CE TMO18251 9300 NodeB UA07 Functional Description

9300 NodeB
UA07 Functional Description

TMO18251 Issue 0.9 for Review
STUDENT GUIDE
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Course Outline
About This Course
4. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
Course outline
Technical support
Course objectives
Module 1: Overview on the BTS
1. Topic/Section
is Positioned
Here
Module
2: Functional
Xxx
Xxx
Xxx

Architecture
of the BTS
Appendix: Abbreviations Alcatel-Lucent UMTS BTS

9300 NodeB

Course Outline [cont.]

6
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Course Objectives
Welcome to the course Functional Description of the Alcatel-Lucent
9300 NodeB in Release UA07.
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
Understand the basic UTRAN architecture

Locate the BTS within the UMTS network
Describe the functions of the BTS
Describe the path of the traffic through the BTS
9300 NodeB

Course Objectives [cont.]

8
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About this Student Guide
Conventions
used
in this guide
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view!
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Provides you with additional information about the topic being discussed.
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Practices where you can find more information on the topic being discussed.
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Alerts you to instances where non-compliance could result in equipment damage or
personal injury.
Where you can get further information
9300 NodeB
If you want further information you can refer to the following:

Technical Practices for the specific product
Technical support page on the Alcatel website: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com

About this Student Guide [cont.]
10
9300 NodeB

Self-assessment of Objectives
Contract number :
At the end of each section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Course title :
Client (Company, Center) :

Language :
Dates from :
Number of trainees :
Location :
to :
Surname, First name :

Did you meet the following objectives ?
Tick the corresponding box
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Yes (or
globally
yes)
Instructional objectives
1
To be able to understand the basic UTRAN

architecture
To be able to locate the BTS within the

UMTS network
11
No (or
globally
no)
9300 NodeB
To be able to describe the Network

interface of the BTS
To be able to describe the Clock
generation and synchronization
To be able to describe the Core Control

functions
To be able to describe the Channel

Element functions
To be able to describe the Transmit

Receive functions
To be able to to describe the Radio Power

amplification
To be able to describe the Radio coupling
10
To be able to describe the Amplification

at the antenna tower
11
To be able to describe the support of

remotely tuned Antennas
12
To be able to know the path of the signals

carrying the traffic through the BTS

Comments
Self-assessment of Objectives [cont.]

Instructional objectives
12
Yes (or
Globally
yes)
No (or
globally
no)
Comments
9300 NodeB
Other comments
Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire

Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
Section 1
NodeB UA07 Functional Description
Module 1
Overview on the BTS
TMO18251 D0 SG DEN I1.0
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M01 Issue 01
Section 1 Module 1 Page 1
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NodeB UA07 Functional Description Overview on the BTS

9300 NodeB NodeB UA07 Functional Description
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
1.0
2008-12-12
Kieslich, Roland
First edition in Release UA06
1.9
Draft
2010-05-12
Kieslich, Roland
Update to Release UA07:

Removed: RNC PCM, RNC optical
Added: Full IP Iub

M01 Issue 01
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Understand the basic UTRAN architecture
Locate the BTS within the UMTS network
Describe the basic functions of the BTS
113

In this section, we are going to see a recap of the UTRAN architecture.

Then we will enumerate the functions performed by the BTS within the UTRAN.
Do you remember what the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network abbreviated UTRAN is made up of?

M01 Issue 01
Module objectives [cont.]
114

M01 Issue 01
Table of contents
Page

1 The BTS within the UMTS network
1.1 Do you remember what the UTRAN is made up of ?
1.2 Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture
1.3 What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN?
1.4 Basic functions
1.5 Radio access functions
1.6 Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions
1.7 Call processing: Radio traffic protocol layers
1.8 Module summary
115


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Table of contents [cont.]

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This page

M01 Issue 01
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Let's start with a presentation of the situation of the BTS in the UMTS network.

M01 Issue 01
1.1 Do you remember what the UTRAN is made up of ?

Access Network = UTRAN
Uu
Core Network
RNS
Iu
(CS & PS)
Iu-CS
Iur
UE
RNS
Iu-PS
Iur
Uu
UE
Iu
Backbone
Backbone
W-CDMA
Iub
NodeB
(BTS)
118
Circuit Domain
Iu
RNC
(CS & PS)
Packet Domain

An RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and one or more Nodes B. To enhance the
interoperability of equipment from different vendors, UTRAN interfaces are fully standardized. First, the
radio interface Uu is used between the NodeB and the UE. One possible technology on the radio is the
Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA).
Another UMTS interface the Iub - is located between the Radio Network Controller and the NodeB.
Next the Iu interface connects the Radio Network Controller to the Core Network. It is split into the Iu-CS
interface for the circuit switched domain and the Iu-PS interface for the packet switched domain. And
finally, the Iur interface is used between the RNCs. This latter interface has been defined to support
specific functions such as handover, without having the Core Network involved.
ATM
BTS
CS
E1
IP
Iur
PS
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
W-CDMA
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode

RNC - Radio Network Controller
Base Transceiver Station
RNS - Radio Network Subsystem
- Circuit Switched Domain
SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
- Standard European PCM link
SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork
- Internet Protocol
T1
- Standard US PCM link
- logical Interface between RNCs
UE
User Equipment
- Packet Switched Domain
Uu
- UMTS radio interface
- logical Interface for the Circuit Switched domain
- logical Interface for the Packet Switched domain
- Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access technology

M01 Issue 01
1.2 Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture

Access Network = UTRAN
UTRAN
OaM
Native IP Iub
NodeB
(BTS)
IP
Core
Network
OaM
TCP/ IP
Backbone
Iub
Hybrid ATM / IP Iub
9370 RNC
Iu
Backbone
IP and/or ATM
Iur
NodeB
(BTS)
ATM
ATM Iub
Backbone
Backbone
IP and/or ATM
9370 RNC
NodeB
(BTS)
119

The signals of the logical interfaces Iub, Iur and Iu are transported by lower layers IP, ATM, Ethernet,
SONET, SDH, E1, T1 or DSL in the backbone network.
In the Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture, the NodeB supports several variants of the Iub interface:
The most modern form is the Native IP Iub (or sometimes called Full IP Iub) for the modern NodeBs
transported by an IP backbone. Here the IP network carries the complete Iub, this means signaling,
operation and maintenance control, clock synchronization, voice and HSPA over the IP network.
Then still the legacy ATM Iub is supported for older NodeBs to use the existing ATM backbone that has
been installed years ago.
In the case of the so-called Hybrid ATM/IP Iub the NodeB is connected to both types of backbone. The IP
component is used to increase the capacity for packet traffic, the ATM part carries the rest of the
traffic.
ATM
DSL
HSPA
IP
Iub
OaM
TCP

- Digital Subscriber Line
- High Speed Packet Access
Internet Protocol
- logical UMTS interface between the Radio Network Controller and the NodeB
- Operation and Maintenance
- Transmission Control Protocol

M01 Issue 01
1.3 What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN?

Main Functions of the BTS
Call processing
Radio access
Performance monitoring
Network interface
Random access detection
Encoding
Modulation
Frequency Conversion
Amplification
Downlink
Interface Iub:
ATM / PCM
IP / Ethernet
Uu interface
Uplink
UE
Frequency Conversion
Demodulation
Decoding
1 1 10
9370 RNC
NodeB
(BTS)

The Alcatel-Lucent UMTS BTS complies to the standards of the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).
The generic term BTS designates the Alcatel-Lucent UMTS Base Transceiver Station.
What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN?
First of all, the BTS is responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells from the User
Equipment (UE).
The BTS is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface. The standard version uses ATM over PCMlinks, new equipment uses additionally or alternatively IP over Ethernet networks.
As stated, the primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals from a user
equipment over the radio interface Uu. To perform this function, the signals in downlink direction from
BTS to the Uu - are encoded, modulated, amplified. In uplink direction from the Uu to the BTS - the
signals are demodulated and decoded.
The BTS performs also radio measurements and report these measurements to the RNC. Then the BTS
detects random accesses from the UE. Finally, the BTS handles the interfaces Uu and Iub.
ATM
BTS
- Base Transceiver Station
IP
- Internet Protocol

M01 Issue 01
1.4 Basic functions

Synchronization
Call Processing
Cell
management
Power
control
Management of
common channels
Management of
dedicated channels
Softer
Handover
Measurement
processing
1 1 11

Now, let's have an overview on the functions performed by the BTS.

The BTS supports three basic functions:
The first function is call processing which includes
Radio Resource Management (RRM) inside the BTS,
Channel setup and management for both common and dedicated channels,
Cell management,
Power control,
Softer handover and
Measurement, for example the estimation of the Quality of Service (QoS).
Then the BTS supports the network interface function. Indeed, the BTS is the equipment interface
between the RNC and the UE.
Finally, the third basic function performed by the BTS is the synchronization of the clock to generate a
highly stable radio frequency. The reference for this synchronization is normally retrieved from the
signals at the Iub interface.
Now, let's move on to the functions performed by the BTS.

M01 Issue 01
1.5 Radio access functions

Radio Access and Modem
Coding
Interleaving
D D D D D D D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
11
QPSK
00
10
Modulation
1 1 12
Demodulation
01
D D D D D D D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
00
2
00
2
10
4
10
4
01
7
01
7
11
3
11
3

The BTS carries out the radio access and modem function which includes modulation in Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK) and demodulation in Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), up and down frequency
conversion, as well as amplification.
Radio channel coding and decoding introduces redundancy into the source data flow, increasing its rate
by adding information calculated from the source data. This allows the detection or correction of signal
errors introduced by the transmission medium.
The channel coding algorithm used and the amount of redundancy introduced may be different for the
different types of logical channels and the different types of data.

