The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which
exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster management as the organisation and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of
disasters.

Types of disasters
There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies. There are
four main types of disaster.

Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have
immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering
from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.

Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually involving

the production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are
produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans.

Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic

installations, including conflict situations and war.

Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health,
disrupts services and businesses, brings economic and social costs.
Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care, electricity, water, sewage/garbage
removal, transportation and communications. The interruption can seriously affect the health, social
and economic networks of local communities and countries. Disasters have a major and long-lasting
impact on people long after the immediate effect has been mitigated. Poorly planned relief activities
can have a significant negative impact not only on the disaster victims but also on donors and relief
agencies. So it is important that physical therapists join established programmes rather than
attempting individual efforts.
Local, regional, national and international organisations are all involved in mounting a humanitarian
response to disasters. Each will have a prepared disaster management plan. These plans cover
prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery.

Disaster prevention
These are activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters,
particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury can be mitigated
with good evacuation plans, environmental planning and design standards. In January 2005, 168
Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction called the Hyogo
Framework. It offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical means for achieving
disaster resilience for vulnerable communities.

Disaster preparedness
These activities are designed to minimise loss of life and damage for example by removing people
and property from a threatened location and by facilitating timely and effective rescue, relief and

rehabilitation. Preparedness is the main way of reducing the impact of disasters. Community-based
preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical therapy practice management.

Disaster relief
This is a coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term
results. Relief activities include rescue, relocation, providing food and water, preventing disease and
disability, repairing vital services such as telecommunications and transport, providing temporary
shelter and emergency health care.

Disaster recovery
Once emergency needs have been met and the initial crisis is over, the people affected and the
communities that support them are still vulnerable. Recovery activities include rebuilding
infrastructure, health care and rehabilitation. These should blend with development activities, such
as building human resources for health and developing policies and practices to avoid similar
situations in future.
Disaster management is linked with sustainable development, particularly in relation to vulnerable
people such as those with disabilities, elderly people, children and other marginalised groups. Health
Volunteers Overseas publications address some of the common misunderstandings about disaster
management.

Jammu and Kashmir floods

Date: September 5, 2014

One of the biggest tragedies to hit the country this year was the Jammu and Kashmir floods in September
that killed 282 people and damaged around 2.53 lakh houses.
Roads were transformed into stagnant canals strewn with wreckage, trash and dead animals. The Indian
Army deployed about 30,000 troops for rescue and relief operations and the Army's 92 Base hospital in
the Kashmir Valley, provided medical care for victims of the floods saving 300 people, including 35
newborns. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team introduced advanced medical
services in order to get medical care to the victims rapidly.

Snake bites
Snake bites occur when a snake bites the skin. They are medical emergencies if the snake is
venomous.
Venomous animals account for a large number of deaths and injuries, worldwide. Snakes alone are
estimated to inflict 2.5 million venomous bites each year, resulting in about 125,000 deaths. The
actual number may be much larger. Southeast Asia, India, Brazil, and areas of Africa have the most
deaths due to snakebite.

Considerations
Snake bites can be deadly if not treated quickly. Children are at higher risk for death or serious
complications due to snake bites because of their smaller body size.
The right antivenom can save a person's life. Getting to an emergency room as quickly as possible is
very important. If properly treated, many snake bites will not have serious effects.

Volcanic Eruption Disaster

Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. The effects include
the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or the fall of rock.
Second, lavamay be produced during the eruption of a volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many
buildings, plants and animals it encounters. Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash - may form a cloud,
and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantity
ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled. Since the ash
has the consistency of ground glass it causes abrasion damage to moving parts such as engines. The main killer of
humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a cloud of hot
volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer
supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. Alahar is a volcanic
mudflow or landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero tragedy in which
the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.
A specific type of volcano is the supervolcano. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago
a supervolcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a
bottleneck in human evolution.[10] It also killed three-quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. The main
danger from a supervolcano is the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and
temperature for many years.

