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209
Senai
Airpo
rt
Servis
station
TO
235
Cemeter
y
Power
Plant
River
Scale : 1 cm : 5km
Legend:
Pipe line :
ROW
2. Pipe length
Best on rough estimation from the sketching, the total pipeline length is 80.2 km. The length
of pipeline was the very optimum of that position. By considering places that should be avoided
like residential area and airport, this pipeline become 80.2 km in length with one servis station
that will be installed near to the power plant.
3. Road crossing
Number of road crossing is 3 which are 1 main highway and 2 roads. These roads cannot
be avoided since its already existed before the plant was constructed. However, all these factors
are being considered in pipeline construction.
4. River crossing
Number of river crossing is 2. These rivers come from the same junction which cannot be
avoided. This factor also being considered in pipeline construction.
Suggested operation pressure is 250 psig before the servis station and 25 psig after the
servis station and maximum operating pressure is 1000 psig. The operation pressure is depand
on the customer desired. The maximum operation pressure cannot be so high because it will
effect on the construction cost. This is because, high pressure required high strength pipe and
much high cost for pipeline maintanane.
9. Code of practice
Design based on ASME B31.8 (NG) and MS 930 - Malaysia. This is because, ASME is
world wide used and easily deal with manufacture. Most pipeline construction companies using
this code of practice. Therefore, it more easy to deal with them with this code of practice. The
reason of using Malaysia standard is simply because this pipeline will be constructed in Malaysia
region. Thus all Malaysia regulation should be follow.
Design requirement
Suggested
City gate
ML 209
Pipe length
80.2 KM
2 rivers
R.O.W width
20 m R.O.W 40 m
Class location
Class iii
1000 psig
Pipe material
Code of practice
Clearing and
Grading
Lowering-in and
Backfilling
Pipe Stringing,
Bending, and
Welding
Trenching
Commissioning
Cleanup and
Restoration
Connect with
transmission line
Cleanup and
Restoration
Hydrostatic Testing
Permits
Prior to construction, a proposed pipeline project must obtain numerous local, state, and federal
permits and clearances. The permits address all natural resources land, air, water, vegetation,
and wildlife as well as the interests of the general public. Requirements generally include
1. Local
a). Building permits
b). Road-crossing permits
2. State
a). Land (Erosion and Sedimentation Permit)
b). Water
c). Stream and river crossings
d). Cultural resources preservation
e). Threatened and endangered species preservation
f). Highway permits
3. Federal
a). Streams and rivers
b). Highway permits
Before clearing and grading activities are conducted, the landowners fences (if any) are braced
and cut, and temporary gates and fences are installed to contain livestock, if present. A clearing
crew follows the fence crew and clears the work area of vegetation and obstacles (e.g., trees,
logs, brush, rocks). Grading is conducted where necessary to provide a reasonably level work
surface.
Figure 3: Bulldozer Grading Pipeline ROW (Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Pipeline, Inc.)
Trenching
The trench is excavated to a depth that provides sufficient cover over the pipeline after
backfilling. Typically, the trench is about 4 to 6 feet wide in stable soils and about 2 to 5 feet
deep to the top of the pipe, depending on the pipelines diameter and DOT Class location.
Figure 4: Pipeline Trenching Operations (Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Pipeline, Inc.)
Hydrostatic Testing
The pipeline is hydrostatically tested to ensure the system is capable of withstanding the
operating pressure for which it was designed. The pressure test was done by 15% of maximum
operating pressure.
Commissioning
The pipeline is cleaned and dried by using mechanical tools (pigs) that are moved through the
pipeline containing pressurized dry air. The pipeline is dried to minimize the potential for
internal corrosion. Once the pipe has dried sufficiently, pipeline commissioning commences.
Commissioning activities involve verifying that the equipment has been properly installed and is
working, that controls and communications systems are functional, and that the pipeline is ready
for service. In the final step, the pipeline is prepared for service by purging the line of air and
loading the line with natural gas; in some cases, the gas is blended at the distribution end until
achieving a certain moisture content level.
Waterbody Crossings
The generally preferred method of crossing a waterbody that is flowing at the time of
construction is HDD compared to the open-cut method, since HDDs decreasing cost and lack of
environmental impact are making it more popular. The open-cut crossing method involves
trenching through the waterbody while water continues to flow through the trenching area.
The reason of choosing these methods is to minimize the cost. These methods are very economic
and the avaibilty material are very excellent. On the other hand, swamp weight is very easy to
handle during transportation and construction. Most of the contractor in Malaysia also prefer to
use swamp weight as a method to overcome buoyancy problem. Swamp weight alsodoes not
required any maintenance and has a very long life. Therefore, by considering all the reason, it is
justify that swamp weight and backfill are the most suitable methods to overcome buoyancy for
this pipeline construction.
4.0 References
AGA (American Gas Association), 2004, Natural Gas 101 An Introduction to the Natural Gas
Industry. Available at http://www.aga.org/Template.cfm?Section=Presentations7&template=/
ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=14896. Accessed May 7, 2015.
FERC, 2006a, Final Environmental Impact Statement on Cypress Pipeline Project and Phase VII
Expansion Project, April 7. Available at http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/enviro/eis/2006/ 0407-06.asp. Accessed May 16 2015.