M01 Issue 01
1.6 Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions

Operation and Maintenance
Out of order
In service
Alarm management
Power
supply
Cooling
Performance Monitoring
1 1 13
Loss of signal
Temperature
Out of
memory
Threshold crossed
Configuration and Supervision

In the general Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions the BTS supervises the global state of the
modules.
In alarm management the BTS collects all the event reports that are sent by all pieces of equipment to
the Operation and Maintenance platform to constantly inform it about the state of the whole network.
Two types of event reports must be carefully handled by the Operation and Maintenance system. On the
one hand, hardware anomalies automatically generate alarms which are forwarded up to the Operation
and Maintenance system. On the other hand, the state changes usually generate notifications which are
stored in the notification log file for investigation purposes, later on.
Another Operation and Maintenance function of the BTS is the configuration and supervision. It
configures and supervises the modules which ensure inventory information, reporting and plug and play
management.
In the field of performance monitoring, the BTS collects measurements on radio channels (current and
surrounding cells) and translates these measurements into radio channel quality estimations.

M01 Issue 01
1.7 Call processing: Radio traffic protocol layers
Serving RNC
Logical Channels
RLC
Transport Channels
MAC
Level 1
Physical
Layer
Radio Waves
Transport (MAC) Sub Layer
Physical Channels
Physical Sub Layer
1 1 14
RLC
MAC

As seen previously, call processing is one of the BTS basic functions. How does the communication work
between User Equipment and Radio Network Controller?
In the slide you can see that the layer 1 uses radio waves to set up physical channels between the BTS
and the user equipment. These channels are necessary to synchronize the downlink and also to perform
cell selection, reselection and handover preparation. In addition, the BTS forwards radio measurements
to the RNC for radio resource management (for example handover or power control).
The physical layer carries the next higher layer - the Medium Access layer (or MAC) with the transport
channels. These channels are terminated not at the BTS but at the RNC. One single physical channel
carries one or more transport channels.
The MAC layer again carries the next higher layer the Radio Link Control layer (or RLC) with the logical
channels, that are again terminated in the RNC. The logical channels offer data transport services to
higher layers, to carry for example voice, circuit or packet data and network signaling. They are decoded
into the RNC.

M01 Issue 01
1.8 Module summary

Having completed this section, you should know
the basic UTRAN architecture,

the role of the BTS within the UMTS network and
the basic functions of the BTS.
1 1 15


M01 Issue 01
End of Module
Overview on the BTS
1 1 16


M01 Issue 01
Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
Section 1
Module 2
Functional Architecture of the BTS
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M02 Issue 01
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NodeB UA07 Functional Description Functional Architecture of the BTS

Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
1.0
2008-12-12
Kieslich, Roland
First edition in Release UA06
1.9
Draft
2010-05-12
Kieslich, Roland
Update to Release UA07:

TRM supports 64QAM
AISG and RETA
Full IP Iub
Hybrid and ATM Iub modified
Internal Optical Interface (HSSL, CPRI)
Clock synchronization to Ethernet
Radio Cell and BTS Configurations

M02 Issue 01
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to describe the following
NodeB functions:
Network interface
Clock generation and synchronization
Core Control functions
Channel Element functions
Transmit Receive functions
Power amplification
Radio coupling
Internal optical interface
Radio cell and BTS configurations
Amplification at the antenna tower
Support of remotely tilt antennas
Station functions
With this knowledge you should know the path of the signals carrying the traffic
through the NodeB.
123


M02 Issue 01
Module objectives [cont.]
124


M02 Issue 01
Table of Contents
Page

1 Functional architecture of BTSs
1.1 Functions of a BTS
1.2 Functional blocks in the BTS
1.3 Digital shelf and radio frequency (RF) block
1.4 Functional blocks in the distributed BTS
2 Network interface (Iub) function
2.1 Purpose of the logical interface Iub
2.2 Protocol stack of the native IP Iub
2.2.1 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over Ethernet
2.2.2 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses over Ethernet
2.2.3 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over a single VLAN
2.2.4 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses and two VLANs
2.2.5 Native IP Iub at the NodeB
2.3 Protocol stack of the ATM Iub
2.4 The ATM Iub at the NodeB
2.5 Inverse multiplexing over ATM (IMA)
2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic
2.7 Protocol stack of the hybrid Iub
2.8 Hybrid interface Iub at the NodeB
2.9 Hybrid Iub - splitting of the traffic
2.10 Quiz about Iub
3 Clock generation and synchronization
3.1 Synchronization references
3.2 Quiz about clock synchronization
functions
(CCM)
All Rights
Reserved Alcatel-Lucent
2010
1 24 5Signal processing by the Core Control
NodeB UA07
Functional
Description
Functional Architecture
of theCore
BTS
4.1
Signal
processing
by
the
Control
function
(CCM)
4.2 Quiz about the Core Control function
5 Channel Element function (CEM)
5.1 Channel Management in the CEM
5.2 Channel Element (CEM) function: Tx signal processing
5.3 Quiz about the Channel Element function
6 Transmit Receive functions (TRM)
6.1 Transmit Receive functions (TRM)
6.2 TRM - the radio transmission functions
6.3 TRM - the radio receive functions
6.4 Quiz about the Transmit Receive function
7 Power amplification (and splitting)
7.1 Downlink power amplification
7.2 Quiz about the power amplification
8 Radio coupling
8.1 Radio coupling function
8.2 Reception of main and diversity signals
8.3 Quiz about the radio coupling
9 Optical Interface Function
9.1 Internal optical interface of the distributed NodeB
9.2 Optical fibers and wavelengths
9.3 Transmission configurations: Star
9.4 Transmission configurations: Daisy chains
10 Radio cell and BTS configurations
10.1 Local and remote sectors
10.2 Single cluster with up to 3 local sectors
10.3 Omni Transmit Sectorized Receive cell (OTSR)
10.4 Sectorial Transmit Sectorized Receive cells (STSR)
10.5 Two clusters with three sectors per cluster
10.6 Remote cluster carried by RRHs

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Table of Contents [cont.]

Page

10.7 Ultra extended cell
11 Optional antenna support functions
11.1 Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
11.2 Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna (RETA)
11.3 RETA through a dedicated cable
11.4 RETA through antenna feeder
12 Station functions
12.1 GPSAM: Alarms, inventory and presence
12.2 Quiz about the station functions
13 Overview on the signal processing
13.1 Transmit data flow
13.2 Receive data flow
14 Final work
14.1 Module summary
126


M02 Issue 01
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127

This module describes the functional architecture of NodeBs. This structure is valid for both conventional
NodeBs and distributed NodeBs.

M02 Issue 01
1.1 Functions of a BTS

Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
Radio functions:
Coupling
Band Filtering
Tx and Rx Amplification
Frequency up / down conversion
Modulation / Demodulation
Base band functions:
BTS
RNC
Iub
Digital <-> Analog Conversion

Processing of the W-CDMA signals
Call processing
Network interface
Station functions:
Clock Generation and Synchronization
Power Distribution
Alarming
128
External alarms
Clock reference
Power supply

In the NodeB the functions can be structured into several blocks depending on the role:
Station functions that support the NodeB in a general way and are independent from the traffic:
Power supply, clock generation, clock synchronization, alarming, storage of configuration and
commissioning data.
Base band functions provide all the digital processing of the information sent from the RNC
and the User Equipment like spreading, application of the scrambling codes, channel coding,
support of the network interface, channel management, radio resource management, switching
and routing.
Radio functions that do modulation and demodulation, frequency conversion, transmission

power amplification and coupling the antenna system.

M02 Issue 01
1.2 Functional blocks in the BTS
BTS
GPSAM
MCA
Tx Splitting
(optional)
CEM
TRM
CCM
Transmit/
Receive/
Channelizer
Call
Processing
Radio
Coupling
PA
W-CDMA
Processing
Rx
Tx
O&M
Iub, to/from RNC

129

The following functional blocks exist in the BTS:

CCM: The Core Control function can be regarded as the brain of the NodeB. It does the Operation and
Maintenance and controls all the other functions.
It communicates to the RNC via the network interface, furthermore it generates the clock and
synchronizes it.
CEM: The Channel Element function transforms the traffic data into signals for Wide-band Code Division
Multiple Access (W-CDMA) and does a part of the call processing.
TRM: The Transmit Receive function adapts the Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access signals to the
radio interface by shifting the frequency spectrum.
The Channel Element function and the Transmit Receive function are not directly connected, they
exchange signals via a switch in the Core Control function.
PA: The Radio Transmission Power Amplification lifts the power level of the radio carrier to cover the
area of the cells.
Radio Coupling: The radio coupling picks up the amplified radio carriers and distributes them to the
antennas in each sector for the downlink direction.
In uplink direction it amplifies the received signals and distributes them to several Transmit Receive
functions to support a main and a diversity path for each data transfer.
In some configurations a optional Tx-Splitting distributes the amplified radio carriers to the radio
coupling.
MCA: The Manufacturing, Commissioning and Alarm function stores installation and commissioning
parameters, inventory data and reports the internal alarms.
GPSAM: External alarms enter the NodeB via the Global Positioning System and Alarm function. Another
optional function of the GPSAM is the interface to an external clock reference, for example a Global
Positioning System satellite receiver. Keep in mind that in standard mode the clock is not synchronized
to this external reference but to the network interface.

M02 Issue 01
1.3 Digital shelf and radio frequency (RF) block
BTS
Digital
shelf
GPSAM
RF block
MCA
Tx Splitting
(optional)
CEM
TRM
CCM
Transmit/
Receive/
Channelizer
Call
Processing
Radio
Coupling
PA
W-CDMA
Processing
Rx
Tx
O&M
Iub, to/from RNC

1 2 10

In the case of a conventional NodeB we split into two main groups:

On the right side the functions power amplification, splitting and radio coupling set up the so called
radio frequency block (RF).
A second set of functions is done by the so called Digital shelf on the left side. It executes the Core
Control function, the Transmit Receive function, the Channel Element function and the functions MCA
and GPSAM.