TORNADOES
Tornadoes defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground are often formed when
warm and cold air masses clash. They are capable of tremendous destruction, creating damage paths in excess of one mile wide
and 50 miles long. Tornados speed can vary from nearly stationary to up to 70 mph; however, the wind speed from these formations
can exceed 250 mph. Tornadoes are classified using the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Most tornadoes (~88%) are considered weak (EF0
or EF1) and about 95% of all U.S. tornadoes are below EF3 intensity.
In the United States, on average, 1000 tornadoes are reported nationwide each year, resulting in 70 deaths and over 1,500 injuries.
They occur most frequently east of the Rocky Mountains during the spring and summer months. Tornado Alley is a nickname given
to an area in the southern plains of the central U.S. that consistently experiences a high frequency of tornadoes each year.
Tornados can cause rapid destruction of homes and property, as well as injury and death to humans and animal

EARTHQUAKES
Though earthquakes are naturally-occurring incidents that are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earths
shifting crust thus creating seismic waves, the devastation caused by this natural event is incomprehensible. Some of
the worst earthquakes in history have claimed countless lives and billions of dollars worth of property damage. From
the recent Nepal Earthquake which has so far caused the lives of over 5,000 people to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, here are
25 of the worst earthquakes in the world, both in the number of deaths and magnitude.

A light sensitive compound "X" of silver.....

Ans: a)'X' is silver chloride,
b) 2Agcl2 gives 2Ag + cl2(g)
c) The type of reaction is photochemical decomposition
BIOLOGY
Aloe vera
Aloe vera is a succulent plant species. The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine since the
beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from Aloe vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative
medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing, or soothing properties. There is,
however, little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal
purposes, and what positive evidence is available[3] is frequently contradicted by other studies. The lack of obvious
natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin.

Traditional medicine[edit]
Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a multipurpose skin treatment. In Ayurvedic medicine it is called kathalai,
as are extracts from agave. Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus from the 16th century BCand
in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder's Natural History - both written in the mid-first century AD. It is
also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 AD. The plant is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of
many countries.
Chilli Peppers
The chili pepper (also chile pepper or chilli pepper, from Nahuatl chlli /ttili/) is the fruit[1] of plants from
the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. In Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, India,[2] and other Asian countries, the word "pepper" is usually omitted.
The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-Nvanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids.
Chili peppers originated in the Americas.[3] After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread
across the world, used in both food and medicine. Chilies were brought to Asia by Portuguese navigators during the
16th century.
India is the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of chili peppers.[4] Guntur in the South Indian state
of Andhra Pradesh produces 30% of all the chilies produced in India,[5] and Andhra Pradesh as a whole contributes
75% of India's chili exports.

Medicinal[edit]
Capsaicin is considered a safe and effective topical analgesic agent in the management of arthritis pain, herpes
zoster-related pain, diabetic neuropathy, mastectomy pain, and headaches.[29][30] However, a study published in 2010
has linked capsaicin to skin cancer.[31][32]

Advantages
Pepper spray[edit]
Main article: Pepper spray
Capsaicin extracted from chilies is used in pepper spray as an irritant, a form of less-lethal weapon.

Crop defense[edit]
Conflicts between farmers and elephants have long been widespread in African and Asian countries, where
pachyderms nightly destroy crops, raid grain houses, and sometimes kill people. Farmers have found the use of
chilies effective in crop defense against elephants. Elephants don't like capsaicin, the chemical in chilies that makes
them hot. Because the elephants have a large and sensitive olfactory and nasal system, the smell of the chili causes
them discomfort and deters them from feeding on the crops. By planting a few rows of the pungent fruit around
valuable crops, farmers create a buffer zone through which the elephants are reluctant to pass. Chilly-Dung Bombs
are also used for this purpose. They are bricks made of mixing dung and chili, and are burned, creating a noxious
smoke that keeps hungry elephants out of farmers fields. This can lessen dangerous physical confrontation between
people and elephants.[33]

Fenugreek

Fenugreek is a plant. The seeds are used to make medicine.

