metro Stations

Specific advantages of Conventional Mining for Station

Design near sensitive and valuable historical Structures
Mined Method allows limitation of number of stress shifts,
as every stress shift reduces natural bearing capacity of
ground.

Evaluation of different Design Alternatives leads to decision

for Station Configuration.

Mined Station Advantages

Virtually unlimited space in the configuration and

design of the underground station.
Minimize settlements and deformation of
surrounding ground.
Technology to monitor and to limit deformations
within calculated prediction.

Metro Station Evolution Phase I 1974 - 1993

1974 - 1976
1975 - 1977
1977 - 1982
1981 - 1985
1991 - 1995
1986 - 1991
1992 - 1993
1991 - 1992
1993 - 1995

Subway Bochum, Germany

Subway Nuremberg, Germany
Subway Munich, Germany
Metro Mexico, Mexico
Subway Munich, Germany
Station Washington, USA
Subway Milano, Italy
Metro Los Angeles, USA
Subway Paris, France

Metro Station Evolution Phase II 1994 - 2005

1992 - 1995
1994 - 1995
1998 - 2000
2000 - 2000
2000 - 2001
1998 - 2001
1999 - 2002
1998 - 2004

Metro Washington, USA

Metro Lille, France
Subway San Juan, Puerto Rico
Metro New Delhi, India
Sound Transit Seattle, USA
Subway Stuttgart, Germany
East Side Access New York, USA
Metro Budapest, Hungary

Metro Bochum Germany 1976

Metro Station Berliner Platz worldwide 1st NATM Metro Station

Metro Nuremberg Germany 1977

Metro Station Lorenz Church - separated tubes near historic towers

Metro Munich Germany 1981

Theresienwiese Station Prototype Multiple Drift NATM Excavation

Metro Mexico Mexico D.F. 1982

Linea 3 Sur - Estacion San Joaquin

Metro Washington DC USA 1991

Fort Totten Station - 1st soft ground NATM Station in North America

Metro Budapest Hungary 2004

Combination of Station Concepts CTM/NATM, C+ C, TBM

BLE CONTRACT 1- Bangkok 2008

Wang Burapha Station (CTM Staked Station)

TRIPLE PHASE
RISK CONTROL

TBM

PHASE 1

C&C

PHASE 2

NATM

PHASE 3

Sanam Chai Station (CTM Binocular Station )

TRIPLE PHASE
RISK CONTROL

TBM

PHASE 1

C&C

PHASE 2

NATM

PHASE 3

Bangkok BLE Elementary Lessons

Wang Burapha and Sanam Chai Stations were designed using

Conventional Tunnelling (CTM/NATM) and constructed using hybrid
solutions.

Experience Contractors proposed to use Roof Piping due to lack

of technological experience and claiming equivalency.
Screening Contractors shall be screened upon implemen- tation of
Qualification Criteria for capabilities in Tender Documents.
Cost Comparing Environmental Impact between different
underground structures, conventional based concepts prevail in urban
infrastructures.

2. Geotechnical Principles
Base theory of CTM/NATM is to view the ground around and
on top of the tunnel not only as a load, but also as a loadbearing element of support.
Ground reactions as lining deformations and lining pressures
are measured. The stability of the excavation is confirmed by
frequent monitoring.

Depending on project conditions (e.g. shallow soft ground

tunnel, deep rock tunnel) and results of geotechnical
measurements, requirement for Rapid rigid Support or Slim
deformable Support is identified.

Contractual Principles
Contractual arrangement requires the most economical type
and amount of support installation in the tunnel.
Ground Classification related to stand-up time of an
unsupported section of the tunnel was the original approach
to conventional tunnel construction.

On base of experience and contractual framework, applicable

ground class needs to be agreed between Contractor and
Engineer at excavation face.

Strategic Development

Project Development of a tunnel shall be

subdivided into following stages
conceptual design
preliminary design
tender design (detail design, phase 1)
construction design (detail design, phase 2).

3. Conceptual Design Phase

Scope and verification of design
Selection of preferred alignment from several
alignment studies
Geological and hydrological information to develop
geotechnical characteristics
Validation of anticipated construction method
including environmental aspects
Conceptual cost estimate
Conceptual construction schedule
Conceptual ventilation scheme

4. Preliminary Design Phase

Target to receive approval from the client
Evaluation of site investigation and lab test results

Identification of portal locations and structure

Development of typical cross sections

Decision on tunnel advance methods

Tunnel waterproofing and drainage concepts

Construction concepts, water and power supply,

location of construction roads and muck depots
Detailed construction programme
Revised cost estimate

5. Tender Design Phase

Scope of tender design includes details of works in order to make exact
pricing of each work item feasible.

Tender design includes:

Detail design of all structures and incorporation of latest
project developments, results of additional site
investigations and requirements by the authority.
Update of geotechnical prognosis, support measures
drawings, distribution of support classes, detailing of
auxiliary construction methods and provision of
information as required by the national standards and
guidelines.

6. Final/Construction Design Phase

Scope of construction design requires detailing of works described in the
tender stages in order to make construction feasible.

Construction design includes:

The adaptation of the detail design to the particular
requirements of the excavation and support methods
selected for construction and to the geological/geotechnical
conditions encountered in situ is a particular aim of
conventional tunnelling contracts conditions found on site.
The production of design drawings used for the construction
(e.g. formwork drawings, reinforcement drawings and
schedules, fabrication drawings etc.).

7. Geotechnical Design
Design has to contain BCP (Baseline Construction Plan. It
shall describe expected ground conditions, assumptions,
and boundary conditions the design is based on.
BCP shall contain Statements describing which measures
cannot be modified during construction
BCP shall contain Criteria for possible modifications and
adjustments during construction.
Results of all phases of geotechnical design have to be
summarized in a Geotechnical Report.

Steps in Design

Step 1: Determination of Ground Types

Step 2: Determination of Ground Behavior Types
Step 3: Determination of Excavation & Support

Step 4: Geotechnical Report BCP - Plan

Step 5: Determination of Excavation Classes

8. Geotechnical Construction
Geotechnical Design and Baseline Construction Plan have to be
continuously updated based on findings on site.
Excavation & Support have to be determined based on criteria laid out in BCP
(Baseline Construction Plan) and SFP (Safety Management Plan).

Geotechnical rock mass parameters have to be collected,

recorded, and evaluated to determine the Rock Mass Type.
Monitoring data together with the rock mass type shall
determine the Rock Behaviour Type to be determined.

Steps in Construction

Step 1 Verification of Ground Type

Step 2 Verification of Ground Behaviour Type
Step 3 Verification of Excavation and Support

Step 4 Verification of System Behaviour

9. Geotechnical Report
Summary of Results of geologic/geotechnical investigations,
interpretation
Rock Mass Types description, associated key parameters
Rock Mass Behaviour Types description, influencing factors,
analyses performed, geotechnical model as base for
Behaviour Type
Excavation & Support determination, scenarios, analyses
applied, results
BCP (Baseline Construction Plan), excavation class
determination, distribution along the alignment
Detailed Specifications to the BCP, System Behaviour,
measures on site, warning criteria and limits, etc.

10. Baseline Construction Plan

BCP summarizes Geotechnical Design to following information
Geological model, distribution of Rock Mass Types and Behaviour Types
Sections, where specific requirements for construction have to be observed
Fixed excavation and support types (round length, excavation sequence,
overexcavation, invert distance, support quality and quantity, ground
improvements, etc.)
Measures to be determined on site (presupport, face, face support, ground
improvement, drainage, etc.)
Description of System Behavior (behavior during excavation, deformation
characteristics, utilization of supports, etc.)
Warning criteria and levels, as well as remedial measures according to the
safety management plan

11. Safety Management Plan

SMP shall contain following topics
Design Concept for determination of excavation & support
Criteria for Assessment of Stability based on the knowledge
of ground conditions during design

Monitoring Concept with all technical and organizational

provisions to allow a continuous comparison between the
expected and actual conditions

Safe Crown Excavation & Face Support

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

Safe staggered Bench Excavation

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

Full Cross Section Excavation

BEG Tunnel - Lot 2-1, Austria

Installation Waterproofing Membrane

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

Invert Arch Reinforcement

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

Inner Lining Reinforcement

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

Arch & Invert Final Lining

BEG Tunnel - Lot 5, Austria

12. Monitoring
Routine tunnelling shall monitor following State of
the Art of Data Evaluation
Tunnelling through Poor Ground shall provide
experience from monitoring of problems and
solutions.