M02 Issue 01
1.4 Functional blocks in the distributed BTS
Distributed BTS
Digital NodeB (REC)
GPSAM
Remote Radio Equipment (RE)
MCA
Tx Splitting
(optional)
CEM
TRM
CCM
Call
Processing
OIM
W-CDMA
Processing
OIM
Optical link
O&M
Transmit/
Receive/
Channelizer
Radio
Coupling
PA
Rx
Tx
Iub, to/from RNC

1 2 11

Remember that there exist two main architectures of Alcatel-Lucent NodeBs. One is the conventional
NodeB with all the modules in one rack, the other one is the distributed NodeB, where a centralized
digital part is separated from the remote radio part. Such a remote radio part contains Transmit Receive
functions, power amplification and radio coupling.
OIM: In the case of distributed NodeBs the Optical Interface function connects the remote radio part to
the Core Control function via an optical link. This interface fulfills either the industry standard Common
Public Radio Interface or the Alcatel-Lucent standard High-Speed Serial Link.

M02 Issue 01
1 2 12

The next slides present the the logical Interface Iub. It does the communication between the RNC and NodeB,
and it is part of the Core Control function.
We continue with an overview on the Iub.

M02 Issue 01
2.1 Purpose of the logical interface Iub

Control Plane:
RACH
FACH
PCH
UE
General Signaling
QoS Management
Resource Management
Call Management (Establishment)
Uu
DCH
HS-DSCH
E-DCH
Iub
RNC
Control Plane
NodeB
User Plane
Management Plane
Management
Plane (OaM):
User Plane:
Dedicated Traffic
Dedicated Signaling
Common Traffic
Alarms
Configuration
1 2 13

The interface Iub exchanges signaling, Operation and Maintenance (OaM) information and User Data
between RNC and NodeB.
The control plane carries the signaling for the radio control channels - RACH, FACH, PCH - between
NodeB and RNC and manages the radio links, the resources, the calls and the Quality of Service.
The Management Plane or NodeB Operation and Maintenance plane exchanges configuration data and
alarms.
The User Plane carries the user traffic - voice and data - for the radio channels DCH, HS-DSCH and E-DCH.
These planes are composed of several layers, we see them on the next slides.
Three main types of Iubs exist:
The most modern form is the Native IP Iub, it is based on the Internet Protocol (IP) via Ethernet
links.
The ATM Iub exists from the beginning of UMTS and uses protocols based on Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM).
A last variant is the hybrid Iub, it uses both IP and ATM, the IP network transports the High Speed
Packet Access (HSPA), the rest of the user traffic is transported by the ATM network.
DCH
- Dedicated Channel
E-DCH - Enhanced Dedicated Channel
FACH
- Forward Access Channel
HS-DSCH - High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
RACH
- Random Access Channel
OaM
PCH
QoS
UE
Uu

- Paging Channel
- Quality of Service
- User Equipment
- UMTS Radio Interface

M02 Issue 01

Native IP Iub
Control Plane:
General Signaling
QoS Management
Resource Management
User Plane:
Dedicated Traffic
Dedicated Signaling
Common Traffic
Management
Plane (OaM):
Alarms
Configuration
NBAP
FP
OaM
Layer 4
SCTP
UDP
TCP/
UDP
Layer 3: IP
IP
IP
IP
Layer 2: Ethernet
Physical Layer: Optical or electrical cable
1 2 14

The most modern variant of the interface Iub the Native IP Iub - uses IP and Ethernet protocols for the
transport. The applications on the higher layers in the protocol hierarchy use adaptation layers to
interface to the lower layers Internet Protocol (IP) and Ethernet.
The highest layer of the Control Plane is the NodeB Application Part (NBAP). The next lower layer is
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), it adapts the NBAP to the Internet Protocol (IP) layer.
The SCTP operates in a connectionless but reliable mode of transport, it protects its packets against loss
and transmission errors.
Inside the Management Plane the NodeB Operation and Maintenance (OaM) is adapted through either the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), depending on the type of
signal.
The TCP transports its IP packets in an connection-oriented and reliable mode and protects its packets
against loss and transmission errors.
In opposite the UDP operates connectionless without acknowledgement, it can loose packets. It
advantage is the reduction of overhead and a fast operation.
The highest level of the User Plane is the Frame Protocol (FP) described in 3GPP TS 25.427. It packs
the user traffic voice or packet services into UDP packets.
All the IP packets on layer 3 are transported by Ethernet packets at layer 2. The NodeB can handle two
types of Ethernet frame formats: The 802.3 MAC frame and the 802.3 tagged MAC frame. Only one
type of MAC frame may be used, a simultaneous mix of both types is forbidden.
Finally the Ethernet packets are adapted to signals at the physical layer: In the case of long distances an
optical fiber is used, for short distances a cable of a twisted wires is sufficient.
The supported modes we see on the next slides.

M02 Issue 01
2.2.1 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over

Ethernet
Native IP Iub
RNC
Control Plane
NodeB
User Plane
Management Plane
(OaM)
Layer 3: IP (OaM + Control P. + User P.)
Layer 2: Ethernet
1 2 15

This slide shows the simplest case: The management plane, the control plane and the user plane use one
common IP address, the IP packets ride on standard (untagged) Ethernet IEEE 802.3 MAC frames.

M02 Issue 01
2.2.2 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses over Ethernet
Native IP Iub
RNC
Control Plane
NodeB
User Plane
Management Plane
(OaM)
Layer 3: IP (OaM)
IP (Control P. + User P.)
Layer 2: Ethernet
1 2 16

In this mode OaM uses one IP address, the control plane and the user plane use together a second IP
address. Again the IP rides on standard (untagged) Ethernet 802.3 MAC frames.

M02 Issue 01
2.2.3 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over a

single VLAN
Native IP Iub
RNC
Control Plane
NodeB
User Plane
Management Plane
(OaM)
Layer 3: IP (OaM + Control P. + User P.)

VLAN layer: Single VLAN
Layer 2: Ethernet
1 2 17

Here again the management plane (OaM), the control plane and the user plane use one common IP
address, the IP rides on Ethernet frames tagged due to the standard IEEE 802.1Q. These tagged frames
carry a VLAN identifier and the 802.1p user priority bits.
The VLANs can be regarded as an additional layer between IP and Ethernet layer and they can be used to
segregate different types of traffic as necessary, effectively. The usage of VLANs is recommended in
large networks with a lot of Ethernet ports. They split a large physical network into a set of logical
networks, that are small, fast and independent from each other.
The user priority bits control the priority of Ethernet packets in a layer 2 switched network, they can be
used to transport urgent packets as soon as possible, less urgent packets have to wait.
This mode is called the Single VLAN mode or OAM VLAN mode.
Please keep in mind that the NodeB supports untagged and untagged Ethernet frames but not both types
simultaneously. During commissioning the operator has to know the type of frames used by the Ethernet
network and has to configure the NodeB to process the correct type of frame.

M02 Issue 01
2.2.4 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses and two VLANs
Native IP Iub
RNC
Control Plane
NodeB
User Plane
Management Plane
(OaM)
IP (Control P. + User P.)
Layer 3: IP (OaM)
OAM VLAN
VLAN layer
Telecom VLAN
Layer 2: Ethernet
1 2 18

In this mode the management plane uses one IP address, and the IP packets of OaM ride in a first VLAN
with Ethernet 802.3 MAC frames tagged with the so-called OAM VLAN.
The control plane and the user plane use together a second IP address, transported in a second VLAN
tagged with the Telecom VLAN.
The next slide shows details of this Iub at the NodeB site.

M02 Issue 01
2.2.5 Native IP Iub at the NodeB
NodeB
The Alcatel-Lucent RNC and

NodeB support a transport
via IP over Ethernet for the
Iub interface
CCM
14
PCM links
(E1 or T1)
The NodeB supports up to

two Ethernet links
Clock synchronization to one

of the 2 Ethernet links
Alternative clock
synchronization to 1 of 4
PCM links is supported on
some NodeB types
1 2 19
IP over
Iub
Interface
To
RNC
12
Ethernet links

The Core Control function CCM terminates the Iub at the NodeB site. Only the most modern hardware variants
support the Native Iub with IP over up to two Ethernet links, each one works at a rate of 1 Gigabit/s.
The NodeB support the Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) due to IEEE 1588v2 and the Synchronous Ethernet due
to ITU-T G.8261 and 8262. So it can synchronize its own oscillators to the Ethernet network if this one
supports both features.
Up to four PCM interfaces are build in, they can only be used for an alternative clock synchronization by some
NodeB types.
We continue with the classical Iub that exists from the beginning of UTRAN - the ATM Iub.

