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For being more precise, Human Development Index (HDI), devised by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has been taken as an upgrade. Though
there are great similarities in the patterns, there are differences between GDP p.c. and
HDI. More complex HDI measure seems to become clearer measures of well-being.
Spatial inequalities are a key factor in any discussion of development. Some forms of
development may lead to increasing inequalities between places, while other
development approaches may explicitly attempt to reduce spatial inequalities. Gini
coefficient and Gini index, both of these are measures of inequality. Gini coefficient
varies from 0, which means perfect equality, to 1 which represents perfect inequality.
Thus, the nearer the coefficient is to 0 the more equal the income distribution. Gini
Index This measure, used by the UNDP ranges from 0 to 100. A figure of 0 means
perfect equality and 100 means perfect inequality. For example, with a Gini index of
40.8, even richer Americans have huge inequality in the share of the nations riches.
It is not only defining development which is contested, the way that development,
regardless of definition is measured is also problematic. Besides, there are a lots actors
in development like individual, household, community, government, NGOs, private
companies, multilateral organizations etc.
So we can see concept of development varies region to region, changes over time
and requirement. It became modified, ratified, improvised and upgraded according to
the necessity and perspective.
In economics, underdevelopment is when resources are not used to their full socioeconomic potential, with the result that local or regional development is slower in
most cases than it should be.
In Rostows book he states that all countries have passed through 5 stages;
respectively the traditional society, non-capitalist sector, pre-conditioning stage, drive
to maturity and age of high mass consumption.
In the very primitive age every region or civilization was almost equal in the scale of
prosperity. But mostly in last five hundred years European colonization and control
spread over all the world. In most of the cases European colonize a region which was
quite wealthy and prosperous. After occupying that region they used it according to
Europeans necessity, not according to the regions ability to cope with. So, though it
worked positively for European to become more prosperous, it worked for the natives
very much inversely. In many case it leads to famine not well-being. So Europe
prospered in a rapid pace while colonized countries had to go through the way of
underdevelopment. So, it can be stated the underdevelopment has been invented,
precisely in a very structured way.