Proper modelling in design, continuous & adequate

monitoring of ground/support interaction forms
base for on site decisions.

Monitoring in Construction

Deflection Monitoring

Displacement History Plots

Value of Information from plots
Assuming continuous face advance, displacement rate over
time has to decrease

Displacement acceleration indicates destabilisation, unless

there are ongoing construction activities in the monitored
tunnel section (e.g. bench and invert excavation, or shaping
activities)
Stabilisation is reached after bench and invert excavation

Displacement History

Typical displacement history diagram, showing expected behaviour and

indication of destabilisation

Final Displacement

Final displacements extrapolated from few readings, using

previous experience and including the actual geological situation

Deflection Curve

Value of Information of deflection curves

When showing several deflection curves on the same plot,

comparison of displacements along tunnel is possible
Information on the longitudinal extent of tunnel
deformation behaviour is provided
Trends of relative decreasing or increasing ground
behaviour can be verified

Deflection Curve Extrapolation

The extrapolation of deflection curves to the tunnel face and the addition of the resulting
difference ("pre-displacements") to the measured values

Deflection Curve Plot

Typical plot of deflection curves when excavation approaches a "weak" zone

(schematically)

Trend Lines

Value of Information
Trend lines provide an overview of displacement development
along tunnel axis, used for extrapolation beyond face
Trend lines used to determine appropriate support type and
quantity for comparison of similar deformation behaviour.
Trend lines with increasing displacement tendency can indicate
critical situations and must be analysed
Trend line shows settlement beyond face.

Trend Line of Settlement

Trend line of settlement when tunnelling in homogeneous rock mass and

when passing a fault zone (schematically)

13. Risk Management

Risk Register serves for Risk Identification

Different Risks in Design & Construction, e.g.
inadequate design, unforseen ground conditions

Risks are to be prioritized and quantified

Risk Analysis

RA takes measures to avoid double risk counting

RA takes account of correlation between risk types

Quantification of potential cost overruns reflects
possibility of increased staff costs
Correlation between unforseen ground condition
cost and risk of contractual claims should be
estimated

Risk Management Steps

Step 1

Establish objectives and risk appetite

Step 2

Risk identification

Step 3

Risk classification

Step 4

Risk allocation

Step 5

Risk assessment, impact & quantification

Step 6

Identification of mitigation procedures

Step 7

Preparation and update of risk register

14. Extraordinary Support - Samples

Standard Support
Measures are contractually to be installed all along
the length of the tunnel.

Means & Methods should be specified and

designed.
It should be demonstrated when and how
additional support measures respectively
contingency support measures shall be installed.

Additional Support

Designed and specified ground conditions are requiring

standard support measures, in order not to exceed
1.0 x dcrit.
It dcrit represents a threshold value, which is on the very
safe side, for the purpose of defining the value requiring
additional support measures.

Deformation related Support

EXAMPLE OF RELATED DEFORMATION
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
STRESS RELIEVE

SSM
ASM

1.8 d crit.

50%
60%
70%
80%
90%

4'

1.4 d crit.

D crit.