M02 Issue 01
2.3 Protocol stack of the ATM Iub

ATM Iub
Control Plane:
General Signaling
QoS Management
Resource Management
Management
Plane (OaM):
Alarms
Configuration
User Plane:
Dedicated Traffic
Dedicated Signaling
Common Traffic
OaM
ALCAP
NBAP
SSCOP
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL5
TCP/
UDP
IP
SNAP
ATM
AAL2
LLC
AAL5
ATM
FP
ATM
ATM
E1 or T1
Physical Layer: Electrical cable
1 2 20

The ATM Iub uses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocols transported by the same layer, either Ecarrier level 1 or T-carrier level 1. These ATM protocols carry signaling for the NodeB, Operation and
Maintenance (OaM) information for the NodeB and User Data.
The applications on the higher layers in the protocol hierarchy use two types of adaptation layers to
interface to the Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
The first type is the Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 5 (AAL5). The Control Plane and
the Management Plane use it to connect the applications NodeB Application Part common (NBAP c)
and NodeB Application Part dedicated (NBAP d).
The NodeB Operation and Maintenance link transports configuration data and alarms, again it uses AAL5.
The Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP) uses AAL5, too. It supervises the Transport Network
Control Plane.
Another variant of the ATM protocols is applied by the User Plane. This one adapts via the Asynchronous
Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) to pack the user traffic - voice and data. The AAL2
format is also used for non-NodeB Application Part signaling - for example, Radio Resource Control,
Session management, Call Control, Mobility Management for circuit switched domain and for the General
Packet Radio Service. The non-NodeB Application Part signaling is a non-access stratum signaling, that
means it is transported like other User data between the User Equipment and the Core Network.
AAL2
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 2
AAL5
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 5
LLC
- Logical Link Control
SNAP
- SubNetwork Access Protocol
SSCOP
- Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol

M02 Issue 01
2.4 The ATM Iub at the NodeB

The NodeB supports up to
eight PCM links
Synchronization of the clock
via PCM signals
NodeB
CCM
To RNC
ATM over
18
Iub
Interface
PCM links
(E1 or T1)
1 2 21

The NodeB supports up to eight PCM links of the following type:

E1 - E-carrier level 1 links due to the standard ITU G703 or G704.
T1 - T-carrier level 1 links due to the ANSI standard.
The raw data rate between NodeB and RNC is 1.984 Mbps (for E1) and 1.53 Mbps (for T1) per link. These
PCM links can serve as a reference to the clock of the NodeB.
Various transport configurations exist:
Full PCM: One single PCM link is used, all time slots support only one NodeB
Fractional PCM: One single PCM link is used. A subset of time slots supports one NodeB, the
rest can be dropped or inserted to connect other NodeBs, either UMTS-NodeBs or GSM-BTSs.
Multi PCM (without IMA) feature: Two or more PCM links are used to increase the
transport
capacity, the maximal number of PCM links is eight. Drop and Insert is not supported in this
configuration, so this bundle of links supports only one NodeB.
This method can be applied where more than one PCM link is needed and where the transport
method Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA) is not supported.
IMA is explained on the next slide.
ATM
BTS
- Base Transceiver Station
IMA
- Inverse Multiplexing over ATM

M02 Issue 01
2.5 Inverse multiplexing over ATM (IMA)

Iub
NodeB
RNC
Control Plane
User Plane
Management Plane
(OaM)
ATM Layer
ATM
IMA Layer
IMA
PCM
ATM
PCM
PCM
IMA
PCM
Demultiplexing
and
Multiplexing
PCM
PCM
Multiplexing
and
Physical Layer: 2 8 PCM Links (E1 or T1)
1 2 22
Demultiplexing

The ATM protocols can also be transported via the method Multi PCM with Inverse Multiplexing over
ATM (IMA). This method aggregates [1] the PCM links to increase the transport capacity, but these links
do not transport the ATM directly but over an [2] intermediate layer.
At the near end of the link the IMA distributes the ATM cells coming from the higher layers into this
bundle of PCM links by demultiplexing. At the far end it reconstructs back the original data stream end
by multiplexing. This method works in both directions. At the site of the NodeB the Core Control function
multiplexes and de-multiplexes the PCM signals.
The IMA retrieves the data stream with preservation of cell order and cell format, so the IMA is
transparent for the ATM layer and higher layers. The only difference they see between IMA and a single
PCM link is the higher transport capacity. In this way the IMA provides a logical transport layer for the
Iub.
All NodeB types support IMA with up to eight PCM links per IMA group and up to four IMA groups, as long
as the total number of ports is less or equal than eight.

M02 Issue 01
2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic
Multi-PCM configuration without IMA:

Existing n PCM links for R99
Additional p PCM links for either HSxPA or HSxPA plus R99
RNC
ATM
n * E1/T1
R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines
NodeB
ATM
p * E1/T1
1 2 23
HSPA over
STM
SDH
E1/T1 Leased Lines

When High-speed Packet Access traffic is growing more and more in a NodeB site and finally reaches the
capacity limit of the installed E1 or T1 links, a congestion of the traffic will occur.
Alcatel-Lucents UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network solves this problem by the installation of
additional links to increase the transport capacity, by splitting the traffic into several components and by
re-mapping these components to the available transport paths.
One component of the traffic defined in the very first phase of UMTS is the the so-called Release 99
traffic. It contains delay sensitive traffic like voice and video, some non delay sensitive traffic, signaling
and operation and maintenance channels.
Another stream transports the component High-speed Packet Access for the transport of interactive,
background and streaming data, where the real-time constraints are minor.
This slide shows the first solution, the so-called Multi-PCM configuration without Inverse Multiplexing
over ATM.
A set of n PCM links carries the stream of Release 99 traffic, either the complete Release 99 traffic or a
sub part.
The stream High-speed Packet Access is moved to a second set of p PCM links, additionally this second
set can transport the rest of the Release 99 traffic.
The sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs supports
only eight ports for PCM links.
This Multi-PCM configuration allows to support High Speed Packet Access on sites where IMA cannot be
supported and more than one PCM link is needed.
Another solution with support of one IMA we see on the next slide.

M02 Issue 01
2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic [cont.]
Multi-PCM configuration with 1 IMA group:

n PCM links E1/T1 dedicated for R99
One IMA group based on p links E1/T1 transports HSPA traffic
RNC
ATM
n * E1/T1
R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines
NodeB
ATM
IMA
HSPA over
low Cost
Backhaul
(DSL,ADSL,)
STM
SDH
p * E1/T1
1 2 24

This slide shows the solution Multi-PCM configuration with one group Inverse Multiplexing over ATM.
A set of n PCM links carries the stream of the complete Release 99 traffic.
The stream High-speed Packet Access is moved to one Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA) group that is
carried by a second set of p PCM links.
An interface for example a modem - adapts this IMA over PCM to an alternative and less expensive
transport system like DSL, ADSL or ADSL2+. This stream carries High Speed Downlink Shared Channels of
interactive, background and streaming traffic.
Again the sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs
supports only eight ports for PCM links.
Another solution with support of two IMAs we see on the next slide.

M02 Issue 01
2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic [cont.]
Multi-PCM configuration with 2 IMA groups:

HSPA Offload over DSL
Support Split Iub
RNC
ATM
IMA
n * E1/T1
R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines
NodeB
ATM
IMA
HSPA over
low Cost
Backhaul
STM
SDH
p * E1/T1
1 2 25

This slide shows the solution Multi-PCM configuration with two groups Inverse Multiplexing over ATM.
Again the traffic is split into a Release 99 stream and an HSPA stream.
A first IMA group based of n links E1 or T1 transports the components Release 99 User Plane,
the Control Plane and OAM traffic and it may also carry HSPA traffic
A second IMA group constructed of p links E1 or T1 transports exclusively HSPA traffic.
In such a configuration, the flow control in downlink direction on the interface Iub is performed
independently for the two IMA groups.
Again the sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs
supports only eight ports for PCM links.
We continue with the Hybrid Iub.

M02 Issue 01
2.7 Protocol stack of the hybrid Iub

Hybrid Iub
Management
Plane (OaM):
Control Plane:
General Signaling
QoS Management
Resource Management
User Plane:
Dedicated Traffic
Dedicated Signaling
Common Traffic
Alarms
Configuration
OaM
ALCAP
NBAP
SSCOP
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL5
TCP/
UDP
FP
AAL2
UDP
ATM
IP
IP
SNAP
LLC
AAL5
ATM
FP
ATM
ATM
Ethernet
E1 or T1
Physical Layer: Electrical cable
1 2 26
HSPA
R99
Optical or electrical cable

Here we see the Hybrid Iub, the transport system consists of an ATM network plus an IP network.
The addition of the IP network can solve the following problem: If a installed NodeB uses only the
classical ATM Iub and if the user traffic increases more and more up to the limits of the ATM network the
traffic load approaches the congestion level of the ATM Iub. The connection to the additional IP network
increases the transport capacity and solves such a congestion.
The control plane, the management plane and the Release99 component of the user traffic stay on the
ATM network meanwhile the IP network transports the HSPA traffic.
If the IP connection fails the HSPA is switched automatically to the ATM links.
The next slide shows details of the Hybrid Iub at the NodeB.
R99
- UMTS Release 99
HSPA
- High Speed Packet Access

M02 Issue 01
2.8 Hybrid interface Iub at the NodeB
The NodeB supports a hybrid

transport (IP and ATM) Iub
interface
Up to two Ethernet links

transport IP
Up to four PCM links transport

ATM
Synchronization of the clock to

the Ethernet
Synchronization of the clock via

PCM signals
1 2 27
NodeB
ATM over
14
PCM links
(E1 or T1)
CCM
Iub
Interface
To
RNC
IP over
12
Ethernet links

The Core Control function CCM terminates the Iub at the NodeB site. Only the most modern hardware
variants support the Hybrid Iub with IP over up to two Ethernet links at a rate of 1 Gigabit/s plus ATM over
up to four PCM links.

M02 Issue 01
2.9 Hybrid Iub - splitting of the traffic
Optimized HSPA offload

Hybrid Iub
RNC
ATM
IMA
R99 over ATM
n * E1/T1
E1/T1 leased lines
NodeB
IP
HSPA over IP
low cost
backhaul
Ethernet
1 2 28
STM
SDH
Ethernet

This slide shows the split of the traffic and the re-mapping to the transport paths.
The delay sensitive traffic - Release 99, signaling, streaming at a guaranteed bit rate and OAM traffic remains on the layer ATM over E1/T1 links.
The non delay sensitive traffic - interactive and background HSPA traffic - is supported on IP over
Ethernet. This IP link carries the traffic in either both directions or only the downlink part HSDPA. Note
that the interactive and background HSPA traffic can also be carried on the ATM link if the IP link is
exhausted or not available. This increases the resiliency between ATM and IP links.

M02 Issue 01
2.10 Quiz about Iub

1. Which type of links can be terminated at the NodeB to support the Iub?
A. T1
B. Ethernet
C. STM-1
D. STS-1
E. E1
F. VC12
2. Which methods for the transport of delay sensitive traffic are used on
the Iub?
A. Frame Relay (FR)
B. Asynchronous Transport Mode (ATM)
C. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
D. Internet Protocol (IP)
E. Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA)
1 2 29

Answers:
1.
A, B, E
2.
B,D,E

M02 Issue 01
1 2 30

The generation of the NodeB reference clock and its synchronization to an external clock is a part of the Core
Control functions.

