START

Read nodal coordinates members connectivity

,supports , loading

Initialize global stiffness matrix to zero

Compute / Give member properties

Calculate local stiffness matrix for the plane frame members

Add all members stiffness matrix to get total structure

stiffness matrix using proper location
Are all members
completed over
Next
member
Store global stiffness
matrix
Calculate nodal vector
matrix
Rearrange global stiffness matrix as per boundary conditions or
support conditions
Determine unknown displacements. Compute forces in the members
End

m=2j+3
T.I= E.R+I.R
= 0+1=1.

B0=

Hc=1

V0=1

RAC=1

-0.8

-0.6

0.75

-1

-1.25

B1=

-0.8
-0.6
1

62

0.8 = BD (4/5) .

1(4/5) = DC

BD = 1.

DC = 0.8
1(3/5) = BC = 0.6
AD = 0.6.
AB = 0.8.

Ra(4) 1(3) = 0.

DC = 1.

Ra = -3/4 = -0.75.

DB (4/5) =1 = 5/4 =1.25(T)

Rb (4) - 1(3) = 0.

AD = DB (3/5) = 0.75.

Rb= 0.75.

AB = DB (4/5) = 1.
BC=0

61

Unassembled matrix f=

1/AE

400 0
0
0
0
0
0 300 0
0
0
0
0
0 400 0
0
0
0
0
0 300 0
0
0
0
0
0 500 0
0
0
0
0
0 500

B1Tf=

[0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 1 1 ]

B1Tf=

[320 180 320 180 500 500 ] *1/ AE

G1 = B1Tf B1=1/ AE

*f

[320 180 320 180 500 500 ]

Static condensating and sub structuring :Introduction :In the previous chapters we established the relationship(through the
system stiffness matrix) between forces applied at the nodal co-ordinates of the
structure and the corresponding nodal displacements. These are instances ,such
as the use of subtracting for the analysis of large structures ,in which it might be
advantages to reduce the number of nodal co-ordinates . Subtracting requires the
reduction of nodal co-ordinates to allow the independent analysis of portions of
the structure. The process of reducing the number of free displacements or
degrees of freedom is known as static condensation. The same process is also
applied to dynamic problems although ,in that case, it is only approximate and
in general may result in large errors. The static condensation method has
recently been modified for applications to dynamic problems. This method is
known as the dynamic condensation method, its application to dynamic
problems gives solutions that are virtually exact.
Static condensation :A practical method of accomplishing the reduction of the number
of degrees of freedom and hence the reduction of the stiffness matrix, is ti
identify those degrees of freedom to be condensed as secondary degrees of
freedom and to express them in terms of the remaining primary degrees of
freedom. The relationship between secondary and primary degrees of freedom is
found by establishing the
{F}p = [K] {u}P

(8.6)

in which
{F} =

{F} P - [K]PS [K]-1SS {F}S

(8.7)

and
[K] =[K]PP - [K]PS [K]PS [K]-1SS[K]SP

(8.8.)

Thus, equation (8.6) is the condensed stiffness equation relating through the
condensed stiffness matrix [K], the condensed force vector {F} and the primary
nodal coordinates {u}p .

The solution of the condensed stiffness equation (8.6) gives the displacement
vector {u}p at the primary nodal coordinates. The displacements {u}s at the
secondary nodal coordinates are then calculated by equation (8.4) after
substituting into this equation the displacement vector {u}p for the primary
nodal degrees of freedom.
The development yielding equation (8.4) and (8.5) may appear to indicate that
the use of the condensation method requires the inconvenient calculation of the
inverse matrix [K]-1 . However, the practical application of the static
condensation method does not actually require a matrix inversion. Instead, the
standard Gauss-Jordan elimination process is applied systematically to the
system stiffness equation up to the reduction of secondary coordinates {u}s .At
this stage of the elimination process the stiffness equation (8.1) has been
reduced to

{F}s

{F}P

[I] -[T]

{u}s

(8.9) .

{u}p

[O] [K]

By expanding equation (8.9), if may be seen that

{F}S = {u}S -[T] {u}P .
(or) {u}S = {p}S + [T] {u}P
and

{F}P = [K] {u}P

(8.10) .
(8.11).

are equivalent to equation (8.4) and (8.5). Therefore, the partial use of GaussJordan elimination process yields both the relationship equation(8.10) between
secondary nodal yields both the relationship equation (8.10) between secondary
nodal coordinate {u}S as well as the stiffness equation for the condensed system
equation (8.1) .The Following example illustrates the process of static
condensation applied to sample structural system.
Sub structuring :sub structuring or the separation of structure into parts or substructures is a
convenient way to design and analyze structures that have been modeled with a
large number of elements, hence resulting in large number of equations.

some examples of this type of structure are aircraft, naval vessels , large highrise buildings and domes. In sub structuring, use is made of the static
condensation method to establish the analytical relationship between the various
parts (substructures) of structure.

fig 8.2
To illustrates the use of sub structures consider the plane frame in fig 8.2 ,
which has been divided into three sub structures as shown in fig 8.3 where the
connecting joints are indicated with dark dots.

Fig 8.3

Fig 8.3- Sub structures for the plane frame in fig 8.2 .

In analyzing the plane frame shown in fig 8.2 we may select as

primary degrees of freedom ,the displacements of the interface nodes between
the substructures in fig8.3. we then proceed to condense in each of the sub
structures the degrees of freedom not identified as primary selected degrees of
freedom at the interface nodes.
Each condensed sub structure will provide a condensed stiffness
matrix and a condensed force vector, which then can be assembled to obtain the
condensed stiffness equation of structure. For the plane frame in fig 8.3 the
substructure-1 will be condensed, from 9 nodal coordinates to 3. Similarly, sub
structures 2 and 3 will be reduced from 18 nodal coordinates to 9 and from 27 to
6, respectively. Then the subsequent combination of these condensed sub
structures considered to be super-elements will result is the condensed system
stiffness equation with only 9 nodal coordinates reduced from a total of 45 free
nodal coordinates in the plane frame of fig-8.2.