Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Septimio Walsh
(V-5)
Profesorado en Informtica
Modalidad a Distancia
INGLS
Unidad 2
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Introduccin
La finalidad de esta asignatura es brindar a los alumnos los elementos para que
puedan comprender, interpretar y traducir manuales, folletos y textos especficos de
informtica del ingls al castellano, haciendo uso de conocimientos previos y de las
experiencias en dichos temas.
Para lograr este objetivo es importante el estudio comparativo de las gramtica de
ambas lenguas y el correcto uso del diccionario bilinge.
El material ha sido organizado en un orden de complejidad creciente a fin de que los
alumnos encuentren la menor cantidad de dificultades para el logro de los objetivos
propuestos por la docente.
Es por ello que, si bien un mdulo corresponde al bloque nominal y el otro al bloque
verbal, se incluyeron en el primer mdulo elementos que corresponden al segundo a fin
de que cuenten con algunos elementos necesarios para la tarea.
Requisitos para aprobar la materia:
Un parcial domiciliario.
En todos los casos se podr consultar el diccionario, los glosarios de trminos informticos y
los apuntes sobre gramtica.
Metodologa:
Para lograr un buen aprendizaje les aconsejo tener en cuenta:
_ Cuando se realiza una traduccin lo que se transfiere de un idioma a otro son
ideas y no palabras.
_ Se debe ser fiel al original; dejar de lado lo superfluo, lo que nada agrega al
texto, conservando lo sustancial; evitar la repeticin.
_ Usar el diccionario: no dejarse llevar por la similitud de las palabras; buscar lo
que no se sabe o lo que no se sabe bien.
_ Antes de contestar las preguntas de la comprensin o de realizar la traduccin
se tiene que leer todo el texto, an cuando haya palabras que desconozcan.
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
UNIDAD 2: Bloque verbal
El VERBO
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
played
studied
played
studied
(jugar, interpretar)
(estudiar)
Irregulares: Son verbos que tienen las tres formas iguales, dos formas
iguales y una desigual, las tres formas desiguales.
To cut
To keep
To drink
To show
cut
kept
drank
showed
cut
kept
drunk
shown
(cortar)
(guardar, conservar)
(beber)
(mostrar, ensear)
Simples: Son aquellos que estn formados por una sola palabra.
To think
To work
pensar
trabajar
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Infinitivo
go
(ir)
work
(trabajar)
s
goes
(va)
works
(trabaja)
(prepositional)
(phrasal)
-ing
going
(yendo)
working
(trabajando)
pasado
went
(fue)
worked
(trabaj)
participio pasado
gone
(ido)
worked
(trabajado)
Estas formas se combinan con los auxiliares y van a determinar los distintos tiempos
verbales. Los fundamentales son cuatro:
presente
pasado
futuro
condicional o potencial
continuada
perfectiva
perfectiva continuada
To be (ser o estar)
To have (haber)
Do/did/does
Will
Para formar el
Para formar los
negativo e
Para el
tiempos continuos.
tiempos perfectivos.
interrogativo del
tiempo futuro
presente y pasado
simple.
simple.
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Verbo To Be
Presente
Pasado
Futuro
simple
simple
simple
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
I will be
You will be
He will be
She will be
It will be
We will be
You will be
They will be
Presente
Pasado
simple
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have
Futuro
simple
I had
You had
He had
She had
It had
We had
You had
They had
simple
I will have
You will have
He will have
She will have
It will have
We will have
You will have
They will have
Pasado Simple
do
(not)
did
(not)
You
do
(not)
You
did
(not)
He
does
(not)
He
did
(not)
She
does
(not)
She
did
(not)
It
does
(not)
It
did
(not)
We
do
(not)
We
did
(not)
You
do
(not)
You
did
(not)
They
do
(not)
They
did
(not)
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Tiempos Simples
Presente Simple:
Este tiempo se utiliza para describir una accin habitual. Todas las personas
tienen la misma forma con excepcin de las tercera persona del singular a la que
se le agrega una s es de acuerdo a la terminacin del verbo.
sleep
(yo) duermo
You
sleep
(usted) duerme
He
sleeps
(l ) duerme
She
sleeps
(ella) duerme
It
sleeps
We
sleep
(nosotros/as) dormimos
You
sleep
(ustedes) duermen
They
sleep
(ellos/as) duermen
Para preguntar se usa el auxiliar DO para todas las personas, salvo en las
terceras personas del singular que llevan el auxiliar DOES
Forma Afirmativa
Forma Negativa
Forma Interrogativa
I work
I do not work
Do I work?