M02 Issue 01
3.1 Synchronization references

1 2 Ethernet links
Native Iub
1 4 PCM links
only for
synchronization
Core Control Module

Selection of
an Iub signal:
Ethernet
1 2 Ethernet links
or
PCM
Iub
reference
Main selection of the

clock reference:
Iub
or
External source
Hybrid Iub
Selector
1 4 PCM links
ATM Iub
Reference
Clock
Generation
clock
GPS
reference
1 8 PCM links
External
GPS
Receiver
GPSAM
1 2 31
NodeB

The radio carriers have to use precise frequencies. The WCDMA radio frequency must be accurate and
stable within 50 ppb.
The Core Control Module CCM in the NodeB contains an oscillator that generates the local clock.
In free running mode its precision is not sufficient for the radio carriers. To improve the precision the
oscillator is synchronized to a reference signal either extracted from the Iub or delivered from an external
source.
Depending on the type of Iub several clock references can be used:
In the case of the Native IP or Full IP Iub the transport layer is Ethernet. - If this Ethernet fulfils the
standards ITU-T G.8261 and 8262 then it is called Synchronous Ethernet and it can be used to
synchronize the oscillator.
If the NodeB stills uses the Native IP but the reference extracted from the Ethernet is not precise
enough then some NodeB types still can extract the reference from one of 4 PCM interfaces connected
to a PCM link only for synchronization.
The ATM Iub is carried via up to eight PCM links of type E1 or T1. One of this signals E1 or T1 is used to
extract the reference.
The Hybrid ATM/IP Iub is transported via up to four PCM links and up to two Ethernet links. The older
NodeB types can only use one of the PCM signals to extract the reference. The modern NodeBs can do
the same - or alternatively they can extract the reference from one of the Ethernet links.
Optionally an external synchronization reference signal can be connected, that is normally delivered
from an additional Global Positioning System receiver. But this is more expensive than the
synchronization via the Iub.

M02 Issue 01
3.2 Quiz about clock synchronization

1. Which signal can be used to synchronize the NodeB clock to the Iub?
A. Cesium clock
B. PCM signal
C. Global Positioning System signal
D. Ethernet signal
1 2 32

Answers:
1. B,D

M02 Issue 01
4 Signal processing by the Core Control

functions (CCM)
1 2 33

The next slides show how the Core Control function processes the signals carrying the traffic.

M02 Issue 01
4.1 Signal processing by the Core Control function

(CCM)
CCM
Base band signals switching:
CEM
<-Rx Routing
Tx Summing ->
HSSL
NodeB
HSSL
TRM
Call Processing:
Radio Resource Mgt
Channel Setup
Management of Common
and Dedicated channels
RNC
Data Switching/routing:
Iub
Interface
Switching
Termination
1 2 34

The Core Control functions (CCM) consists of the following sub functions.
First it does the Network interface Iub to the RNC.
The second function is the routing of control information by processing the protocols transported by the
Asynchronous Transfer Mode links. The ATM Iub uses the ATM layers AAL2 and AAL5.
The base band signals are processed by the CCM by routing in reception direction - and summing in
transmission direction between the Channel Element functions (CEM) and the Transmit Receive functions
(TRM).
Another function of the CCM is call processing in charge of radio resource management (RRM) inside the
NodeB. This function manages the following UMTS services (described in 3GPP standards) and the internal
services used for configuration and implementation purposes:
It manages the cells by creation, deletion or modification of cells.
It sets up, releases and modifies both the common and dedicated channels.
It controls the power emission of the user equipment.
It executes softer handovers, these are handovers between cells that belong to the same NodeB.
It processes the values from the radio measurement.
The rest of the Call processing functions is mapped on the functional blocks Transmit/Receive Module
(TRM) and Channel Element Module (CEM).
HSSL
- High Speed Serial Link (proprietary protocol

M02 Issue 01
4 Signal processing by the Core Control functions (CCM)
4.2 Quiz about the Core Control function

1.Which sub functions are supported by the Core Control function?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Administration of the radio cells

Network interface
Execution of handovers
Storage of commissioning information
Estimation of the Quality of Service (QoS).
Administration of the radio channels
Band Filtering
Modulation and demodulation
1 2 35

Answers:
1. A,B,C,E,F

M02 Issue 01
1 2 36

The next slides show how the Channel Element functions convert the signals into Wide-band Code Division
Multiple Access (W-CDMA) signals, in downlink and uplink direction.

M02 Issue 01
5.1 Channel Management in the CEM
9370 RNC
RLC/MAC
Layer 2
Transport
sublayer
Layer 1
Transport
channels
CEM
Layer 1
Management
Physical
sublayer
Physical channels
1 2 37

The Channel Element functions deal with 2 parts of the protocol layers.
The first part is the base band Layer 1 of UTRAN. Here the Channel Element function (CEM) processes the
W-CDMA signals in transmit and receive direction.
In uplink, the functionalities are among other things searching, despreading, channel decoding and RACH
processing. In downlink, the functionalities are channel coding, spreading, summing and so on.
The second part of the protocol layers is a subset of layer 2 (MAC) of UTRAN. This subset provides RACH
messages with acknowledgements and the scheduling of all transmissions on FACH. Moreover, this subset of
layer 2 MAC processes BCH information such as interference in the cell. This BCH information is updated
very frequently (every 10 to 100 ms). Finally, it handles the signaling for distribution of paging between
cells controlled by the NodeB.
Note that 1 Channel Element function can support up to 2 carriers.
The NodeB supports the multiple CEM (or multi-CEM) feature: Several Channel Element functions cooperate
in the call processing.

M02 Issue 01
Transport
Channel no.1
Channel coding:
CRC coding
Convolutional or
Turbo coding
Interleaving
DCH
Transport
Channel no. j
Channel coding:
CRC coding
Convolutional or
Turbo coding
Interleaving
Multiplexing
5.2 Channel Element (CEM) function: Tx signal

processing
CEM
Physical
channel
rate
matching
DPDCH
I branch
Spreading
DPCCH
Power
Scrambling
weighting generator
Q branch
Pilot,
TPC,
TFCI
1 2 38

How is the transmission signal processed in the Channel Element functions?

On the dedicated transport channels (DPDCH), data and control signals are part of the same information
packet and are converted and then mapped onto an I and a Q branch.
"Physical channel rate matching" means that information bits on a transport channel are repeated or
punctured in order to have a uniform bit rate presented to the physical channel.
The spreading function applied to all physical channels consists of three operations:
1) A channelization code is applied to transform each data symbol into a number of chips to
spread the signals.
2) Each spread channel is power weighted by a weight factor.
3) And a scrambling code is applied for NodeB identification and to decrease RF interference.

M02 Issue 01
5.3 Quiz about the Channel Element function

4.Which sub functions are supported by the Channel Element function?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Modulation of the radio carrier

Adaptation of the traffic to W-CDMA signals
Management of the radio channels
Amplification of the radio signal
Termination of ATM links
1 2 39

Answers:
1. B

M02 Issue 01
1 2 40

The next slides show how the Transmit Receive function exchanges signals between the base band and radio
band.

M02 Issue 01
6.1 Transmit Receive functions (TRM)
TRM
HSSL
Rx samples
(Main and
Diversity)
HSSL
CCM
CEM
Channelization
Tx samples
(I and Q)
Radio
Reception
Frequency
down
conversion
Radio
Transmission
Frequency
up
conversion
Tx
Local
Oscillator
Reference
RF Rx
Main
RF Rx
Coupling
Diversity
RF out
Power
Amplification
Clock
1 2 41

The Transmit Receive function performs Digital-to-Analog (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital (ADC) Conversion as
well as up and down frequency conversion.
The low frequency is used for internal processing within the NodeB whereas the high frequency is used for
external transmission by the antenna.
The Transmit Receive function also carries out a pre-amplification and a variable attenuation to control the
emitted power.
The TRM channelizes the downlink samples from the Core Control function by the following operations:
Chip level modulation
Peak power reduction and
Pulse shaping
The Transmit Receive function also uses the reference clock from the Core Control function to synthesize
an internal clock for the Analog-to-Digital conversion of the receiving branch and the Digital-to-Analog
conversion of the transmitting branch.

M02 Issue 01
6.2 TRM - the radio transmission functions
I
Tx samples
from
Channelisation
RF
Modulation
DAC
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Variable
Attenuation
A
RF Output
to Power
Reference
Clock
13MHz
Amplification
Tx
Local
Oscillator
Internal clock
Tx Gain
(Power
Control)
1 2 42

This slide illustrates the sequence of signal processing in the transmit direction: First the signals are
converted from digital to analog side, then they modulate the radio carrier and finally they are preamplified to prepare the final power amplification.
In downlink direction the signals arriving from the Channel Element function are spread into chips at a rate
of 3.84 megahertz, this is one part of transforming the signals into Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access
signals. The two branches - I and Q - modify the radio frequency carrier by using the Quadrature Phase Shift
Key modulation.
A variable attenuator inside a Gain Control Loop compensates for variations of the driver and the power
amplifier functions, to obtain the nominal output power at the antenna and to optimize the total
interference level noise between the NodeB and the UE.
The final pre-amplified RF signals have the appropriate level to drive the the radio power amplification.
The total transmitted power is proportional to the data rate of the codes and the number of these
codes. A power control adjusts each RF signal to optimize the total interference level noise between the
NodeB and the UE.

