Introduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis Course

Graeme Davidson
Fluid Sampling and Analysis Instructor

WCP Europe Learning Centre
NW
SW
NE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 1
Schlumberger Private
Introduction to Fluid Sampling & Analysis
SE
Course Objectives
NW
SW
NE
yIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis

yFluid & Phase Behaviour
ySampling Fundamentals
ySampling Technology
yIntroduction to Wellsite Fluid Analysis
SE
Course Outline
Morning:
NW
SW
NE
yCourse Introduction
yIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis
yCased Hole Sampling techniques
yOpen Hole sampling techniques
yLunch 12.15 13.45
SE
Course Outline
Afternoon:
NW
SW
NE
yLook at sampling equipment in the workshop

yLaboratory PVT Analysis
yWellsite PVT Analysis
yOther wellsite Analysis
yLook at PVT Express in workshop
SE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA)
NW
SW
NE
The Reservoir Fluid Sampling & Analysis

Specialists of Schlumberger
SE
Our Vision - From Reservoir to Results

To be recognised as the market leader in reservoir fluid
To combine our phase behaviour and sampling skills to provide

our clients with solutions where others offer data
NW
SW
NE
sampling and analysis by offering outstanding service

and differentiating technology
SE
What Does Fluid Sampling and Analysis Do?
NW
SW
NE
yReservoir Fluid Sampling

yWellsite Fluid Analysis
yPVT Laboratory Analysis
yAdvanced Fluid Research
yPVT Software
ySampling and PVT Equipment manufacture
ySample Management
SE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA) Timeline

Co-operation
Agreement
Geomarket
Integration
WCP
Restructure
Hg Free
PVT Lab
Acquisition
Agreement
DBR
Acquisition
ISO 9001
SOOA
PVT-Express
Training
School
14
30
160
1993
1996
1997
1989
1990
1998
195
195
1999
228
2000
2001
Cased Hole Bottomhole Sampling

Surface Sampling
Support Services
Wellsite Analysis
PVT Laboratory Aberdeen
PVT Laboratory Global

Core Analysis
Corpro
Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling
NW
SW
NE
2002
2003
SCAR - A
SE
DBR and Fluid Analysis

The company was formed by Dr Donald B. Robinson in 1980.
It is well respected in the fluid community. Known for;
yPeng-Robinson Equation:
yLaboratory PVT and advanced fluids /solids studies

yManufacture HT/HP Mercury free PVT equipment
yPVT software
Acquired in 2002 to support our drive to be the best in the
Fluid Sampling and Analysis business.
NW
SW
NE
RT
aT
p=
V b V(V + b) + V(V b)
SE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis Locations
Edmonton, Canada
Houston, USA
Belle Chasse, USA
Dubai, UAE
Villahermosa, Mexico
Doha, Qatar
Quito, Ecuador
El Tigre, Venezuela
Macae, Brazil
Aberdeen, UK
Stavanger, Norway
Baku, Azerbaijan
Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Moscow, Russia
Hassi-Messaoud, Algeria
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Port Gentil, Gabon
Luanda, Angola
NW
Kuwait
Tehran, Iran
Tripoli, Libya
Mumbai, India
Perth, Australia
Jakarta, Indonesia
Labuan, Malaysia
Tanguu, China
Vung Tau, Vietnam
SW
NE
SE
Before Fluid Sampling and Analysis....

yBottomhole & surface samples were collected by the Well Test
crew in addition to running the well test
yLittle or no analysis was performed in the field

ySamples were shipped to the lab for analysis
yToo late to rectify mistakes or re-sample as the well had been
shut in & the rig moved.
NW
SW
NE
yLimited training in sampling equipment and techniques
SE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialist/Engineer
yPVT Express
yReservoir Fluid Phase Behaviour
yPVT Lab and Compositional Analysis
NW
Specialised Courses
SW
NE
Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialists / Engineers are now

experts in :
yOpen Hole Bottomhole Sampling
yCased Hole Bottomhole Sampling
Xpert Fluid Sampling
ySurface and Wellhead Sampling
yDangerous Goods
SE
Why Do We Sample?
Fluid property data is needed to:
yHelp describe the reservoir
yAssist in development planning

yAssess the environmental impact
yEvaluate economic potential
NW
SW
NE
yPredict reservoir fluid behavior
SE
The Big Picture

yObtaining accurate PVT and fluid property data an important
component of well testing campaign
yQuality of the data is highly dependent on the quality of the

samples
NW
SW
NE
yData must be representative of the reservoir fluid
SE
Sample Quality
Sample Quality is dependent on:
yThe reservoir
ySampling methods, equipment & operating procedures

yHuman factors
NW
SW
NE
yWell conditioning
SE
What Type of Sample Do We Need ?