1.0 d crit. = 100%

0%

CIGM CASM

D/2

RELEVANT
CROSS SECTION
FOR MEASUREMENT

AL

ACTUAL
DEFORMATION

NOTE: - SSM
STANDARD SUPPORT MEASURES
- ASM
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT MEASURES
- CASM CONTINGENCY APPLICATION OF SUPPORT MEASURES
- CIGM CONTINGENCY IMPROVEMENT OF GROUND
SUPPORT MEASURES BEYOND GBR
- AL
ADVANCED LENGTH
-d crit.
TRESHOLD DEFORMATION DEFINED TO START
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT MEASURE INSTALLATION
LIT: ICONMIG 1988 (PAGE 1,531 ff)
- FOR SUPPORT MEASURES SEE INDIVIDUAL DRAWINGS

Time & location related deformations with support categories

Decision Matrix
DECISION MATRIX
CROSS SECTION
No.
STANDARD
SUPPORT
MEASURES

SUPPORT TYPE

ADVANCE LENGTH (AL) 4'

SOIL NAILING 21 (Standard)

SHOTCRETE: (10 cm) 4"

DEWATERING / PROBE HOLES: 5 WELL POINTS IN TOP HEADING,

0.7

0.8

0.9

d crit

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

0.7

0.8

0.9

d crit

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

0.7

0.8

0.9

d crit

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

VACUUM LANCES IN INVERT

No.

ADDITIONAL
SUPPORT
MEASURES

REDUCED ADVANCE LENGTH (AL) 3'

1a

ADDITIONAL SOIL NAILS: 21 (Add.) /3' for 100 % AL

1b

ADDITIONAL SOIL NAILS: for AL + 30%

ADDITIONAL SHOTCRETE

3a

LATTICE GIRDERS: on 3' spacing, Type PS 95/20/30

3b

SPILING: Bar size 9, (1.0 sqin)

4a

FACE SEALING: 2" (Total) fibre shotcrete

4b

FACE BOLTING: 9 pcs, fibre glass, L=28', in top heading

PIPE ROOF: 29 pcs, L=50' e=10'

No.

CONTINGENCY
SUPPORT
MEASURES

SUPPORT TYPE

SUPPORT TYPE

DIVIDED FACE EXCAVATION

1a

ADDITIONAL SOIL NAILS: For 100 % AL as required

1b

ADDITIONAL SOIL NAILS: for AL + 50% as required

ADDITIONAL SHOTCRETE

PIPE ROOFING

4a

FACE SEALING: 2" (Total) fibre shotcrete

4b

FACE BOLTING: Fibre glass, L=28', in top heading

GROUTING

JET GROUTING: improvement of Qpnl

NOTES: - TUNNEL WALKER HAS AUTHORITY TO ADDITIONAL MEASURES AT ANY TIME AS REQUIRED BY FACE CONDITIONS.
- MEASURES CANNOT BE REDUCED WITHOUT CONSENSUS.

Soft Ground Metro Station

Anchors
Shotcrete
Observational
Approach
Sequential
Excavation
Timely Ring
Closure

Flexibel vs. Stiff Approach

Flexible Approach
- Ground Arch using
Anchors
- Thin SF Shotcrete
- Flat Dome
- Top Heading
Stiff Approach
- Steel Ribs & Wire
Meshes
- Thick Shotcrete
- Tear Drop
Excavation

Classical Binocular Soft Ground Station

Estacion San Joaquin Mexico & Fort Totten Station Washington DC

Station Excavation Phase 3

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Side Drift Excavation Phase 4

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Multiple Drift Excavation

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Penetrating Soldier Pile Portal Wall

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Presupporting Steel Pipes

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Penetrated Shotcrete Shaft

Metro Washington Fort Totten Station

Heavy anchored, multiple drift X-Section

Sound Transit Seattle Monocular Cross Section

Narrow Tunnels with prestressed Pillar

Parramatta Tunnel, Sydney, Australia

Anchor Support & Multiple Drift

Ia
Ib
IIa

IIIa

IIb

IIIb

Metro Budapest, Hungary

15. CTM Conclusions

Ground is viewed as integrated element of support

Ground reactions are measured to confirm stability

Ground should be kept undisturbed

Type of support to allow most economical design
Construction decisions based on Ground Behaviour

Disclaimer

Underground Space Option of the Future

Ciudad de Mexico, Octubre 8 10, 2014

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