M02 Issue 01
6.3 TRM - the radio receive functions

Rx Gain
Radio functions
of TRM
Control
Variable
Attenuator
RF Input
Main (from
Coupling)
Reference
Clock
RF
Demodulator
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Rx
Local
Oscillator
(from
Coupling)
Rx Main
I&Q samples
Variable
Attenuator
(to channelization
of TRM)
Main Rx Path
Internal clock
Diversity Rx Path
13MHz
RF Input
Diversity
ADC
I
RF
Demodulator
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Variable
Variable
Attenuator
Attenuator
ADC
Rx Diversity
Variable
Attenuator
I&Q samples
(to channelization
of TRM)
Rx Gain
Control
1 2 43

Two sets of radio frequency signals are received from the two antennas via the radio coupling system. One
set takes the main path and a second set arrives via the diversity path.
The Transmit Receive function demodulates the Quadrature Phase Shift Keyed (QPSK) signals and filters
them in the base band.
The gain control provided by the variable attenuation adjusts the level of the signal feeding the Analog
Digital conversion, whatever the level of the received radio signals is.
Then the base band signals - I and Q - are converted from analog to the digital side (ADC). These data are
then sent to the Rx channelization functions of the Transmit Receive function.

M02 Issue 01
6.4 Quiz about the Transmit Receive function

1.Which sub functions are supported by the Transmit Receive function?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Coupling of the antenna
Conversion of the signals from analog to digital side
Frequency up / down conversion
Modulation / demodulation
1 2 44

Answers:
1. C,D,E

M02 Issue 01
1 2 45

On the next slide we see how the weak radio signal in downlink direction is transferred to the coupling
system.

M02 Issue 01
7.1 Downlink power amplification

Tx RF Signal
amplification
Coupling
Sector A
PA
Transmit RF signal
TRM
Sector B
Receive RF signal (Main path)

Receive RF signal
(Diversity path)
Sector C
Tx Splitting
1 2 46

In downlink direction the output signal of the TRM is too weak to cover the area of large radio cells.
The power amplification (PA) increases the level in a linear and precise way.
Only in the case of so-called OTSR1 configurations the power is split after the amplification into 3 equal parts
and distributed to three sectors.
What is OTSR1?
It stands for Omni-directional Transmit Sectorial Receive configuration. The downlink signal of one frequency
carrier is amplified by one single power amplifier plus one Tx-Splitter and distributed via 6 antenna ports to 3
sectors. The slide shows this split in dotted lines. This results in a common downlink signal for all directions.
Other possible configurations are called STSR: Sector Transmit Sectorial Receive - In this case the signals in
downlink direction differ from sector to sector, and we need for each sector one separate power
amplification.

M02 Issue 01
7.2 Quiz about the power amplification

1. Which sentences about the power amplification are true?
A.
B.
C.
It administrates softer handovers.

It increases the level of the radio power in a linear and precise way.
It processes the measured values of the radio interface.
1 2 47

Answers:
1. B

M02 Issue 01
8 Radio coupling
1 2 48

The next slides show how the amplified radio signal in downlink direction is distributed to the sectors and how
the received radio signal from main and diversity path is feed into several Transmit Receive functions.

M02 Issue 01
8 Radio coupling
8.1 Radio coupling function

Antenna feeder
Reception
Transmission
NodeB
VSWR
Antenna Port
Reception
Transmission
Coupling
PA
LNA
Duplexing
From
Downlink
Power
band pass
Amplification
1 2 49
TRM
Uplink
band pass

This slide shows the way of downlink and uplink signals for one coupling function. It does the following sub
functions:
The radio carrier coming from the power amplification is filtered by the downlink band pass to suppress
distortions and to form the signal.
The antenna feeder guides the downlink signal to the antenna.
A measurement device monitors the voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) to detect reflections from the
cable and antenna.
The antenna receives the weak uplink signal, passes it through the antenna feeder via a band pass filter for
the receive band. This filter suppresses interfering signals and isolates between Tx and Rx frequency bands to
protect the sensitive Low Noise Amplification (LNA) from the high downlink power.
The Low Noise Amplification increases the level of the weak uplink signal and distributes it to several
Transmit Receive functions, supporting the reception of main and diversity paths.
A last function is the suppression of transient voltage from the antenna ports following external lightning
protection.
PA
- Power Amplification (in downlink direction)
LNA
- Low Noise Amplification (in uplink direction)

M02 Issue 01
8 Radio coupling
8.2 Reception of main and diversity signals

Air interface
Main Path
Transmission
Tx
Rx
LNA
Duplexing
RxSplitting
1
2
3
4
Reception Main
TRM
Diversity Path
Tx
Rx
LNA
Duplexing
Space diversity:
At least two
antennas
per cell
RxSplitting
1
2
3
4
Reception Diversity
From Power Amplification

1 2 50

This slide shows the way of downlink and uplink signals for one cell supplied with two antennas. In this simple
configuration only one transmit signal supplies the cell, the second port for transmission is not used.
The downlink signal arrives from the power amplification, passes the duplexing and reaches via a feeder the
right antenna and is emitted.
The right antenna receives the uplink signal and transfers it via the same antenna feeder back to the
duplexing of the main path.
The duplexer separates the received signal and forwards to the low noise amplification, from here is split and
inserted to one input of the Transmit Receive function.
The left antenna receives also the uplink signal with some variations due to the different antenna position and
transfers it through the feeder of this second antenna to the duplexing of the diversity path.
Again it is amplified and split. Finally it feeds a second input into the Transmit Receive function, where both
signals are combined to improve the quality of the radio channels.
LNA
- Low Noise Amplifier

M02 Issue 01
8 Radio coupling
8.3 Quiz about the radio coupling

1.Which sentences about the radio coupling are true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It administrates the radio cells.

It detects power reflections from the antenna.
It amplifies the downlink signals towards the user equipment.
It enables the NodeB to send and receive radio signals simultaneously.
1 2 51

Answers:
1. B,D

M02 Issue 01
1 2 52

The next slides describe the internal optical interface that is used in the case of distributed NodeBs.

M02 Issue 01
9.1 Internal optical interface of the distributed NodeB

OaM
Clock synchronization
Optical UMTS downlink
Distributed
NodeB
Optical UMTS uplink main
Optical UMTS uplink diversity
Digital NodeB (REC)
Remote radio part (RE)

Radio Main
Coupling
CEM
CCM
OIM
Optical link:
CPRI
or
HSSL
OIM
TRM
PA
Diversity
Iub, to/from RNC
1 2 53

Here the NodeB is split into two separated parts: A first part that handles the interface to the RNC, the
base band processing and the control functions. This is called Digital NodeB or Radio Equipment
Controller. A second part does all the radio functions, it is called Remote Radio Part or Radio
Equipment.
Both parts are connected via an optical link. It carries the UMTS downlink signal to the radio transmitter
TRM, 2 uplink signals from the main path and the diversity path, control information and clock
synchronization.
In daisy chain configurations this optical link transport the signals for more than one NodeB.
In older NodeBs this link follows the proprietary Alcatel-Lucent protocol HSSL, in the modern NodeBs the
link follows the industry standard Common Public Radio Interface or CPRI. The needed channel
capacity of the optical link rises with the number of carriers and antennas per Remote radio part and in
the later shown daisy chain transmission configuration with the number of Remote radio parts per
optical link. Several different line bit rates are defined in the CPRI specifications. The chapter Physical
Layer Modes lists the following line bit rates: 614.4, 1228.8, 2457.6, 3072.0, 4915.2 and 6144.0 Mbit/s.
The interface Iub between NodeB and RNC can use optical links, too. But this interface fulfills other
standards!
CCM
HSSL
OIM
REC
CPRI
- Core Control function

CEM
- Channel Element function
- High-Speed Serial Link
OaM
- Optical Interface function
RE
- (CPRI) Radio Equipment
- (CPRI) Radio Equipment Controller
- Common Public Radio Interface (see the URL: http://www.cpri.info/)

M02 Issue 01
9.2 Optical fibers and wavelengths

MM: Multi Mode Dual-Fiber
Digital NodeB
(REC)
Downlink fiber
850 nm
Uplink fiber
500 m
Remote radio
part (RE)
1640.4 ft
SM-DF: Single-Mode Dual-Fiber
Wavelength: nm
Digital NodeB
(REC)
Downlink fiber
Uplink fiber
10 km
Remote radio
part (RE)
6.2 miles
SM-SF: Single-Mode Single-Fiber
Single-Fiber
Digital NodeB
(REC)
Downlink: 1550 nm
Uplink: 1310 nm
Remote radio
part (RE)
8,8 km
5.4 miles
1 2 54

The optical link is realized by optical transceivers and one or two optical fibers. The choice of the fiber
type and of the transceivers depends on the length of the optical link.
For distances shorter than 500 meters or 1640 feet two Multi Mode fibers can be used, one fiber
carries the downlink signal and a second one the uplink signal. The optical transceivers operate at a
wavelength of 850 nanometers.
The Single-Mode Dual-Fiber solution (SM-DF) again uses one fiber for the downlink and a second one
for the uplink. The fibers and the optical transceivers are designed to work in optical Single-Mode,
allowing higher bitrates and longer distances. The maximal length of one optical link depends not
only on the optical equipment but also on the type of Digital NodeB and Remote radio part. Up to
10 kilometers or 6.2 miles can be reached. This technology can be proposed in a network already
deployed with SM-DF.
In the Single-Mode Single-Fiber (SM-SF) installation a Single-Fiber operates in full duplex mode, it
carries both the uplink and downlink signal. The separation is done via the wavelength: The downlink
operates at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers, the uplink works at 1550 nm. Up to 8,8
kilometers or 5.4 miles can be bridged. This is the recommended mode for new installations.
In general optical Single-Mode propagation fibers have to be operated by Single-Mode transceivers, and
Multi-Mode fibers have to be operated by Multi-Mode transceivers.
SF
- Single-Fiber: Only 1 fiber is used simultaneously for uplink and downlink
SFP
- Small Form-factor Pluggable optical transceiver
SM
- optical Single-Mode propagation fiber, operated by Single-Mode transceivers
DF
- Dual fiber: 2 fibers are used - one for uplink, the other one for downlink
MM
- optical Multi-Mode propagation fiber

