What

is a rock?

Chapter 4
Igneous Rocks

www.matt-willard.com/Artwork/Graphic_Design/Rock-Cycle.jpg

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/lava_corelp0323283.JPG

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Igneous processes

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Magmatism

WHAT IS MAGMA?

Magmatism
formation of igneous rocks from magma

molten rock located beneath the

surface of the Earth, and which often
collects in a magma chamber.
a complex high-temperature (~650 ~1200 C) silicate solution that is
ancestral to all igneous rocks

Plutonism
intrusive igneous rock crystallizes from magma and slowly
cools below the surface of the Earth

Volcanism
includes all phenomena resulting from and causing
magma within the crust or mantle of a planet to rise
through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface

capable of intrusion into adjacent

crustal rocks (plutonism)
capable of extrusion onto the
surface (volcanism), sometimes
emerges through volcanic vents as
lavas and pyroclastic ejecta
collects in many separate magma
chambers within the Earth's crust;
different compositions in different
places
earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1003_magma_chamber.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Magmatism

Magmas

MAGMA TYPES/COMPOSITION

Formation of magmas
by partial melting of rocks through heating and fluxing with water
e.g., subduction zones
by decompression
e.g., midmid-oceanic ridges

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

FELSIC
(RHYOLITIC)

INTERMEDIATE
(ANDESITIC)

MAFIC
(BASALTIC)

SiO2

> 70%

~ 60%

< 50%

< 45%

Fe - Mg

~ 2%

~ 3%

~ 4%

>8% - 32%
MgO

Temperature

700C

~1000C

up to
~1200C

up to
~1500C

Viscosity

High

Intermediate

Low

Low to Very
Low

Eruptive
behavior

explosive

explosive

gentle

gentle

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Magmatism

CRYSTALLIZATON AND THE BOWENS REACTION SERIES

http://www.georgiacenter.uga.edu/idl/webid/portfolio/graphics/illustrations/bowdens_reaction.jpg
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology
Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

ULTRAMAFIC
(PICRITIC)

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks

CLASSIFICATION
PLUTONIC VS. VOLCANIC VS. PYROCLASTIC

earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1003_magma_chamber.jpg
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks

PLUTONIC ROCKS

CLASSIFICATION

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/Earth_Structure/igenous%20landforms.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/Drawings/RockClassif-B.gif
Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks

IDENTIFICATION

PLUTONIC AND VOLCANIC ROCKS

GRANITE
(PHANERITIC)

DIORITE

GABBRO

PERIDOTITE

COMPOSITION (Color Index)

TEXTURE

FELSIC

INTERMEDIATE

MAFIC

ULTRAMAFIC

phaneritic

granite

diorite

gabbro

peridotite

aphanitic/
porphyritic

rhyolite

andesite

basalt

basalt

vesicular

pumice

pumice

scoria

glassy

obsidian

fragmental

Agglomerate, volcanic breccia, lapilli

stone, tuff

http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/virt_egg/ http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/
granite.jpg IgnRx/HTMLimag/Diorite-3A1.11.JPG

http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/virt_egg/
gabbro.jpg

RHYOLITE
(APHANITIC)

BASALT

http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/
Rhyolite.jpg

PORPH. RHYOLITE
(PORPHYRITIC)

http://www.drexel.edu/coe/enggeo/
rocks1/rhyolite_porphyry800.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

ANDESITE

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/
Lassen/And-Brokeoff_med.jpg

PORPH. ANDESITE

http://perso.orange.fr/jacques.delfour/
photos/andesit.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/
vwlessons/rocks_pics/basalt.jpg

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/
1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Olivine/
Peridotite.jpg

KOMATIITE

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/
2IgneousRocks/IgneousCompositions/
1Ultramafic/OlivineThumb.jpg

PORPH. BASALT

http://www.ukge.co.uk/UKGEDATA/
images_versions/5275.jpg

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks

FRAGMENTAL/PYROCLASTIC ROCKS
PUMICE

SCORIA

TUFF

IGNIMBRITE

Igneous rocks and mineral resources

Philippine
metallic mines

6
3
1
3
27

http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/
subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/photo
gallery/images/Pumice%203_jpg.jpg

http://homepage.smc.edu/robinson_
http://www.nps.gov/tont/nature/graphics/ richard/rocktest/igneous_web/images/
InsideOutside/scoria.jpg
tuff%20breccia%202.jpg

http://www.decadevolcano.net/photos/
keywords/photos/P5071453.jpg

GLASSY ROCK
OBSIDIAN

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/images/obsidian-sm.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Igneous rocks and mineral resources

Philippine
metallic mines
Lepanto Consolidated
Mining Company

Igneous rocks and mineral resources

Review: Plate tectonics and the formation of

metallic and non-metallic resources

6
3
1

Philex Mining Corporation

3
27

Oceana Gold (Philippines), Inc.

Ore Asia Mining & Development

Corporation

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

5
Rapu-Rapu
Minerals, Inc.
Krominco Inc.

Rio Tuba Nickel

Mining Corporation

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks