GRAMMAR SOURCE

Teacher Henrique B. Pasqualetti

1] The Present Perfect Tense:

Affirmative form: He has worked hard.

Negative form: He has not (hasnt) worked hard.
Interrogative form: Has he worked hard?
Formation: subject + auxiliary verb (to have) + past participle of main verb +
predicate.

Uso:
O Present Perfect pode expressar aes que ocorreram em um tempo indefinido no passado.
Elas podem ter terminado ou ainda estar ocorrendo.
I have worked hard.
Mas, se o tempo for mencionado ou sugerido, usa-se o Simple Past:
I worked hard yesterdey.
I worked hard when I was young.
O Present Perfect pode ser usado com:

Since (desde): I have worked here since June.

For (por): She has worked here for five months.
Just (ao recente; acabar de): They have just arrived.
Ever (alguma vez; j): Have you ever seen that movie?
Never (nunca): I have never seen her.
Already (j): They have already arrived.
Yet (j; ainda): Has he arrived yet? He has not arrived yet.
Lately (ultimamente): We have not seen you lately.
Many times (muitas vezes): I have talked to her many times.

ATTENTION: IF YOU WANT, YOU CAN PRACTICE WITH SOME SENTENCES. THERE ARE SOME
SENTENCES IN THE SITE: http://www.inglesonline.com.br/exerciciosdeinglesonline/presentperfect-or-past-1.htm

2] The Passive Voice

Formation: to be + past participle of main verb

John broke the vase The vase was broken (by John).
Uso:
A voz de um verbo mostra se o sujeito faz ou recebe a ao do verbo.
Voz ativa o sujeito faz a ao: He wrote a message in French.
Voz passiva o sujeito recebe a ao: A message was written in French (by him).
A voz passiva usada quando o agente/autor da ao desconhecido, no importante ou
quando no se deseja enfatiz-lo. usada principalmente em textos tcnicos, cientficos,
formais e reportagens.

Observe o quadro a seguir:

Verb tense
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present
Continuous
Past
Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Modal

Active voice
writes/write
wrote
is/are written

Passive voice
is/are written
was/were written
is/are being written

was/were writing

was/were being
written
has/have been written
had been written
will be written
can/may... be written

has/have written
had written
will write
can/may... write

Quando uma frase passa da voz ativa para a voz passiva:

O objeto da voz ativa passa a sujeito da voz passiva:

Someone stole my bag My bag was stolen.
Pode-se mencionar ou no quem realizou a ao. Em caso afirmativo, faz-se com a
preposio by:
My bag was stolen by someone.
Se houver dois objetos (direto e indireto), qualquer um deles pode ser o sujeito da voz
passiva:
John told me a story I was told a story (by John) A story was told to me (by
John).

ATTENTION: IF YOU WANT, YOU CAN PRACTICE WITH SOME SENTENCES. THERE ARE SOME
SENTENCES IN THE SITE: http://www.notapositiva.com/resumos/ingles/passivevoice.htm