M02 Issue 01
9.3 Transmission configurations: Star

max. 6 REs per
Digital NodeB
Remote radio
part (RE)
Remote radio
part (RE)
Remote radio
part (RE)
Digital NodeB
(REC)
Remote radio
part (RE)
Up to 6 optical interfaces
Up to 6 optical links
Remote radio
part (RE)
Remote radio
part (RE)
1 2 55

Dependent on the hardware a single Digital NodeB supports up to six optical interfaces and can control
up to six Remote radio parts. In the star configuration the Digital NodeB uses a single optical transceiver
per optical link, so the links are independent from each other and a failure of one link drops only the
traffic of one Remote radio part.
RE
REC
- (CPRI) Radio Equipment

- (CPRI) Radio Equipment Controller

M02 Issue 01
9.4 Transmission configurations: Daisy chains

Digital NodeB
(REC)
RE
1 optical transceiver at REC
RE
RE
3 optical transceivers at REC
RE
Digital NodeB
(REC)
2 optical transceivers at REC
RE
RE
RE
Star configuraRE
tion
of 3 REs
Daisy-chaining
RE
Digital NodeB
(REC)
max. 6 REs per
RE
of 2 strings
RE
of 3 REs each
RE
RE
RE
RE
RE
Daisy-chaining
Daisy-chainingRE
of 13 string
strings
of of
2 REs
eachRE
6 REs
Daisy Chain: Sum of all optical links maximal 20 km (12.4 miles)
Digital NodeB
1 2 56

The Remote radio parts possess two optical ports that allow transmission in daisy chain configurations.
This reduces the costs of the installation of the optical fibers. Both ports are optically independent, so
one port may use multi mode equipment, the other one Single-Mode equipment.
The supported length of one optical link depends on the optical transceivers used in the Digital NodeB
and in the Radio Equipment and of the type of optical fiber. The added length of all optical links is
limited by the hardware variant of the Core Control module. The most modern modules support a length
up to 20 kilometers or 12.4 miles, the older hardware variants supports only half the distance.
The number of radio cells per daisy chain depends on the line bit rate of the fiber interface. For example
a bit rate of 614.4 Mbit/s is sufficient for 6 radio cells, e.g.. 3 sectors x 2 carriers
RE
REC
- Radio Equipment
- Radio Equipment Controller

M02 Issue 01
1 2 57

Now, let's have a look at the configurations of the BTS.

M02 Issue 01
Local
Sector C
10.1 Local and remote sectors
Remote
site
RE
Remote
Sector E
NodeB with
digital and radio parts
L
l
Se ocal
ca
cto
Lo tor B
rA
c
Local site
Se
Re
Se mot
cto e
rK
RE
RE
Remote
site
Local site
1 2 58
RE
Remote
Sector M
Digital NodeB
(REC)
te
mo r L
e
R cto
Se

A first classification of sectors is the separation into local and remote sectors.
Local sectors are belong to NodeBs where the digital and the radio parts are installed close together
either in a single cabinet or in neighbored cabinets.
Remote sectors are carried by remote Radio Equipment, here the distance between the Radio
Equipment Controller (REC) and the Radio Equipment (RE) can reach up to 20 kilometers (or 12.4
miles).
The next slides show basic configurations of local cells.
RE
REC
- remote Radio Equipment


M02 Issue 01
10.2 Single cluster with up to 3 local sectors

Radio Transmission
x = type of sectorization
Radio Reception
for transmission:
O Omni-Sectorial
B Bi-Sectorial
S Tri-Sectorial
y = type of sectorization
z = redundancy:
C Cascading (Daisy Chain)
R TRM Redundancy
D Tx Diversity
for reception:
O Omni-Sectorial
B Bi-Sectorial
i = number of carriers:
1
One 5 MHz carrier
2
Two adjacent 5 MHz carriers amplified by one PA
3
Three adjacent 5 MHz carriers
1+1 Two 5 MHz carriers amplified by two PAs
m+n A first group of m adjacent 5 MHz carriers
plus a second group of n adjacent carriers,
amplified by 2 PAs
1 2 59
Local
Sector C
S Tri-Sectorial
1 Cluster
NodeB with
L
Se ocal
c to
rA
l
ca
Lo tor B
c
Se
Local site

This slide shows the denomination rule for up to 3 local sectors. If they use the same carrier
frequency these build up a group - a so-called cluster.
The maximum configuration of a single cluster is TriSectorial Transmit TriSectorial Receive (STSR).
Starting from this maximum configuration the so-called depopulated configurations can be created by
deleting carriers and/or sectors. Some examples are Bisectorial Transmit Bisectorial Receive (BTBR)
and Omni Transmit Omni Receive (OTOR).
BTBR
- Bi-Sectorial Transmit Bi-Sectorial Receive
OTOR
- Omni Transmit Omni Receive
STSR
- Tri-Sectorial Transmit Tri-Sectorial Receive
PA
- Power Amplification
TRM
- Transmit Receive function

M02 Issue 01
10.3 Omni Transmit Sectorized Receive cell (OTSR)

Downlink
Uplink
Sector #1
Cell #1
Code #1
Sector #2
Sector #3
UE Code # 1
Sector #2
Cell #1
Code #1
1 Cell
1 Cell
Sector #3
Cell #1
Code #1
Sector #1
UE Code #2
3 sectors, 1 cell
3 sectors
1 scrambling code per UE
1 BTS scrambling code
1 2 60
1 cell

Omni-directional Transmit Sectorized Receive (OTSR) is a basic configuration for UMTS BTS. In this
configuration, transmission signals are sent out in all direction whereas received signals arrive on a
sectorized basis.
OTSR is a minimum BTS configuration in terms of cost and capacity since one Power Amplifier is only
used. This configuration is typically used for early deployment to cover low traffic area.
Since the BTS cannot use soft handover messages to determine the location of the UE, searching and
combining are systematically performed on the three received signals.
In reception, the signals received in each sector are transferred to the modem independently.
Reception is then equivalent to that of a three-sector BTS in permanent three-way softer handover. This
arrangement is equivalent to omni-directional transmission. Therefore, the BTS is declared at the RNC as
a single cell.
OTOR

M02 Issue 01
10.4 Sectorial Transmit Sectorized Receive cells (STSR)

Downlink
Uplink
Cell #3
Code #3
Cell #3
Cell #2
Code #2
Cell #2
Cell #1
Code #1
Cell #1
3 sectors, 3 cells,
3 sectors, 3 cells,
1 scrambling code per UE
3 BTS scrambling codes (1 per cell)
1 2 61

Sectorial Transmit Sectorized Receive (STSR) is the typical BTS configuration for a multi-sector
configuration.
STSR configuration provides high capacity and low cost per user. The power allocation in STSR is
independent across different sectors, unlike OTSR, where power is shared.
This allows a higher downlink capacity. In addition, the upgrade from an OTSR configuration is readily
achieved.
OTOR
STSR
- Tri-Sectorial Transmit Tri-Sectorial Receive

M02 Issue 01
10.5 Two clusters with three sectors per cluster
x and y = type of sectorization:
xTxR i refers to
1st cluster
O Omni-Sectorial
B Bi-Sectorial
Local
Sector
S Tri-Sectorial
i and j = number of carriers:

1
One 5 MHz carrier
2
Two adjacent
5 MHz carriers
amplified by one PA
l
ca
Lo ct A
Se
Lo
Se cal
c to
r
NodeB with
l
ca
Lo ctor
Se
Local
Sector
Lo
Se cal
c to
r
1 2 62
yTyR j refers to
2nd cluster

Here we see the denomination rule for 4 to 6 local sectors, the sectors build two groups or clusters.
Between the cells of the same cluster the softer handover, between the cells of different clusters
the soft handover is applied.
One NodeB supports up to 6 sectors and up to 12 cells in total.
The maximum configuration of two clusters with 3 sectors is STSR STSR.

Again depopulated configurations are supported.
PA
- Power Amplifier

M02 Issue 01
10.6 Remote cluster carried by RRHs

z= number of carriers per remote sector:
1
One 5 MHz carrier
2
Two 5 MHz carriers
One
remote
sector
Two
remote
sectors
Re
Se mot
cto e
rK
Three
remote
sectors
e
ot L
m
Re ctor
Se
RRH
RE
Remote
site
Digital NodeB
(REC)
RRH
RE
Remote
Sector M
Local site
1 2 63
RRH
RE

Remote sector are denominated again like xTxRi-yTyRj. The term RRH is added to indicate the
support of these remote cells by the hardware 9341 Remote Radio Head ( RRH). Each RRH operates
one sector with up to 2 carriers.
In UA07.1 up to 6 RRHs can be connected to a Digital NodeB in star and/or daisy chain configuration.
OTSR and OTBR configurations are not supported by RRH.
RE
REC
RRH
OTSR
OTBR
- remote Radio Equipment

- Alcatel-Lucent 9341 Remote Radio Head
- Omni Transmit Tri-Sectorial Receive
- Omni Transmit Bi-Sectorial Receive

M02 Issue 01
10.7 Ultra extended cell
1 2 64

The objective of the ultra-extended cell feature is to introduce support for extended radio cell coverage on
the extended Channel Element Module of the NodeB.
This evolution allows to increase the maximum range of a cell up to 150 km (93 miles). It is particularly suited
for coastal areas or rural coverage.
The Ultra-extended cell feature allows providing support, at NodeB Channel Element Module level, for
extended coverage to areas (sea,) not currently covered, without the need for new NodeB sites.

M02 Issue 01
1 2 65

The next slides list the optional antenna support functions of the NodeB, the tower mounted amplifier for the
pre-amplification of the received signals and the support of remotely redirected antennas.

