Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

6/1/2015
WolfgangAmadeusMozartWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
WolfgangAmadeusMozart
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
WolfgangAmadeusMozart(German:[vlfaamades
motsat],Englishseefn.[1]27January17565December
1791),baptisedasJohannesChrysostomusWolfgangus
TheophilusMozart,[2]wasaprolificandinfluential
composeroftheClassicalera.
Mozartshowedprodigiousabilityfromhisearliest
childhood.Alreadycompetentonkeyboardandviolin,he
composedfromtheageoffiveandperformedbefore
Europeanroyalty.At17,hewasengagedasacourt
musicianinSalzburg,butgrewrestlessandtravelledin
searchofabetterposition,alwayscomposingabundantly.
WhilevisitingViennain1781,hewasdismissedfromhis
Salzburgposition.Hechosetostayinthecapital,wherehe
achievedfamebutlittlefinancialsecurity.Duringhisfinal
yearsinVienna,hecomposedmanyofhisbestknown
symphonies,concertos,andoperas,andportionsofthe
Requiem,whichwaslargelyunfinishedatthetimeofhis
death.Thecircumstancesofhisearlydeathhavebeenmuch
mythologized.HewassurvivedbyhiswifeConstanzeand
twosons.
Mozartc.1780,detailfromportraitby
JohannNepomukdellaCroce
Hecomposedover600works,manyacknowledgedas
pinnaclesofsymphonic,concertante,chamber,operatic,and
choralmusic.Heisamongthemostenduringlypopularofclassicalcomposers,andhisinfluenceon
subsequentWesternartmusicisprofoundLudwigvanBeethovencomposedhisownearlyworksinthe
shadowofMozart,andJosephHaydnwrotethat"posteritywillnotseesuchatalentagainin100
years."[3]
Contents
1Biography
1.1Earlylife
1.1.1Familyandchildhood
1.1.2176273:Travel
1.2177377:EmploymentattheSalzburgcourt
1.3177778:JourneytoParis
1.4Vienna
1.51781:Departure
1.5.1Earlyyears
1.5.2178687:Returntoopera
1.6Lateryearsanddeath
1.6.1178890
1.6.21791
1.6.3Finalillnessanddeath
2Appearanceandcharacter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart
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2Appearanceandcharacter
3Works,musicalstyle,andinnovations
3.1Style
3.2Influence
3.3Kchelcatalogue
4Seealso
5Notes
6References
7Furtherreading
8Externallinks
8.1Digitizeddocuments
8.1.1Sheetmusic
Biography
Earlylife
Familyandchildhood
WolfgangAmadeusMozartwasbornon27January1756toLeopold
Mozart(17191787)andAnnaMaria,nePertl(17201778),at
9GetreidegasseinSalzburg.ThiswasthecapitaloftheArchbishopricof
Salzburg,anecclesiasticprincipalityinwhatisnowAustria,thenpartof
theHolyRomanEmpire.[4]Hewastheyoungestofsevenchildren,five
ofwhomdiedininfancy.[5]HiseldersisterwasMariaAnna(1751
1829),nicknamed"Nannerl".Mozartwasbaptizedthedayafterhisbirth
atSt.Rupert'sCathedral.Thebaptismalrecordgiveshisnamein
LatinizedformasJoannesChrysostomusWolfgangusTheophilus
Mozart.Hegenerallycalledhimself"WolfgangAmadMozart"[6]asan
adult,buthisnamehadmanyvariants.
LeopoldMozart,anativeofAugsburg,[7]wasaminorcomposerandan
experiencedteacher.In1743,hewasappointedasfourthviolinistinthe
musicalestablishmentofCountLeopoldAntonvonFirmian,theruling
PrinceArchbishopofSalzburg.[8]Fouryearslater,hemarriedAnna
MariainSalzburg.Leopoldbecametheorchestra'sdeputyKapellmeister
in1763.Duringtheyearofhisson'sbirth,Leopoldpublishedaviolin
textbook,VersucheinergrndlichenViolinschule,whichachieved
success.[9]
Anonymousportraitofthe
childMozart,possiblyby
PietroAntonioLorenzoni
paintedin1763on
commissionfromLeopold
Mozart
WhenNannerlwasseven,shebegankeyboardlessonswithherfatherwhileherthreeyearoldbrother
lookedon.Yearslater,afterherbrother'sdeath,shereminisced:
Heoftenspentmuchtimeattheclavier,pickingoutthirds,whichhewaseverstriking,and
hispleasureshowedthatitsoundedgood....Inthefourthyearofhisagehisfather,fora
gameasitwere,begantoteachhimafewminuetsandpiecesattheclavier....Hecouldplay
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itfaultlesslyandwiththegreatestdelicacy,andkeepingexactlyintime....Attheageof
five,hewasalreadycomposinglittlepieces,whichheplayedtohisfatherwhowrotethem
down.[10]
Theseearlypieces,K.15,wererecordedintheNannerl
Notenbuch.
