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Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 9 March 2011
Received in revised form 10 June 2011
Accepted 11 July 2011
Available online 3 September 2011
In this article, synthesis and rheological behavior of Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles ferrouids in parafn
base as well as their magnetoviscos effects have been investigated. In order to prepare the ferrouids,
ball mill and ultrasonic bath were used. Then rheological behavior of the system was studied using a
standard rotating rheometer. Oleic acid was used to stabilize ferrouids. Also the effect of magnetic eld
on the uid was studied. It is shown that using magnetic eld will cause noticeable increase in viscosity
at constant shear rate. This increase in viscosity, however, is limited to a specic rate of magnetic eld.
Also, a novel correlation for predicting temperature dependency of uid has been presented.
2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Synthesis
Ferrouids
Magnetic nanoparticle
Rheological property
Magnetoviscous effect
Temperature dependency
1. Introduction
Nanouids are uids containing suspended nanoparticles. Choi
[1] for the rst time in 1995 invented the term. Namburu et al. [2],
considering the ow behavior, have shown that CuO nanoparticles
dispersed in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water at
concentration lower than 6.12 vol.%, behave like a Newtonian
uid. Tseng and Lin [3] reported that TiO2 nanoparticle suspensions have revealed pseudoplastic behavior in 512% volume
fraction.
Many models have been developed to predict viscosity of
nanouids. The simplest viscosity correlation has been introduced
by Einstein [4] presented for suspensions with the volume
concentration less than 5% in base uid. Later, Brinkman [5]
proposed a viscosity correlation that extended Einsteins equation
in order to use it for concentrated suspensions. Bicerano et al. [28]
also presented a correlation which relates viscosity and volumetric
suspensions.
Most of models were developed to relate viscosity as a function
of volume fraction only and rarely temperature dependence were
considered. Fluids near to their freezing point have higher viscosity
and relatively low viscosity near boiling point, showing that
viscosity is a strong function of the temperature [2].
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hhadi2@live.utm.my (H. Hezaveh).
1876-1070/$ see front matter 2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2011.07.003
H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164
160
Table 1
Convectional models for predicting viscosity of suspensions.
Model
Expression
Description
Einstein [4]
me f f
1 2:5f
mb f
me f f
1
mb f 1 f2:5
me f f
2
3
1 2:5f 6:25f 0f
mb f
me f f
2
1 2:5f 6:5f
mb f
me f f
2
1 hf kH f
mb f
2
ln m
T0
T0
ab
c
T
T
m0
Brinkman [5]
Lundgren [38]
Batchelor [39]
Bicerano et al. [28]
White [6]
meff is suspension viscosity, mbf is viscosity of base uid and f is volume fraction of particles.
2.1. Materials
Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle powder with average size of
<50 nm, from SigmaAldrich Co.
Pure liquid parafn as base uid in the synthesis grade.
Oleic acid (OA) was purchased from Merck Co. and used as
surfactant of nanoparticles in the synthesis grade.
All chemicals in the experiment are used as received.
2.2. Preparation of Fe2O3 samples
In this study, in order to prepare ferrouid, Fe2O3 nanoparticles
in different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) were
mixed with Oleic acid by 15% weight relative to solid powder and
then milled in ball mill (Pulverisette model, Fritsch Co.) for about
5 h. Ball mill apparatus has a round bowl with approximate
diameter of 15 cm made of agate. This bowl also has 12 balls of
agate which each of them has diameter of 1 cm that can be used for
stirring the suspension using centrifugal force at 12,000 rpm and
for about an hour. This helps uncoated and extra oleic acid to
separate in the suspension (see Fig. 1)
The obtained suspensions by ball mill were completely
homogeneous. Then in order to have a better distribution of
nanoparticles, destroying agglomerations of nanoparticles and
better covering of particles by OA, suspensions were put into
magnetic stirrer and the ultrasonic bath (FRITSCH Ultrasonic,
laborette 17) with the frequencies range of 5060 Hz. After 1 h
H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164
161
120
100
5% w
15% w
25% w
10% w
20% w
30% w
20% w
15% w
10% w
5% w
10
80
viscosity (Pa.s)
100
25% w
60
40
0.1
20
0.01
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164
162
(a)
350
Experimental
300
200
Einstein
20
Brinkman
18
Rocsoe
16
150
(shear stress)1/2
e/bf
250
experimental data of 5% w
experimental data of 10% w
experimental data of 20% w
experimental data of 30% w
100
50
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
eff/bf
14
12
10
8
6
4
Volume Fraction
(b)
Experimental
Einstein
Brinkman
Rocsoe
12
15
18
21
24
27
1=2
t 1=2 t 1=2
h0 g 1=2
y
1
0
0.02
0.03
33
0.01
30
(shear rate)1/2
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Volume Fraction
Fig. 6. (a) Comparison of conventional models with experimental data in shear
rate = 0.1. (b) Comparison of conventional models with experimental data in shear
rate = 5.99.
t t y h0 g
(1)
Exp. data of 5% w
Exp. data of 10% w
Exp. data of 20% w
Exp. data of 30% w
(2)
me f f AeBT
(3)
140
15
14.5
14
100
Viscosity (Pa.s)
120
80
60
40
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
20
10.5
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature (C)
Fig. 9. Viscosity vs. temperature.
70
80
H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164
30
Table 2
curve-t parameters for the Fe2O3/parafn system.
H= 0
Temperature 25708 C
A
B
C
13.95
0.24E07
3.774
Viscosity (Pa.s)
Curve-tting parameters
30
25
Viscosity (Pa.s)
25
H= 0.1
20
H= 0.2
5% Wt
10% Wt
15
H= 0.3
15
H= 0.4
H= 0.5
10
0
0.05
20% Wt
10
25% Wt
30% Wt
5
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
H (kA/m)
Fig. 10. The magnetoviscos effect of concentrations on Fe2O3 ferrouids at constant
shear rate 5 s1.
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Weight Fraction
15% Wt
0.1
20
163
Fig. 11. Increasing Fe2O3 ferrouids viscosity with weight fraction for various
magnetic elds.
164
H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164
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