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In the next frame, you are asked to consider a thought experiment where a
voltage recorder captures a continuous record of the voltage at a particular
location on the power system (say that these voltages are measured from
phase conductor to earth for simplicity). Each voltage "event" is then
studied and the pertinent events are classified into our three types
(lightning, switching, and power frequency) and probability distribution
functions are made for each category. In the hypothetical probability
distribution functions shown, it is assumed that only transients exceeding
the nominal system voltage are counted. This leads to a sharp cutoff at the
low voltage end of the distribution. It is also assumed that huge transients
will be "clipped" by system sparkovers. This leads to a sharp cutoff at the
high voltage end of the distribution. These plots are strictly hypothetical
and will be discussed later in this chapter.
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The equivalent circuit shown at the bottom of the previous frame appears
on page 48 of Reference #1 by Diesendorf.
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Note that the following frame has a self-contained reference #1. All other
references in this section are listed near the start of this section.
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The following frame mentions text books by Gallagher & Pearmain and by
Greenwood. The complete references are:
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The following frame shows a scanned image of the MATLAB file used to
solve for the Ferranti rise. This file (ferranti.m) has also been placed in this
subdirectory for use by the student.
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Frames below here will describe ferro-resonance. The example shown here
is a simplified version of the 3-phase problem described in detail by
Greenwood in A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems,
NY: Wiley, 1971, pp. 91-93, pp. 392-394.
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The following MATLAB m-file has been placed in this subdirectory and is
available for student use.
The following HSPICE file has been placed in this subdirectory and is
available for student use.
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The following frame shows voltage plots from the HSPICE simulation.
Note that the magnetization branch of the transformer is nearly resonant
with C2 (as we planned for this example) and so these two circuit elements
develop large power frequency voltages. In this case the line to line
applied voltage is about 17 kV peak while the resonant voltage across the
transformer and across C2 exceeds 50 kV peak. This power frequency
overvoltage could easily damage the transformer and cable.
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The following frame shows voltages when the nonlinear inductor was
present (compare with frame 8-56 above.) Note that the bottom capacitor
(C2 at node 6) and the transformer inductance both have large voltages
with significant harmonics. Comparing with frame 8-56, we see that the
nonlinear inductor has limited the overvoltage to a maximum during the
simulation of about 38kV while the linear inductor had a maximum
voltage during the simulation of about 52kV.
The next frame shows currents from the simulation with the nonlinear
inductor. Current from the sinusoidal voltage source contains strong
harmonics as does current through the nonlinear inductor and the capacitor
(C2) that is in resonance with the nonlinear inductor. Note that during this
simulation, current through the inductor did not exceed 10 A.
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