ThereissomescholarlydebateofwhetherMozartwasfouror
fiveyearsoldwhenhecreatedhisfirstmusicalcompositions,
thoughthereislittledoubtthatMozartcomposedhisfirstthree
piecesofmusicwithinafewweeksofeachother:KVs1a,[11]
1b[12]and1c[13]
BiographerMaynardSolomon[14]notesthat,whileLeopoldwas
Mozart'sbirthplaceatGetreidegasse
adevotedteachertohischildren,thereisevidencethatMozart
9,Salzburg
waskeentoprogressbeyondwhathewastaught.Hisfirstink
spatteredcompositionandhisprecociouseffortswiththeviolin
wereofhisowninitiativeandcameasasurprisetohisfather.[15]Leopoldeventuallygaveupcomposing
whenhisson'smusicaltalentsbecameevident.[16]Inhisearlyyears,Mozart'sfatherwashisonly
teacher.Alongwithmusic,hetaughthischildrenlanguagesandacademicsubjects.[14]
176273:Travel
DuringMozart'syouth,hisfamilymadeseveralEuropeanjourneysinwhichheandNannerlperformed
aschildprodigies.Thesebeganwithanexhibition,in1762,atthecourtofthePrinceelectorMaximilian
IIIofBavariainMunich,andattheImperialCourtinViennaandPrague.Alongconcerttourspanning
threeandahalfyearsfollowed,takingthefamilytothecourtsofMunich,Mannheim,Paris,London,[17]
TheHague,againtoParis,andbackhomeviaZurich,Donaueschingen,andMunich.
Mozartwrotehisfirstsymphonywhenhewaseightyearsold.Itisprobablethathisfathertranscribed
mostofitforhim.[18]
Duringthistrip,Mozartmetanumberofmusiciansandacquaintedhimselfwiththeworksofother
composers.AparticularlyimportantinfluencewasJohannChristianBach,whomMozartvisitedin
Londonin1764and1765.ThefamilyagainwenttoViennainlate1767andremainedthereuntil
December1768.
Thesetripswereoftendifficultandtravelconditionswereprimitive.[20]Thefamilyhadtowaitfor
invitationsandreimbursementfromthenobilityandtheyenduredlong,nearfatalillnessesfarfrom
home:firstLeopold(London,summer1764)[21]thenbothchildren(TheHague,autumn1765).[22]
AfteroneyearinSalzburg,LeopoldandMozartsetoffforItaly,leavingMozart'smotherandsisterat
home.ThistravellastedfromDecember1769toMarch1771.Aswithearlierjourneys,Leopoldwanted
todisplayhisson'sabilitiesasaperformerandarapidlymaturingcomposer.MozartmetJosef
MysliveekandGiovanniBattistaMartiniinBolognaandwasacceptedasamemberofthefamous
AccademiaFilarmonica.InRome,heheardGregorioAllegri'sMisereretwiceinperformanceinthe
SistineChapelandwroteitoutfrommemory,thusproducingthefirstunauthorizedcopyofthisclosely
guardedpropertyoftheVatican.[23][24]
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InMilan,MozartwrotetheoperaMitridate,rediPonto(1770),which
wasperformedwithsuccess.Thisledtofurtheroperacommissions.He
returnedwithhisfatherlatertwicetoMilan(AugustDecember1771
October1772March1773)forthecompositionandpremieresof
AscanioinAlba(1771)andLucioSilla(1772).Leopoldhopedthese
visitswouldresultinaprofessionalappointmentforhissoninItaly,but
thesehopeswereneverrealized.[25]
TowardtheendofthefinalItalianjourney,Mozartwrotethefirstofhis
workstobestillwidelyperformedtoday,thesolomotetExsultate,
jubilate,K.165.