A reservoir fluid sample that is representative of zone of
interest or as close as possible
This means:
A pressurized fluid
Oil with all the gas in solution
Gas with heavy ends in the vapor phase
NW
SW
NE
SE
When Do We Need to Sample ?

As early in the life of the reservoir as possible
Why?
yFor oil gas breaks out
yFor gas liquid drops out
yThe GOR and compositions are not representative of the true
reservoir fluid
NW
SW
NE
Before depletion below saturation pressure has occurred
SE
Where Should We Sample From ?
NW
SW
NE
Downhole, as close to the formation as possible,

wherever reservoir and well conditions permit
SE
Everyone is Relying on Fluid Information

Facilities/flow
assurance
engineer
Flow assurance
Separation
Treatment
Metering
Transport
Reservoir
Reservoir
Fluid
Fluid
Properties
Properties
Geologist
Reservoir
correlation
Geochemical
studies
Hydrocarbon
source studies
Environmental Engineers & Scientists
Chemical / Process Engineers
NW
Economists / Accountants
SW
NE
Reservoir Engineer
Reserve estimation
Material-balance
calculation
Natural drive
mechanism
Reservoir simulation
Well test interpretation
Completion/production
Engineer
Completion design
Material specification
Artificial lift
calculations
Production log
interpretation
Production facilities
design
Production forecasts
SE
NW
SW
NE
Introduction to PVT and Fluid Behaviour
SE
Phase Behaviour
Change of phase depends on Pressure & Temperature.

eg.
+Heat
+Heat
Water
Steam
Ice
NW
SW
NE
What is a phase?
ySolid
yLiquid
yVapour or Gas
SE
What Is PVT Analysis?

yThe study of reservoir fluid samples under varying conditions of
Pressure, Volume and Temperature
yPressure and Volume are varied

Measurement of :
- physical properties
- composition
NW
SW
NE
yTemperature is normally held constant @ reservoir temp.
SE
PVT Analysis Is Needed

At the initial exploration stage
Before reservoir depletion
required
If further development, appraisal or new recovery

techniques are to be introduced
NW
SW
NE
During production when up-dated information may be
SE
PVT Experiment
NW
SW
NE
SE
Terms and Definitions

used in this section
y Bubble Point Pressure (pb): at a given temperature, the pressure
NW
SW
NE
at which appears the first bubble of gas from a single phase

liquid.
y Dew Point Pressure (pd): at a given temperature, the pressure at
which appears the first drop of liquid from a single gas phase
system.
y Cricondenbar: the maximum pressure at which two phases can
exist.
y Cricondentherm: the maximum temperature at which two phases
can exist.
SE
General Phase Diagram Definitions
Oil
Gas condensate
Dew point
locus
cricondenbar
Production
path
example
Pressure
Bubble
point locus
80%
40%
20%
5%
Temperature
NW
SW
NE
cricondentherm
10%
Critical point
Dry gas
SE
Classification Definition
NW
SW
NE
Natural hydrocarbon reservoirs are classified arbitrarily

according to observed properties during production such
as:
yGas-oil ratio
yGas gravity (air=1)
yOil API gravity
yColor
SE
Dry gas
y Remains single phase in reservoir during pressure
NW
SW
NE
depletion.
y No liquid produced at surface.
y Mainly methane
SE
Dry Gas Phase Diagram
NW
SW
NE
SE
Wet Gas
y Remains single phase in reservoir during pressure
NW
SW
NE
depletion.
y Small quantity of liquid produced at surface.
y Light colorless liquid.
SE
Wet Gas Phase Diagram
NW
SW
NE
SE
Retrograde Gas Condensate
y Some liquid is deposited in the reservoir during
NW
SW
NE
pressure depletion.
y Significant amount of condensate is produced at
surface.
y Yellowish liquid.
SE
Retrograde Gas Phase Diagram

Gas Condensate
NW
SW
NE
SE
High Shrinkage or Volatile Oil
NW
SW
NE
y Exhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.

y High GOR and formation volume factor.
y Relatively low oil density.
y Low oil viscosity.
SE
Black Oil
NW
SW
NE
yExhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.

yLow GOR and formation volume factor.
yMedium to high oil density.
yWide range of oil viscosity.
SE
Oil Phase Diagram
NW
SW
NE
SE
Reservoir Fluid Classification