(trabajo)
(no trabajo)
(trabajo?)
You work
do not work
Do you work?
He works
Does he work?
She works
It works
Does it work?
We work
do not work
Do we work?
You work
do not work
Do you work?
They work
do not work
Do they work?
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Pasado Simple:
Este tiempo verbal describe una accin pasada.
En el pasado simple se usa el mismo verbo auxiliar para todas las personas.
Ej. :
I did not (= didnt) listen to her. (No la escuch.)
He did not study for the exam. (No estudi para el examen.)
Did you understand the problem? (Entendi el problema?)
Where did they go yesterday? (Adnde fueron ayer?)
.........
Consultar lista de verbos irregulares (pgina 22) *
............
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Futuro Simple:
Se forma con el auxiliar will seguido de la forma base del verbo principal; es igual
para todas las personas.
Ej.
I will get the scholarship. (Obtendr la beca.)
You will work in this office. ( Trabajar/s en esta oficina.)
We will study it very carefully. (Lo estudiaremos cuidadosamente.)
She will type the report. (Escribir el informe a mquina/en computadora.)
Para formar el interrogativo, invertimos el orden del auxiliar y verbo principal:
Tiempos Continuos
Todos los tiempos continuos se forman con el verbo "TO BE" y la forma "-ing"
del verbo principal.
Presente Continuo
I am writing. (Estoy escribiendo.)
They are studying. (Estn estudiando.)
Is she working in the new department? (Est trabajando en la nueva
seccin?)
He is not studying there. (No est estudiando all.)
9
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Pasado Continuo
She was studying for the exam. (Estaba estudiando para el examen.)
They were repairing the computer. (Estaban arreglando la computadora.)
Were they working? (Estaban trabajando?)
He was not repairing the system. (No estaba arreglando el sistema.)
Tiempos Perfectivos
Se forman con el auxiliar "TO HAVE" y el participio pasado del verbo principal.
Presente Perfecto
have / has + participio pasado del verbo principal.
En el caso de los verbos regulares, el participio pasado es igual al pasado
simple, es decir, se agrega "-ed" o "-d". En el caso de los verbos irregulares, es la
tercera columna.
Ej.
She has typed the report. (Ha escrito el informe a mquina/en computadora.)
They have changed the computers. (Han cambiado las computadoras.)
I have been here before. (He estado aqu antes.)
10
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Pasado Perfecto
"had" + el participio pasado del verbo principal.
LOS VERBOIDES
FORMA "-ing"
PREPOSICION + -ING
se traduce
PREPOSICION + INFINITIVO
11
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
BY + ING
With this program you can select hundreds of pictures simply by moving the
mouse.
Con este programa puede seleccionar cientos de dibujos simplemente moviendo el
mouse.
No traducimos la preposicin; el verbo se traduce con la terminacin "ando",
"endo".
Al comienzo de la oracin
se traduce
se traduce
se traduce
INFINITIVO
puede traducirse:
A + INFINITIVO
I stopped for a few minutes to rest.
Me detuve un momento a descansar.
12
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
PARA + INFINITVO
MODO IMPERATIVO
Negativo: Se comienza la oracin con do not / don't seguido por el infinitivo sin "to".
Do not ( don't )press the return key.
No presione la tecla "return".
Imperativo con "LET": Se forma con "let's" (let us) seguido del infinitivo sin "to".
Let's follow the instructions.