177377:EmploymentattheSalzburgcourt
AfterfinallyreturningwithhisfatherfromItalyon13March1773,
MozartwasemployedasacourtmusicianbytherulerofSalzburg,
PrinceArchbishopHieronymusColloredo.Thecomposerhadagreat
numberoffriendsandadmirersinSalzburg[26]andhadtheopportunity
Carmontelle,ca.1763[19]
toworkinmanygenres,includingsymphonies,sonatas,stringquartets,
masses,serenades,andafewminoroperas.BetweenApriland
December1775,Mozartdevelopedanenthusiasmforviolinconcertos,producingaseriesoffive(the
onlyonesheeverwrote),whichsteadilyincreasedintheirmusicalsophistication.Thelastthree
K.216,K.218,K.219arenowstaplesoftherepertoire.In1776heturnedhiseffortstopiano
concertos,culminatingintheEflatconcertoK.271ofearly1777,consideredbycriticstobea
breakthroughwork.[27]
TheMozartfamilyontour:
Leopold,Wolfgang,and
Nannerl.Watercolorby
Despitetheseartisticsuccesses,MozartgrewincreasinglydiscontentedwithSalzburgandredoubledhis
effortstofindapositionelsewhere.Onereasonwashislowsalary,150florinsayear[28]Mozartlonged
tocomposeoperas,andSalzburgprovidedonlyrareoccasionsforthese.Thesituationworsenedin1775
whenthecourttheaterwasclosed,especiallysincetheothertheaterinSalzburgwaslargelyreservedfor
visitingtroupes.[29]
TwolongexpeditionsinsearchofworkinterruptedthislongSalzburgstay:Mozartandhisfathervisited
Viennafrom14Julyto26September1773,andMunichfrom6December1774toMarch1775.Neither
visitwassuccessful,thoughtheMunichjourneyresultedinapopularsuccesswiththepremiereof
Mozart'soperaLafintagiardiniera.[30]
177778:JourneytoParis
InAugust1777,MozartresignedhispositionatSalzburg[32]andon23Septemberventuredoutonce
moreinsearchofemployment,withvisitstoAugsburg,Mannheim,Paris,andMunich.[33]
MozartbecameacquaintedwithmembersofthefamousorchestrainMannheim,thebestinEuropeat
thetime.HealsofellinlovewithAloysiaWeber,oneoffourdaughtersofamusicalfamily.Therewere
prospectsofemploymentinMannheim,buttheycametonothing,[34]andMozartleftforParison14
March1778[35]tocontinuehissearch.OneofhislettersfromParishintsatapossiblepostasanorganist
atVersailles,butMozartwasnotinterestedinsuchanappointment.[36]Hefellintodebtandtookto
pawningvaluables.[37]ThenadirofthevisitoccurredwhenMozart'smotherwastakenillanddiedon3
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July1778.[38]Therehadbeendelaysincallingadoctorprobably,
accordingtoHalliwell,becauseofalackoffunds.[39]Mozartstayedwith
MelchiorGrimm,who,aspersonalsecretaryoftheDuked'Orlans,lived
inhismansion.[40]
WhileMozartwasinParishisfatherwaspursuingopportunitiesof
employmentforhiminSalzburg.[41]Withthesupportofthelocal
nobility,Mozartwasofferedapostascourtorganistandconcertmaster.
Theannualsalarywas450florins,[42]buthewasreluctanttoaccept.[43]
BythattimerelationsbetweenGrimmandMozarthadcooled,and
Mozartmovedout.AfterleavingParisinSeptember1778for
Strasbourg,helingeredinMannheimandMunich,stillhopingtoobtain
anappointmentoutsideSalzburg.InMunichheagainencountered
Aloysia,nowaverysuccessfulsinger,butshewasnolongerinterested
inhim.[44]MozartfinallyreturnedtoSalzburgon15January1779and
tookuphisnewappointment,buthisdiscontentwithSalzburgremained
undiminished.[45]
PortraitofMozartwearing
theOrderoftheGolden
Spur,receivedin1770from
PopeClementXIVinRome,
c.1777[31]
AmongthebetterknownworkswhichMozartwroteontheParisjourneyaretheAminorpianosonata,
K.310/300dandthe"Paris"Symphony(No.31),whichwereperformedinParison12and18June
1778.[46]
Vienna
1781:Departure
InJanuary1781,Mozart'soperaIdomeneopremieredwith
"considerablesuccess"inMunich.[47]ThefollowingMarch,
MozartwassummonedtoVienna,wherehisemployer,
ArchbishopColloredo,wasattendingthecelebrationsforthe
accessionofJosephIItotheAustrianthrone.Freshfromthe
adulationhehadearnedinMunich,Mozartwasoffendedwhen
Colloredotreatedhimasamereservantandparticularlywhen
thearchbishopforbadehimtoperformbeforetheEmperorat
TheMozartfamilyc.1780.The
CountessThun'sforafeeequaltohalfofhisyearlySalzburg
portraitonthewallisofMozart's
salary.TheresultingquarrelcametoaheadinMay:Mozart
mother.