From Reservoir and Production Fundamentals (Schlumberger 1980)
GOR
(scf/sbbl)
Typical Composition
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6+
50 - 70
0.90
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
> 100000
50 - 70
0.90
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
5 - 100000
50 - 70
0.75
0.08
0.04
.0.3
0.02
0.01
3000
40 - 50
0.65
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.15
Black Oil
100 - 2500
30 - 40
0.44
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.43
Heavy Oil
< 100
20 - 25
0.20
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.75
10
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.90
Wet Gas
Gas Condensate
Volatile Oil
Bitumen
No liquid
SW
NE
C1
Dry Gas
NW
API gravity
SE
Reservoir Fluid Classification

From McCain
Volatile Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
< 1750
1750 - 3200
3200 - 15000
> 15000
> 100000
Initial Stock Tank

Liquid Gravity(API)
< 25
< 40
> 40
Up to 70
No liquid
Stock Tank Liquid

Color
Dark
Colored
Lightly
colored
Water
white
No liquid
Phase Change in
Reservoir
Bubble
point
Bubble
point
Dew point
No phase
change
No phase
change
C7+ mol %
> 20
20 12.5
< 12.5
<4
< 0.7
Oil FVF at Pb
<2
>2
Initial Producing GOR

(scf/sbbl)
NW
SW
NE
Black Oil
SE
Fluid Categories
Type
Oil Gravity
Colour
No Liquids
Wet Gas
100,000 scf/bbl
>50 API
White
Gas Condensate
(Retrograde Gas)
3000-70,000 scf/bbl
<60 API
Straw
High Shrinkage Oil
<3500 scf/bbl
<50 API
Light - Deep Brown
100 2500 scf/bbl
<30 API
Black or Dark Brown
SW
NE
Dry Gas
Black Oil
NW
GOR
SE
P-T Diagram of a Low Shrinkage Oil
NW
SW
NE
SE
Sampling Theory
NW
SW
NE
SE
What Type of Samples Do We Collect?

1. Bottomhole
3. Separator Recombination
4. Dead oil
5. Water
NW
SW
NE
2. Wellhead
SE
Factors Affecting Technique Choice
NW
SW
NE
yType of analysis to be conducted

yVolume required for analysis
yQuality of results required
yType of fluid to be sampled
yDegrees of depletion
ySurface facilities & well completion
yEnvironmental Concerns
SE

Bottomhole Samples
Always first choice where reservoir and well conditions

Uncontaminated fresh reservoir fluid collected close to the
perforations
Samples maintained above reservoir pressure
NW
SW
NE
permit
SE

Wellhead Samples
Psat < WHP at WHT
yCollected Upstream of the choke manifold
NW
SW
NE
yPossible when conditions allow:
SE

Surface Recombination Samples
Matched sets of equilibrated separator gas and liquid
Quality dependant on:

Separator stability
GOR accuracy
Sampling technique
NW
SW
NE
- Captured at the same time

- Usually taken as back-up PVT samples
- Can be used as the main PVT samples
SE

Dead Oil and Water
Collected at Stock Tank or atmospheric conditions
Water samples captured from separator water line

Collected when large volumes are required
NW
SW
NE
Oil Samples captured from Gauge Tank or Oil line
SE

Introduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis Course

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Introduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis Course

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Graeme Davidson

Fluid Sampling and Analysis Instructor

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 1

Introduction to Fluid Sampling & Analysis

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 2

yIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and Analysis

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 3

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 4

yLook at sampling equipment in the workshop

Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA)

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 5

The Reservoir Fluid Sampling & Analysis

Our Vision - From Reservoir to Results

To combine our phase behaviour and sampling skills to provide

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 6

sampling and analysis by offering outstanding service

What Does Fluid Sampling and Analysis Do?

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 7

yReservoir Fluid Sampling

Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA) Timeline

Cased Hole Bottomhole Sampling

PVT Laboratory Global

Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 8

DBR and Fluid Analysis

yLaboratory PVT and advanced fluids /solids studies

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 9

Fluid Sampling and Analysis Locations

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 10

Before Fluid Sampling and Analysis....

yLittle or no analysis was performed in the field

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 11

yLimited training in sampling equipment and techniques

Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialist/Engineer

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 12

Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialists / Engineers are now

yHelp describe the reservoir

yAssist in development planning

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 13

yPredict reservoir fluid behavior

The Big Picture

yQuality of the data is highly dependent on the quality of the

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 14

yData must be representative of the reservoir fluid

ySampling methods, equipment & operating procedures

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 15

What Type of Sample Do We Need ?

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 16

When Do We Need to Sample ?

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 17

Before depletion below saturation pressure has occurred

Where Should We Sample From ?

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 18

Downhole, as close to the formation as possible,

Everyone is Relying on Fluid Information

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 19

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 20

Introduction to PVT and Fluid Behaviour

Change of phase depends on Pressure & Temperature.

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 21

What Is PVT Analysis?

yPressure and Volume are varied