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SOIL LIQUEFACTION
OUTLINE
Liquefaction Concepts
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS
Flow Liquefaction
(strain-softening
large strain)
Cyclic Mobility
(strain-hardening
limited strain)
C
S
R
Liquefaction
Effects Observed at
Ground Surface
No Liquefaction
Effects Observed at
Ground Surface
FS =1.2
FS =1.2
FS = CRR / CSR
LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS
Cyclic Mobility
Flow Liquefaction
15
Idriss & Boulanger 2008
30 cm
70 cm = 30 cm + 40 cm
Tokimatsu et al. & GEER ( Ashford et al.)
2 m dense sand
3 m liquefiable layer
21 m dense sand
DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS
1. Volumetric Deformations
Partial Drainage (p-DR)
Sedimentation (p-SED)
Consolidation (p-CON)
2. Shear-Induced Deformations
Bearing Capacity Failure (q-BC)
SSI-Induced Ratcheting (q-SSI)
= (v)(h)
Estimates 1D settlements
due to post-liquefaction
volumetric reconsolidation
No shear-induced
displacements
Nonliquefiable
Accelerometers
Strain Gages
V (t ) = A(t )dt
F (t ) = E A (t )
t = tf
EFV =
F (t ) V (t )dt
t =0
EFV
N 60 = N
60
50
60
80
40
50
60
70
80
0
N-value = 4
N-value = 10
5
Rod Length (m)
10
10
Correction
factors
(Skempton,
1986)
15
Correction
factors
(Skempton,
1986)
15
Depth (m)
Ground Failure
Photos by Idriss
No Ground Failure
Liquid Limit
60
Not
Susceptible
50
40
Susceptible
Moderate Susceptibility
Not Susceptible
30
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 CTX Testing by
Bray & Sancio 2006
PI 12
& wc / LL 0.85
Plasticity Index
50
Susceptible to Liquefaction
Moderate Susceptibility
Not Susceptible
40
30
20
10
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
wc /LL
1.2
1.4
Careful Handling
Cut
Extrude
Test
D5-P2A
LL = 25
40
30
20
10
30
J5-P3A
LL = 27
cycle 13
20
PI = 0
PI = 7
10
e = 0.83
e = 0.75
0
0
-10
-10
-20
-20
cycle 1
cycle 1
-30
-30
-40
-40
5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
40 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 40
A6-P6A
A6-P10A
Axial Strain,cycle
Axial Strain,cycle
a (%)
a (%)
1
1
30
30
LL = 38
LL = 44
20
20
PI = 11
PI = 18
10
10
e = 0.94
e = 1.09
0
0
-10
-10
cycle 15
cycle 139
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Bray &
Axial Strain, a (%)
Axial Strain, a (%)
Sancio 2006
cycle 11
40
PI = 2
PI = 5
Reconstituted
Soil Specimens
CSS Testing:
PI = 11
Soil G has PI = 10
PI = 14
PI = 7
2.6
12
0.85
Cubrinovski et al.
From M.
Cubrinovski
4 Sept
2010
22 Feb 2011
16 April
2011
CTUC Building
Ejecta
490
31 20 11
N
2011 Christchurch EQ: Robertson & Wride (1998)
~15 cm
~10 cm
~5 cm
SA Building
SA Building: Christchurch EQ
FSBC 1
Depth (m)
4 SEP 10
26 DEC 10
22 FEB 11
13 JUN 11
7
0
0.5
FS
1.5
CPT Z8-7
15
5
10
Settlement (cm)
7
20
PWC Building
PWC Building
20
Shear
ShearStrain
Strain (%) (%)
30
10
-10
-20
-30
5
6
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
10
CONCLUSIONS
Liquefaction can severely damaged earth structures
and buildings & utilities
Shallow liquefiable soils can lead to much building
damage, especially when ejecta occurs
Cyclic mobility occurs for PI 12 & wc/LL 0.85 soil
Building settlement is not proportional to the
thickness of the liquefiable layer
Shear-induced deformation is critical mechanism
Simplified procedures do not capture the observed
performance of heavy structures with shallow
foundations
RECOMMENDATIONS
Plasticity Index
Liquefaction triggering
procedures, which have been
developed for sands and
nonplastic silty sands, should
be applied with judgment.
50
Susceptible to Liquefaction
Moderate Susceptibility
Not Susceptible
40
30
20
10
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
wc /LL
RECOMMENDATIONS
For level ground conditions with no free-face:
Pile foundation with its neutral plane in firm ground
below the liquefiable layer will not settle significantly
Shallow foundation with deep liquefiable layer will
largely undergo volumetric reconsolidation that can be
estimated using 1D procedures
Shallow foundation with shallow liquefiable layer can
undergo largely shear-induced movements that cannot
be estimated using available 1D procedures
Effective stress analyses based on good earthquake &
soil characterization can provide useful insights
RECOMMENDATIONS
For earth structures and sloping or free-face ground:
Key issue is are there materials that will lose significant
strength as a result of earthquake shaking
Evaluate post-liquefaction residual strength of liquefied
soils and calculate FS to investigate flow slide potential
Assess earth structure and in situ ground as a system
(e.g., void redistribution and thin water films)
Effective stress analyses based on good earthquake &
soil characterization can provide useful insights
Employ effective mitigation measures, if required
References
Boulanger, R.W., and Idriss, I.M., Closure to Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts and Clays, J. of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 7, July, 2008, pp. 10271028.
Bray, J.D. and Sancio, R.B., Assessment of the Liquefaction Susceptibility of Fine-Grained Soils, J. of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 9, Sept., 2006, pp. 11651177.
Bray, J.D. and Sancio, R.B., Closure to Assessment of the Liquefaction Susceptibility of Fine-Grained
Soils, J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 7, July, 2008,
pp. 1031-1034.
Bray, J.D. and Sancio, R.B., Performance of Buildings in Adapazari during the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey
Earthquake, in Earthquake Geotechnical Case Histories for Performance Based Design, Kokusho,
T, Ed., TC4 Committee, ISSMFE, CRC Press/Balkema,The Netherlands, pp. 325-340 & Data on CDROM, 2009.
Donahue, J.L., Bray, J.D., and Reimer, M.F. Liquefaction Testing of Fine-Grained Soil Prepared Using
Slurry Deposition, Proc. 4th Inter. Conf. Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Paper No. 1226,
June 25-28, 2007.
Idriss, I.M, and Boulanger, R.S. Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Research
Institute, EERIMNO-12, Oakland, CA, 2008.
Sancio, R.B. and Bray, J.D., An Assessment of the Effect of Rod Length on SPT Energy Calculations
Based on Measured Field Data, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 28(1), Paper GTJ11959,
pp. 1-9, Jan. 2005.
Seed, R.B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, R.E.S., Kammerer, A.M., Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, M.F., Sancio, R.B.,
Bray, J.D., Kayen, R.E., and Faris, A. Recent Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering: A Unified
and Consistent Framework, 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Keynote
Presentation, Long Beach, Calif., April 30, 2003.