attemptedtoresignandwasrefused.Thefollowingmonth,
permissionwasgrantedbutinagrosslyinsultingway:the
composerwasdismissedliterally"withakickinthearse",administeredbythearchbishop'ssteward,
CountArco.MozartdecidedtosettleinViennaasafreelanceperformerandcomposer.[48]
ThequarrelwiththearchbishopwentharderforMozartbecausehisfathersidedagainsthim.Hoping
ferventlythathewouldobedientlyfollowColloredobacktoSalzburg,Mozart'sfatherexchangedintense
letterswithhisson,urginghimtobereconciledwiththeiremployer.Mozartpassionatelydefendedhis
intentiontopursueanindependentcareerinVienna.ThedebateendedwhenMozartwasdismissedby
thearchbishop,freeinghimselfbothofhisemployerandhisfather'sdemandstoreturn.Solomon
characterizesMozart'sresignationasa"revolutionarystep",anditgreatlyalteredthecourseofhis
life.[49]
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Earlyyears
Mozart'snewcareerinViennabeganwell.Heperformedoftenasapianist,notablyinacompetition
beforetheEmperorwithMuzioClemention24December1781,[48]andhesoon"hadestablished
himselfasthefinestkeyboardplayerinVienna".[48]Healsoprosperedasacomposer,andin1782
completedtheoperaDieEntfhrungausdemSerail("TheAbductionfromtheSeraglio"),which
premieredon16July1782andachievedahugesuccess.Theworkwassoonbeingperformed
"throughoutGermanspeakingEurope",[48]andfullyestablishedMozart'sreputationasacomposer.
NeartheheightofhisquarrelswithColloredo,Mozartmovedinwiththe
Weberfamily,whohadmovedtoViennafromMannheim.Thefather,
Fridolin,haddied,andtheWeberswerenowtakinginlodgerstomake
endsmeet.[50]Aloysia,whohadearlierrejectedMozart'ssuit,wasnow
marriedtotheactorandartistJosephLange.Mozart'sinterestshiftedto
thethirdWeberdaughter,Constanze.Thecourtshipdidnotgoentirely
smoothlysurvivingcorrespondenceindicatesthatMozartandConstanze
brieflyseparatedinApril1782.[51]Mozartfacedaverydifficulttaskin
gettinghisfather'spermissionforthemarriage.[52]Thecouplewere
finallymarriedon4August1782inSt.Stephen'sCathedral,theday
beforehisfather'sconsentarrivedinthemail.[52]
Thecouplehadsixchildren,ofwhomonlytwosurvivedinfancy:
1782portraitofConstanze
Mozartbyherbrotherin
lawJosephLange
RaimundLeopold(17June19August1783)
KarlThomasMozart(21September178431October1858)
JohannThomasLeopold(18October15November1786)
TheresiaConstanziaAdelheidFriederickeMariaAnna(27December178729June1788)
AnnaMaria(diedsoonafterbirth,16November1789)[53]
FranzXaverWolfgangMozart(26July179129July1844)
Inthecourseof1782and1783,MozartbecameintimatelyacquaintedwiththeworkofJohann
SebastianBachandGeorgeFridericHandelasaresultoftheinfluenceofGottfriedvanSwieten,who
ownedmanymanuscriptsoftheBaroquemasters.Mozart'sstudyofthesescoresinspiredcompositions
inBaroquestyle,andlaterinfluencedhispersonalmusicallanguage,forexampleinfugalpassagesin
DieZauberflte("TheMagicFlute")andthefinaleofSymphonyNo.41.[8]
In1783,MozartandhiswifevisitedhisfamilyinSalzburg.Hisfatherandsisterwerecordiallypoliteto
Constanze,butthevisitpromptedthecompositionofoneofMozart'sgreatliturgicalpieces,theMassin
Cminor.Thoughnotcompleted,itwaspremieredinSalzburg,withConstanzesingingasolopart.[54]
MozartmetJosephHaydninViennaaround1784,andthetwocomposersbecamefriends.WhenHaydn
visitedVienna,theysometimesplayedtogetherinanimpromptustringquartet.Mozart'ssixquartets