Fenugreek is used for many conditions, but so far, there isnt enough scientific evidence to determine whether or not it is effective for any of
them.
Fenugreek is used for digestive problems such as loss of appetite, upset stomach,constipation, and inflammation of the stomach (gastritis). It
is also used for conditions that affect heart health such as hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and for high blood levels of certain fats
including cholesterol and triglycerides.
Fenugreek is used for kidney ailments, a vitamin deficiency disease called beriberi, mouth ulcers, boils, bronchitis, infection of the tissues
beneath the surface of the skin(cellulitis), tuberculosis, chronic coughs, chapped lips, baldness, cancer, and lowering blood sugar in people
with diabetes.
Some men use fenugreek for hernia, erectile dysfunction (ED), and other male problems.
Women who are breast-feeding sometimes use fenugreek to promote milk flow.
Fenugreek is sometimes used as a poultice. That means it is wrapped in cloth, warmed and applied directly to the skin to treat local pain and
swelling (inflammation),muscle pain, pain and swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), pain in the toes (gout), wounds, leg ulcers,
and eczema.
The taste and odor of fenugreek resembles maple syrup, and it has been used to mask the taste of medicines.
In foods, fenugreek is included as an ingredient in spice blends. It is also used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup, foods,
beverages, and tobacco.
In manufacturing, fenugreek extracts are used in soaps and cosmetics.
Fenugreek leaves are eaten in India as a vegetable.
How does it work?
Fenugreek appears to slow absorption of sugars in the stomach and stimulate insulin. Both of these effects lower blood sugar in people with
diabetes.
Origin and Distribution
Fenugreek is a native of South Eastern Europe and West Asia, now cultivated in India, Argentina, Egypt and Mediterranean
countries (Southern France, Morocco and Lebanon). In India it is grown extensively in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab.
It is a cold season crop and is fairly tolerant to frost and very low temperature. It is best suited to tracts of moderate to low rainfall
and is sown in all types of soil but perform better in loam and clayey loam with proper drainage. It can also be grown on black
cotton soils.

MINT

Mentha (also known as mint, from Greek mntha,[2] Linear B mi-ta)[3] is a genus of plants in
the family Lamiaceae (mint family).[4] The species are not clearly distinct and estimates of the number of species
varies from 13 to 18.[5] Hybridization between some of the species occurs naturally. Many other hybrids, as well as
numerous cultivars, are known in cultivation.
The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America.[6]
Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial, rarely annual, herbs. They have wide-spreading underground and
overground stolons[7] and erect, square,[8] branched stems. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs,
fromoblong to lanceolate, often downy, and with a serrated margin. Leaf colors range from dark green and gray-green
to purple, blue, and sometimes pale yellow when dry they are usually dark green or green..[6] The flowers are white to
purple and produced in false whorls called verticillasters. The corolla is two-lipped with four subequal lobes, the upper
lobe usually the largest. The fruit is a nutlet, containing one to four seeds.
While the species that make up the Mentha genus are widely distributed and can be found in many environments,
most grow best in wet environments and moist soils. Mints will grow 10120 cm tall and can spread over an
indeterminate area. Due to their tendency to spread unchecked, some mints are considered invasive.[9]

Advantages
Digestion, Headache, Coughs, respiratory disorders

Tea tree oil is derived from the leaves of the tea tree. The tea tree was named by eighteenth
century sailors, who made tea that smelled like nutmeg from the leaves of the tree growing on
the swampy southeast Australian coast. Do not confuse the tea tree with the unrelated common
tea plant that is used to make black and green teas.
Tea tree oil is applied to the skin (used topically) for infections such as acne, fungal infections of
the nail (onychomycosis), lice, scabies, athletes foot (tinea pedis), andringworm. It is also used
topically as a local antiseptic for cuts and abrasions, for burns, insect bites and stings,
boils, vaginal infections, recurrent herpes labialis,toothache, infections of the mouth and
nose, sore throat, and for ear infections such as otitis media and otitis externa.

Some people add it to bath water to treat cough, bronchial congestion, and pulmonary
inflammation.
1.

Tea tree oil can benefit the following skin conditions: 1

Ring worm and athlete's foot.

Softens corns.

Cuts and scrapes.

Itching of insect bites and chicken pox.

Warts.

Acne.

Dandruff.