M02 Issue 01
11.1 Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

Rx Amplification
Transmitted radio signal
DC TMA supply current
TMA
Reception
Antenna Port
Coupling NodeB
Antenna
feeder
LNA
Received and amplified radio signal

TMA alarms
1 2 66

The Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) does a very first amplification of the weak antenna signal at top of the
antenna tower to compensate the losses of long feeder cables between antenna and NodeB. At the end of the
feeder the low noise amplifier (LNA) inside the coupling system of the NodeB again amplifies the received
signal.
The antenna feeder does not only guides the radio signals, it also supplies the TMA with a direct current from
a power source.
Two types of TMAs are supported:
The first type is today called conventional type or Non-AISG-TMA. Here the NodeB monitors the supply current
to detect problems of the TMA.
A newer type the AISG TMA - uses AISG protocols to communicate to the NodeB, this transfers more details.
AISG
LNA
TMA
- Antenna Interface Standards Group

- Low Noise Amplifier
- Tower Mounted Amplifier

M02 Issue 01
11.2 Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna (RETA)

Tilt angle of the RET antenna
(RS485)
Antenna interface link
AISG
RCU
(Motor)
TMA
Radiation lobe
WMS:
Remote access
AISG
CCU
(Controller)
Iub
TCP/IP
Ethernet
NodeB
(BTS)
AISG Antenna Interface Standards Group

WMS - Alcatel-Lucent Wireless Management System
1 2 67
OAM
Access
Local access
RETA - Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna

The main purpose of the Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna (RETA) function is the
mechanical redirection of an antenna remotely to avoid climbing on the tower.
Depending on the configuration this can be done from a local terminal and/or from
the WMS.
Such an antenna emits radio waves in a certain direction and builds up a radio cell.
The antenna can be moved by electrical motors in a vertical and horizontal
direction to improve the coverage.
The remote redirection of antennas saves operational expenses because 60% of site
antennas would be revisited during the optimization period at least once to change
the tilt and 50% of the sites would be impacted during densification processes.
A standardized interface defined by the Antenna Interface Standards Group (AISG)

is used. It consists of the Central Control function (CCU) connected to one or more
Remote Control functions (RCU) that consist physically of electrical motors and tilt
the antennas. The connection is done via the antenna interface link that follows
the standard RS485.
Beneath the redirection of the antenna the RETA function can control other
devices mounted on top of the tower like the TMA, boosters, alternative VSWR
measuring units etc.. Those devices are called Antenna Line Devices (ALD).
ALD
AISG
CCU
RCU
RETA
VSWR
WMS
- Antenna Line Device

- (AISG) Central Control Unit
- (AISG) Remote Control Unit
- Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna
- Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
- Alcatel-Lucent Wireless Management System

M02 Issue 01
11.3 RETA through a dedicated cable

AISG
RCU
Dedicated
physical
AISG
Control
cable
Antenna
Feeder
AISG
CCU
(Controller)
Ethernet
NodeB
(BTS)
1 2 68

Several methods exist to transport the AISG signal. In this configuration, a

dedicated cable carries the AISG signal between the Central Control Unit at the
NodeB side and the Remote Control Unit at the top of the antenna tower.
This solution is supported by all Macro NodeB versions and on the 9396 d2U NodeB.
AISG
CCU
RCU

- (AISG) Remote Control Unit

M02 Issue 01
11.4 RETA through antenna feeder

AISG
RCU
AISG control cable

Demultiplexing
+ multiplexing
Antenna
Feeder
(main path)
carries
AISG signal
plus
radio signal
AISG control cable

NodeB
(BTS)
Ethernet
CCM
AISG
CCU
(Controller)
1 2 69
Multiplexing +
demultiplexing
Radio
Coupling
AISG signal
radio signal

Here the AISG signal is multiplexed with the radio signal and both are carried by the
antenna feeder to the top of the tower where they are demultiplexed. Special
versions the AISG versions - of the TMA and/or the radio coupling support this
multiplexing and demultiplexing, together with bias tees and/or DC stops.
For the way from the antenna tower towards the NodeB the AISG signals and the
received radio signals are multiplexed at the antenna tower and demultiplexed at
the NodeB.
In most of the cases the Central Control Unit is installed inside the cabinet of the
NodeB.
AISG
CCM
CCU
RCU

- Core Control Module of the NodeB
- (AISG) Remote
Control
Unit
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Reserved
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M02 Issue 01
1 2 70

To complete the description of the NodeB, the next slide shows the station functions that support the
NodeB in a general way and are independent from the traffic: Clock interface, alarming, storage of
configuration and commissioning data.

M02 Issue 01
12.1 GPSAM: Alarms, inventory and presence

Alarms, inventory and presence detection for non-CPU modules
Interco
Door
alarm
Rectifiers
alarms
User area
alarms
LP Box
and
AC main
GPSAM
External
alarms
External
GPS
Receiver
CCM
1 2 71
TRM
Alarms, inventory and presence detection

for CPU modules

The first function is the collection of information about the state of the NodeB, in other words alarms,
inventory and commissioning information.
The inventory informs the operator about the state of the NodeB and the versions of its hardware
composition.
It contains the following localization data:
The name of the site,
the unit number,
the number of the floor and
the number of the row of racks.
Beside this location data it contains data about the synchronization to the Global Positioning System,
then it identifies the backhaul network, its type and if configured the Inverse Multiplexing over ATM
group.
Furthermore it describes the addresses of the Internet Protocols with the address of the NodeB and of
the Operation and Maintenance Center and whether the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used or
not.
The second function of this module is to supply timing information towards the CCM from an external
synchronization reference interface.
This latter function is optional.

M02 Issue 01
12.2 Quiz about the station functions

1.Which sentences about the station functions are true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
It controls handovers.
It estimates the quality of the radio channels.
It stores commissioning information.
It generates the master clock of the NodeB.
It holds the inventory data.
It can enter a reference signal to synchronize the NodeB clock.
1 2 72

Answers:
1. C,E,F

M02 Issue 01
1 2 73

On the next slides we repeat the overview on the signal processing.

M02 Issue 01
13.1 Transmit data flow
3- Summing per
sector
contributions from
CEMs
CEM
Digital part
RF block
5- Up Frequency
conversion
CEM
3
CEM
3
CEM
CEM
CEM
TRM
CCM
4- Pulse Shaping
D to A conversion
2- Channel coding,
Power weighting,
Summing per sector
1- ATM Routing
to CEMs
6- Power
Amplification
from RNC
1 2 74

We consider first the transmit path.

The Core Control function processes the data arriving at the network interface Iub and forwards them to
the Channel Element function.
The Channel Element function codes the channels and modulates the symbols and chips.
It can modulate a maximum of 70 channels , these are data for up to 32 channels with a maximum
Spreading Factor of 256.
Each of these signals can be fed to one of six antenna outputs, assuming that Tx diversity is provisioned.
The signals from the Channel Element functions are then transmitted to the Core Control functions and
redirected to the Transmit Receive function
The Transmit Receive function consists of three transmit chains and three dual receive chains.
In the transmit path, the radio Transmit Receive function board performs Digital-to-Analog conversion,
modulation, up frequency conversion and amplification.
Then the power amplifier increases the power level to the desired value and feeds the coupling.
The coupling forwards the transmission signal to an antenna, where it is radiated into the cell.

M02 Issue 01
13.2 Receive data flow
3- Distribution of the
6 signals to all CEMs
CEM
RF block
Digital part
1- Down Frequency
conversion
(for the 6 signals)
CEM
CEM
6
CEM
2
TRM
CCM
2
CEM
CEM
2- A to D
conversion
Digital filter
4Demodulation,
Softer Handover
Channel decoding
5- ATM
routing
from RNC
1 2 75

Now, let's consider the receive path.

The antenna receives the incoming radio signal. If a Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is used this does a first
amplification. Afterwards the antenna feeder transports the signal towards the coupling system in the
NodeB.
The coupling system amplifies the signal in the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and splits it, supplying main and
diversity paths.
Both the transmit path and the receive path include three functional blocks in the processing of the data:
Transmit Receive function , Core Control function and Channel Element function.
The Transmit Receive function transforms the analog data into digital data and translates the frequency
into a lower value. The I and Q outputs of the Transmit Receive function are used as a means to obtain
modulation. These inputs are also used in the transmit path.
The Core Control function is only used to switch the user traffic towards the appropriate Channel Element
function. A signal can be switched to up to six CEMs. The signal is then routed out of the Digital part using
the Core Control function again.
The Channel Element function decodes the channels and demodulates the symbols and chips.
Then, the signal is sent to Core Control function to go on the network interface Iub.

M02 Issue 01
14 Final work
1 2 76


M02 Issue 01
14 Final work
14.1 Module summary

Having completed this module, you should know
the path of the signals carrying the traffic and
the following functions of the NodeB in more detail:
Network interface
Clock generation and synchronization
Core Control functions
Channel Element functions
Transmit Receive functions
Power amplification
Radio coupling
Amplification at the antenna tower
Support of remotely tuned Antennas
Station functions
1 2 77


M02 Issue 01
End of module
Functional Architecture of the BTS
1 2 78


M02 Issue 01
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4. Topic/Section is Positioned Here

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Module 1: Overview on the BTS

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Appendix: Abbreviations Alcatel-Lucent UMTS BTS

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Course Outline [cont.]

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Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:

Understand the basic UTRAN architecture

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Course Objectives [cont.]

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About this Student Guide

Where you can get further information

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If you want further information you can refer to the following:

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About this Student Guide [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

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Client (Company, Center) :

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Surname, First name :

To be able to understand the basic UTRAN

To be able to locate the BTS within the

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To be able to describe the Network

To be able to describe the Core Control

To be able to describe the Channel

To be able to describe the Transmit

To be able to to describe the Radio Power

To be able to describe the Radio coupling

To be able to describe the Amplification

To be able to describe the support of

To be able to know the path of the signals

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Self-assessment of Objectives [cont.]

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Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire

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