dedicatedtoHaydn(K.387,K.421,K.428,K.458,K.464,andK.465)datefromtheperiod1782to
1785,andarejudgedtobearesponsetoHaydn'sOpus33setfrom1781.[55]Haydnin1785told
Mozart'sfather:"ItellyoubeforeGod,andasanhonestman,yoursonisthegreatestcomposerknown
tomebypersonandrepute,hehastasteandwhatismorethegreatestskillincomposition."[56]
From1782to1785Mozartmountedconcertswithhimselfassoloist,presentingthreeorfournewpiano
concertosineachseason.Sincespaceinthetheaterswasscarce,hebookedunconventionalvenues:a
largeroomintheTrattnerhof(anapartmentbuilding),andtheballroomoftheMehlgrube(a
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restaurant).[57]Theconcertswereverypopular,andtheconcertoshepremieredatthemarestillfirm
fixturesintherepertoire.SolomonwritesthatduringthisperiodMozartcreated"aharmonious
connectionbetweenaneagercomposerperformerandadelightedaudience,whichwasgiventhe
opportunityofwitnessingthetransformationandperfectionofamajormusicalgenre".[57]
Withsubstantialreturnsfromhisconcertsandelsewhere,Mozartandhiswifeadoptedaratherplush
lifestyle.Theymovedtoanexpensiveapartment,withayearlyrentof460florins.[58]Mozartboughta
finefortepianofromAntonWalterforabout900florins,andabilliardtableforabout300.[58]The
MozartssenttheirsonKarlThomastoanexpensiveboardingschool,[59][60]andkeptservants.Saving
wasthereforeimpossible,andtheshortperiodoffinancialsuccessdidnothingtosoftenthehardshipthe
Mozartswerelatertoexperience.[61][62]
On14December1784,MozartbecameaFreemason,admittedtothelodgeZurWohlttigkeit
("Beneficence").[63]FreemasonryplayedanimportantroleintheremainderofMozart'slife:heattended
meetings,anumberofhisfriendswereMasons,andonvariousoccasionshecomposedMasonicmusic,
e.g.theMaurerischeTrauermusik.
178687:Returntoopera
DespitethegreatsuccessofDieEntfhrungausdemSerail,Mozartdidlittleoperaticwritingforthe
nextfouryears,producingonlytwounfinishedworksandtheoneactDerSchauspieldirektor.He
focusedinsteadonhiscareerasapianosoloistandwriterofconcertos.Aroundtheendof1785,Mozart
movedawayfromkeyboardwriting[64]andbeganhisfamousoperaticcollaborationwiththelibrettist
LorenzoDaPonte.1786sawthesuccessfulpremiereofTheMarriageofFigaroinVienna.Itsreception
inPraguelaterintheyearwasevenwarmer,andthisledtoasecondcollaborationwithDaPonte:the
operaDonGiovanni,whichpremieredinOctober1787toacclaiminPrague,butlesssuccessinVienna
in1788.[65]ThetwoareamongMozart'smostimportantworksandaremainstaysoftheoperatic
repertoiretoday,thoughattheirpremierestheirmusicalcomplexitycauseddifficultyforbothlisteners
andperformers.ThesedevelopmentswerenotwitnessedbyMozart'sfather,whohaddiedon28May
1787.
InDecember1787,Mozartfinallyobtainedasteadypostunderaristocraticpatronage.EmperorJoseph
IIappointedhimashis"chambercomposer",apostthathadfallenvacantthepreviousmonthonthe
deathofGluck.Itwasaparttimeappointment,payingjust800florinsperyear,andrequiredMozart
onlytocomposedancesfortheannualballsintheRedoutensaal.Thismodestincomebecameimportant
toMozartwhenhardtimesarrived.CourtrecordsshowthatJoseph'saimwastokeeptheesteemed
composerfromleavingViennainpursuitofbetterprospects.[66]
In1787theyoungLudwigvanBeethovenspentseveralweeksinVienna,hopingtostudywith
Mozart.[67]Noreliablerecordssurvivetoindicatewhetherthetwocomposersevermet.