The fruit, commonly known as aa berry,[5] is a small, round, black-purple drupe about 1 inch (25 mm) in
circumference, similar in appearance to a grape, but smaller and with less pulp and produced in branched panicles of
500 to 900 fruits. The exocarp of the ripe fruits is a deep purple color, or green, depending on the kind of aa and its
maturity. The mesocarp is pulpy and thin, with a consistent thickness of 1 mm or less. It surrounds the voluminous
and hard endocarp, which contains a single large seed about 0.250.40 inches (710 mm) in diameter. The seed
makes up about 80% of the fruit (Schauss, 2006c). Two crops of fruit are produced each year. The fruits can be
harvested and consumed.
In a study of three traditional Caboclo populations in the Brazilian Amazon, aa palm was described as the most
important plant species because the fruit makes up a major component of their diet, up to 42% of the total food intake
by weight.[6]

What are the health benefits of acai berries?

People eat acai berries to address various health conditions. But so far, acai berries have no known
health benefit thats different from similar fruits.

3. Telugu Samethalu

, .








Meal for Pregnant women
Breakfast
1 1/2 cups cooked oatmeal topped with 1 tablespoon each chopped
dates and dried cherries and 1 teaspoon brown sugar
1/2 cup 2 percent milk
1 cup orange-pineapple juice
Lunch

2 cups rice 1 roti with dal and any one vegetable curry and 1 cup curd
Evening snack
Fruits or fruit juice
Dinner
2 Rotis with chicken curry and one glass of milk.

Diet for Obese Person

Early morning: 7 am

1 glass of warm water with honey

Breakfast: 8 am

1 bowl of low fat milk with whole grain cereals

A serving of fruit

Lunch: 1 pm

1 bowl of brown rice

1 bowl of red kidney beans

1 bowl of green salad

Evening snack- 4 pm

Sprouts salad with lemon juice, onions, tomato, salt and pepper

Dinner: 8 pm

1 bowl of soya curry with 2 chapattis

1 small bowl of cucumber and tomato salad

Indian Diet Plan For Diabetes

FOOD ITEM

Amount

PROTEIN (gm)

CALORIE (Kcal)

EARLY MORNING

Fenugreek seeds with 1 cup of water

Tea (without sugar)

1 cup

35

Marie Biscuits

56

Breakfast

Stuffed methi/palak /lauki paratha

2 small

200

Curd

50 gm (1 cup)

30

Egg white / Paneer Bhurji

1 medium bowl

130

Plain roti (no oil )

2 small

150

1 soup bowl

4.5

230

40

OR

OR
Vegetable poha/upama/oats/daliya

MID MORNING

Apple /guava/orange

LUNCH

Salad (10 mins before lunch)

1 Medium bowl

30

Capsicum + gobhi veg

1 medium bowl

85

Dal

1 soup bowl

130

Phulka (no ghee)

175

EVENING

Milk / green tea / herbal tea / lemon water

1 cup

35

Roasted chana + Muri

1 cup

85

DINNER

Salad (10 mins before dinner)

Phulka (no ghee

4.5

150

Lauki veg

1 cup

85

Curd

1 cup

30

LATE NIGHT

Skim Milk (no sugar)

1 glass

120

Total

49.5

1286

Athlete

Breakfast
You need plenty of carbohydrates and protein for breakfast after a good night's sleep. Some good food choices include fruit, oatmeal, whole-grain
cereals, skim milk, eggs, turkey bacon and, for vegetarians in particular, soy products. Breakfast will help give you energy right from the start of
the day. Eat a small snack two to three hours after breakfast to keep your energy levels high.

Lunch
As an athlete, you need to eat a low-calorie meal for lunch that consists of fruits and vegetables. A light pasta dish is usually a good choice. A
chicken Caesar salad is also a nutritious source of protein, vitamins and minerals that is low in calories. The key at lunchtime is to maximize the
amount of nutrients you consume while not going overboard on your calorie count. Eat a low-calorie snack in mid-afternoon.

Dinner
Your final meal of the day should be well-balanced and rich in protein, fiber, healthy fats, vitamins and carbohydrates. An effective sample menu
would include a chicken breast, green beans, whole-wheat bread or rice and a piece of fruit for dessert. Avoid eating late; if you eat a dinner high
in fiber it will help curb your appetite before bedtime.