Sigamos las instrucciones.
Let's read the summary.
Leamos el resumen.
13
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
VOZ PASIVA
V. Activa:
La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando nos interesa enfatizar quin o qu recibe la accin
del verbo, en lugar de quin o qu realiza la accin.
TIEMPO DE LA VOZ
ESTRUCTURA
EJEMPLO
PASIVA
Presente Simple
Presente Continuo
am/is/are being + pp
Pasado Simple
was/were + pp
Pasado Continuo
was/were being + pp
Presente Perfecto
Pasado Perfecto
had been + pp
Futuro Simple
will be + pp
Verbos modales
can/could/must/should
(pgina 18)
be + pp
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
It is 50 cm wide.
Tiene 50 cm de ancho.
16
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
HAVE
* En la construccin:
HAVE + OBJETO + PARTICIPIO PASADO
I had my watch repaired.
Hice arreglar mi reloj.
They will have their house decorated next week.
Harn decorar su casa la prxima semana.
17
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
DO
* Se utiliza para enfatizar el verbo y se traduce "ciertamente", "realmente", en la
estructura:
DO + VERBO
18
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
CAN
MAY
* Se utiliza con el sentido b) de "can", pero es ms formal y menos frecuente:
May I help you, sir?
Puedo ayudarlo, seor?
May I use your phone?
Puedo usar su telfono?
COULD
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
FALSOS GOGNADOS
Son palabras que tienen la misma
significado.
Por supuesto que esta lista es bastante ms amplia y estos "falsos amigos"
pueden llevarnos a cometer graves errores no slo de traduccin sino de
comprensin. Recordemos en estos casos que "las apariencias engaan".
20
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Software Maintenance
In software engineering, software maintenance is the process of enhancing and
optimizing deployed software (software release), as well as remedying defects.
Software maintenance is one of the phases in the software development process,
and follows deployment of the software into the field. The software
maintenance phase involves changes to the software in order to correct
defects and deficiencies found during field usage as well as the addition of new
functionality to improve the software's usability and applicability.
Software maintenance involves a number of specific techniques. One
technique is static slicing, which is used to identify all the program codes that
can modify some variable. It is generally useful in refactoring program codes and
was specifically useful in assuring Y2K compliance. The software maintenance
phase is an explicit part of the waterfall model of the software development
process which was developed during the structured programming movement of
computer programming. The other major model, the spiral model developed during
the object oriented movement of software engineering, makes no explicit mention
of a maintenance phase. Nevertheless, this activity is notable, considering the
fact that two-thirds of a software system's lifetime cost involves maintenance.
In a formal software development environment, the developing organization or team
will have some mechanisms to document and track defects and deficiencies.
Software just like most other products, is typically released with a known set of
defects and deficiencies. The software is released with the issues because the
development organization decides the utility and value of the software at a
particular level of quality outweighs the impact of the known defects and
deficiencies.
21
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo.
Los verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla (se encuentran marcados con i ).
Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
Spanish
answer
answered
answered
responder
arrive
arrived
arrived
llegar
ask
asked
asked
preguntar
be i
was / were
been
ser
borrow
borrowed
borrowed
tomar prestado
break i
broke
broken
romper
buy i
bought
bought
comprar
catch i
caught
caught
atrapar
clean
cleaned
cleaned
limpiar
22
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
climb
climbed
climbed
escalar
collect
collected
collected
coleccionar
come i
came
come
venir
compose
composed
composed
componer
cook
cooked
cooked
cocinar
cut i
cut
cut
cortar
dance
danced
danced
bailar
describe
described
described
describir
discover
discovered
discovered
descubrir
do i
did
done
hacer
drink i
drank
drunk
beber
drive i
drove
driven
conducir
eat i
ate
eaten
comer
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
disfrutar
fall i
fell
fallen
caer
feel i
felt
felt
sentir
find i
found
found
encontrar
fly i
flew
flown
volar
forget i
forgot
forgotten
olvidar
give i
gave
given
dar
go i
went
gone
ir
happen
happened
happened
suceder
have i
had
had
tener
23
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
help
helped
helped
ayudar
hurt i
hurt
hurt
herir, doler
invent
invented
invented
inventar
invite
invited
invited
invitar
kill
killed
killed
matar
know i
knew
known
saber
lend i
lent
lent
prestar
leave i
left
left
dejar
lie i
lay
lain
yacer
like
liked
liked
gustar
live
lived
lived
vivir
look
looked
looked
mirar
love
loved
loved
amar
make i
made
made
hacer
meet i
met
met
conocer, encontrar
miss
missed
missed
perder, extraar
open
opened
opened
abrir
pack
packed
packed
empacar
pay i
paid
paid
pagar
phone
phoned
phoned
play
played
played
jugar
prefer
preferred
preferred
preferir
prepare
prepared
prepared
preparar
24
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
push
pushed
pushed
empujar
put i
put
put
poner
rain
rained
rained
llover
read i
read
read
leer
remember
remembered remembered
recordar
rent
rented
rented
alquilar
rescue
rescued
rescued
rescatar
return
returned
returned
volver, devolver
ring i
rang
rung
save
saved
saved
ahorrar
say i
said
said
decir
search
searched
searched
buscar
see i
saw
seen
ver
sell i
sold
sold
vender
sit i
sat
sat
sentarse
skate
skated
skated
patinar
ski
skied
skied
esquiar
sleep i
slept
slept
dormir
smell
smelled
smelled
oler
speak i
spoke
spoken
hablar
spend i
spent
spent
gastar
start
started
started
comenzar
stay
stayed
stayed
quedarse
25
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
stop
stopped
stopped
detener
study
studied
studied
estudiar
survive
survived
survived
sobrevivir
swim i
swam
swum
nadar
take i
took
taken
tomar
talk
talked
talked
hablar
teach i
taught
taught
ensear
tell i
told
told
decir
think i
thought
thought
pensar
throw i
threw
thrown
lanzar
touch
touched
touched
tocar
try
tried
tried
intentar
use
used
used
usar
visit
visited
visited
visitar
wait
waited
waited
esperar
walk
walked
walked
caminar
want
wanted
wanted
querer
wash
washed
washed
lavar
watch
watched
watched
mirar
wear i
wore
worn
llevar puesto
work
worked
worked
trabajar
write i
wrote
written
escribir
26
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
Simple Past
Past Participle
Spanish
add
added
added
agregar
answer
answered
answered
responder
apologise
apologised
apologised
disculparse
arrest
arrested
arrested
arrestar
arrive
arrived
arrived
llegar
ask
asked
asked
preguntar
attack
attacked
attacked
atacar
be i
was / were
been
ser
become i
became
become
convertirse
begin i
began
begun
comenzar
believe
believed
believed
creer
boil
boiled
boiled
hervir
book
booked
booked
reservar
borrow
borrowed
borrowed
tomar prestado
break i
broke
broken
romper
bring i
brought
brought
traer
build i
built
built
construir
buy i
bought
bought
comprar
catch i
caught
caught
atrapar
carry
carried
carried
llevar
change
changed
changed
cambiar
27
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
chop
chopped
chopped
picar
clean
cleaned
cleaned
limpiar
climb
climbed
climbed
escalar
collect
collected
collected