Lateryearsanddeath
178890
Towardtheendofthedecade,Mozart'scircumstancesworsened.Around1786hehadceasedtoappear
frequentlyinpublicconcerts,andhisincomeshrank.[68]Thiswasadifficulttimeformusiciansin
ViennabecauseoftheAustroTurkishWar,andboththegenerallevelofprosperityandtheabilityofthe
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aristocracytosupportmusichaddeclined.[64]
Bymid1788,MozartandhisfamilyhadmovedfromcentralViennatothesuburbofAlsergrund.[68]
AlthoughithasbeenthoughtthatMozartreducedhisrentalexpenses,
researchshowsthatbymovingtothesuburb,Mozarthadnotreducedhis
expenses(asclaimedinhislettertoPuchberg),butmerelyincreasedthe
housingspaceathisdisposal.[69]Mozartbegantoborrowmoney,most
oftenfromhisfriendandfellowMasonMichaelPuchberg"apitiful
sequenceofletterspleadingforloans"survives.[70]MaynardSolomon
andothershavesuggestedthatMozartwassufferingfromdepression,
anditseemsthathisoutputslowed.[71]Majorworksoftheperiod
includethelastthreesymphonies(Nos.39,40,and41,allfrom1788),
andthelastofthethreeDaPonteoperas,Cosfantutte,premieredin
1790.
Aroundthistime,Mozartmadelongjourneyshopingtoimprovehis
fortunes:toLeipzig,Dresden,andBerlininthespringof1789,andto
Frankfurt,Mannheim,andotherGermancitiesin1790.Thetrips
producedonlyisolatedsuccessanddidnotrelievethefamily'sfinancial
distress.
DrawingofMozartin
silverpoint,madebyDora
StockduringMozart'svisit
toDresden,April1789
1791
Mozart'slastyearwas,untilhisfinalillnessstruck,atimeofgreatproductivityandbysomeaccounts,
oneofpersonalrecovery.[72]Hecomposedagreatdeal,includingsomeofhismostadmiredworks:the
operaTheMagicFlutethefinalpianoconcerto(K.595inBflat)theClarinetConcertoK.622thelast
inhisgreatseriesofstringquintets(K.614inEflat)themotetAveverumcorpusK.618andthe
unfinishedRequiemK.626.
Mozart'sfinancialsituation,asourceofextremeanxietyin1790,finallybegantoimprove.Althoughthe
evidenceisinconclusive,[73]itappearsthatwealthypatronsinHungaryandAmsterdampledged
annuitiestoMozartinreturnfortheoccasionalcomposition.Heisthoughttohavebenefitedfromthe
saleofdancemusicwritteninhisroleasImperialchambercomposer.[73]Mozartnolongerborrowed
largesumsfromPuchberg,andmadeastartonpayingoffhisdebts.[73]
Heexperiencedgreatsatisfactioninthepublicsuccessofsomeofhisworks,notablyTheMagicFlute
(whichwasperformedseveraltimesintheshortperiodbetweenitspremiereandMozart'sdeath)[74]and
theLittleMasonicCantataK.623,premieredon15November1791.[75]
Finalillnessanddeath
MozartfellillwhileinPragueforthe6September1791premiereofhisoperaLaclemenzadiTito,
writteninthatsameyearoncommissionfortheEmperor'scoronationfestivities.[76]Hecontinuedhis
professionalfunctionsforsometime,andconductedthepremiereofTheMagicFluteon30September.
Hishealthdeterioratedon20November,atwhichpointhebecamebedridden,sufferingfromswelling,
pain,andvomiting.[77]
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Mozartwasnursedinhisfinalillnessbyhiswifeandheryoungestsister,andwasattendedbythefamily
doctor,ThomasFranzClosset.HewasmentallyoccupiedwiththetaskoffinishinghisRequiem,butthe
evidencethatheactuallydictatedpassagestohisstudentFranzXaverSssmayrisminimal.[78][79]
Mozartdiedinhishomeon5December1791(aged35)at1:00am.TheNewGrovedescribeshis
funeral:
Posthumouspaintingby
BarbaraKrafftin1819
Mozartwasinterredinacommongrave,inaccordancewithcontemporaryViennese
custom,attheSt.MarxCemeteryoutsidethecityon7December.If,aslaterreportssay,no
mournersattended,thattooisconsistentwithVienneseburialcustomsatthetimelater
Jahn(1856)wrotethatSalieri,Sssmayr,vanSwietenandtwoothermusicianswere
present.Thetaleofastormandsnowisfalsethedaywascalmandmild.[80]
Theexpression"commongrave"referstoneitheracommunalgravenorapauper'sgrave,buttoan
individualgraveforamemberofthecommonpeople(i.e.,notthearistocracy).Commongraveswere
subjecttoexcavationaftertenyearsthegravesofaristocratswerenot.[81]
ThecauseofMozart'sdeathcannotbeknownwithcertainty.Theofficialrecordhasitas"hitziges
Frieselfieber"("severemiliaryfever",referringtoarashthatlookslikemilletseeds),moreadescription
ofthesymptomsthanadiagnosis.Researchershavepositedatleast118causesofdeath,includingacute
rheumaticfever,[82][83]streptococcalinfection,[84][85]trichinosis,influenza,mercurypoisoning,anda
rarekidneyailment.[82]
Mozart'smodestfuneraldidnotreflecthisstandingwiththepublicasacomposer:memorialservices
andconcertsinViennaandPraguewerewellattended.Indeed,intheperiodimmediatelyafterhisdeath,
hisreputationrosesubstantially:Solomondescribesan"unprecedentedwaveofenthusiasm"[86]forhis
workbiographieswerewritten(firstbySchlichtegroll,Niemetschek,andNissen)andpublishersvied
toproducecompleteeditionsofhisworks.[86]
Appearanceandcharacter
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Mozart'sphysicalappearancewasdescribedbytenorMichael
Kelly,inhisReminiscences:"aremarkablysmallman,verythin
andpale,withaprofusionoffine,fairhairofwhichhewas
rathervain".AshisearlybiographerNiemetschekwrote,"there
wasnothingspecialabout[his]physique.[...]Hewassmalland
hiscountenance,exceptforhislargeintenseeyes,gavenosigns
ofhisgenius."Hisfacialcomplexionwaspitted,areminderof
hischildhoodcaseofsmallpox.ThereisaphotofitofMozart,
createdfromfourcontemporaryportraits.[88]Helovedelegant
clothing.Kellyrememberedhimatarehearsal:"[He]wasonthe
stagewithhiscrimsonpelisseandgoldlacedcockedhat,giving
thetimeofthemusictotheorchestra."Ofhisvoicehiswifelater
wrotethatit"wasatenor,rathersoftinspeakinganddelicatein
singing,butwhenanythingexcitedhim,oritbecamenecessary
toexertit,itwasbothpowerfulandenergetic".[89]
Incompletelyenlarged[87]portraitof
MozartbyhisbrotherinlawJoseph
Lange
Mozartusuallyworkedlongandhard,finishingcompositionsat
atremendouspaceasdeadlinesapproached.HeoftenmadesketchesanddraftsunlikeBeethoven's
thesearemostlynotpreserved,ashiswifesoughttodestroythemafterhisdeath.[90]
HewasraisedaCatholicandremainedaloyalmemberoftheChurchthroughouthislife.[91]
MozartlivedatthecenteroftheViennesemusicalworld,andknewagreatnumberandvarietyof
people:fellowmusicians,theatricalperformers,fellowSalzburgers,andaristocrats,includingsome
acquaintancewiththeEmperorJosephII.Solomonconsidershisthreeclosestfriendstohavebeen
GottfriedvonJacquin,CountAugustHatzfeld,andSigmundBarisaniothersincludedhisolder
colleagueJosephHaydn,singersFranzXaverGerlandBenediktSchack,andthehornplayerJoseph
Leutgeb.LeutgebandMozartcarriedonacuriouskindoffriendlymockery,oftenwithLeutgebasthe
buttofMozart'spracticaljokes.[92]
Heenjoyedbilliardsanddancing,andkeptpets:acanary,astarling,adog,andahorseforrecreational
riding.[93]Hehadastartlingfondnessforscatologicalhumor,whichispreservedinhissurvivingletters,
notablythosewrittentohiscousinMariaAnnaTheklaMozartaround17771778,andinhis
correspondencewithhissisterandparents.[94]Mozartalsowrotescatologicalmusic,aseriesofcanons
thathesangwithhisfriends.