colleccionar
come i
came
come
venir
compose
composed
composed
componer
cook
cooked
cooked
cocinar
copy
copied
copied
copiar
cut i
cut
cut
cortar
dance
danced
danced
bailar
describe
described
described
describir
destroy
destroyed
destroyed
die
died
died
morir
discover
discovered
discovered
descubrir
discuss
discussed
discussed
discutir
do i
did
done
hacer
draw i
drew
drawn
dibujar
dream i
dreamt/dreamed
dreamt/dreamed
soar
drink i
drank
drunk
beber
drive i
drove
driven
conducir
dye
dyed
dyed
teir
eat i
ate
eaten
comer
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
disfrutar
28
destruir
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
explode
exploded
exploded
explotar
extinguish
extinguished
extinguished
extinguirse
fall i
fell
fallen
caer
feed i
fed
fed
alimentar
feel i
felt
felt
sentir
fight i
fought
fought
pelear
find i
found
found
encontrar
fly i
flew
flown
volar
forget i
forgot
forgotten
olvidar
freeze i
froze
frozen
congelar
fry
fried
fried
frer
give i
gave
given
dar
go i
went
gone
ir
grow i
grew
grown
crecer
happen
happened
happened
suceder
hate
hated
hated
odiar
have i
had
had
tener
hear i
heard
heard
or
help
helped
helped
ayudar
hire
hired
hired
alquilar
hope
hoped
hoped
esperar
hunt
hunted
hunted
cazar
hurt i
hurt
hurt
herir, doler
29
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
imagine
imagined
imagined
imaginar
invent
invented
invented
inventar
invite
invited
invited
invitar
jump
jumped
jumped
saltar
keep i
kept
kept
guardar
kill
killed
killed
matar
know i
knew
known
saber
leave i
left
left
dejar
lend i
lent
lent
prestar
lie i
lay
lain
yacer
lie
lied
lied
mentir
lift
lifted
lifted
levantar
like
liked
liked
gustar
listen
listened
listened
escuchar
live
lived
lived
vivir
look
looked
looked
mirar
lose i
lost
lost
perder
love
loved
loved
amar
make i
made
made
hacer
meet i
met
met
conocer, encontrar
miss
missed
missed
perder, extraar
offer
offered
offered
ofrecer
open
opened
opened
abrir
30
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
pack
packed
packed
empacar
pass
passed
passed
pasar, aprobar
pay i
paid
paid
pagar
peel
peeled
peeled
pelar
phone
phoned
phoned
plan
planned
planned
planificar
play
played
played
jugar
pour
poured
poured
verter
prefer
preferred
preferred
preferir
prepare
prepared
prepared
preparar
push
pushed
pushed
empujar
put i
put
put
poner
rain
rained
rained
llover
read i
read
read
leer
reduce
reduced
reduced
reducir
remember
remembered
remembered
recordar
rent
rented
rented
alquilar
rescue
rescued
rescued
rescatar
return
returned
returned
volver, devolver
ring i
rang
rung
run i
ran
run
correr
save
saved
saved
ahorrar
say i
said
said
decir
31
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
search
searched
searched
buscar
send i
sent
sent
enviar
scream
screamed
screamed
gritar
see i
saw
seen
ver
sell i
sold
sold
vender
shine i
shone
shone
brillar
shut i
shut
shut
cerrar
sing i
sang
sung
cantar
sit i
sat
sat
sentarse
skate
skated
skated
patinar
ski
skied
skied
esquiar
sleep i
slept
slept
dormir
smell
smelled
smelled
oler
snore
snored
snored
roncar
speak i
spoke
spoken
hablar
spend i
spent
spent
gastar
start
started
started
comenzar
stay
stayed
stayed
quedarse
steal i
stole
stolen
robar
stop
stopped
stopped
detener
study
studied
studied
estudiar
survive
survived
survived
sobrevivir
swim i
swam
swum
nadar
32
Materia: Ingls I
Modalidad a Distancia
take i
took
taken
tomar
talk
talked
talked
hablar
teach i
taught
taught
ensear
tell i
told
told
decir
thank
thanked
thanked
agradecer
think i
thought
thought
pensar
throw i
threw
thrown
lanzar
touch
touched
touched
tocar
try
tried
tried
intentar
use
used
used
usar
visit
visited
visited
visitar
wait
waited
waited
esperar
walk
walked
walked
caminar
want
wanted
wanted
querer
warn
warned
warned
advertir
wash
washed
washed
lavar
watch
watched
watched
mirar
wear i
wore
worn
llevar puesto
win i
won
won
ganar
work
worked
worked
trabajar
write i
wrote
written
escribir
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