Works,musicalstyle,andinnovations
Style
Mozart'smusic,likeHaydn's,standsasanarchetype
oftheClassicalstyle.Atthetimehebegan
composing,Europeanmusicwasdominatedbythe
stylegalant,areactionagainstthehighlyevolved
intricacyoftheBaroque.Progressively,andinlarge
partatthehandsofMozarthimself,thecontrapuntal
complexitiesofthelateBaroqueemergedoncemore,
moderatedanddisciplinedbynewforms,and
adaptedtoanewaestheticandsocialmilieu.Mozart
wasaversatilecomposer,andwroteineverymajor
SymphonieNr.40gmoll,K.550.
Movement:1.Moltoallegro
0:00
MENU
OverturetoDonGiovanni
0:00
MENU
BothperformedbytheFulda
SymphonicOrchestra,Conductor:
SimonSchindler
10/18
6/1/2015
genre,includingsymphony,opera,thesoloconcerto,
Problemsplayingthesefiles?Seemediahelp.
chambermusicincludingstringquartetandstring
quintet,andthepianosonata.Theseformswerenotnew,butMozartadvancedtheirtechnical
sophisticationandemotionalreach.HealmostsinglehandedlydevelopedandpopularizedtheClassical
pianoconcerto.Hewroteagreatdealofreligiousmusic,includinglargescalemasses,aswellasdances,
divertimenti,serenades,andotherformsoflightentertainment.
ThecentraltraitsoftheClassicalstyleareallpresentinMozart'smusic.Clarity,balance,and
transparencyarethehallmarksofhiswork,butsimplisticnotionsofitsdelicacymasktheexceptional
powerofhisfinestmasterpieces,suchasthePianoConcertoNo.24inCminor,K.491theSymphony
No.40inGminor,K.550andtheoperaDonGiovanni.CharlesRosenmakesthepointforcefully:
ItisonlythroughrecognizingtheviolenceandsensualityatthecenterofMozart'sworkthat
wecanmakeastarttowardsacomprehensionofhisstructuresandaninsightintohis
magnificence.Inaparadoxicalway,Schumann'ssuperficialcharacterizationoftheGminor
SymphonycanhelpustoseeMozart'sdaemonmoresteadily.InallofMozart'ssupreme
expressionsofsufferingandterror,thereissomethingshockinglyvoluptuous.[95]
Especiallyduringhislastdecade,Mozartexploitedchromaticharmonytoadegreerareatthetime,with
remarkableassuranceandtogreatartisticeffect.
Mozartalwayshadagiftforabsorbingandadaptingvaluablefeaturesofothers'music.Histravels
helpedintheforgingofauniquecompositionallanguage.[96]InLondonasachild,hemetJ.C.Bach
andheardhismusic.InParis,Mannheim,andViennahemetwithothercompositionalinfluences,as
wellastheavantgardecapabilitiesoftheMannheimorchestra.InItalyheencounteredtheItalian
overtureandoperabuffa,bothofwhichdeeplyaffectedtheevolutionofhisownpractice.InLondon
andItaly,thegalantstylewasintheascendent:simple,lightmusicwithamaniaforcadencingan
emphasisontonic,dominant,andsubdominanttotheexclusionofotherharmoniessymmetrical
phrasesandclearlyarticulatedpartitionsintheoverallformofmovements.[97]SomeofMozart'searly
symphoniesareItalianovertures,withthreemovementsrunningintoeachothermanyarehomotonal
(allthreemovementshavingthesamekeysignature,withtheslowmiddlemovementbeinginthe
relativeminor).OthersmimictheworksofJ.C.Bach,andothersshowthesimpleroundedbinaryforms
turnedoutbyViennesecomposers.
AsMozartmatured,heprogressivelyincorporatedmorefeatures
adaptedfromtheBaroque.Forexample,theSymphonyNo.29in
AmajorK.201hasacontrapuntalmainthemeinitsfirst
movement,andexperimentationwithirregularphraselengths.
Someofhisquartetsfrom1773havefugalfinales,probably
influencedbyHaydn,whohadincludedthreesuchfinalesinhis
recentlypublishedOpus20set.TheinfluenceoftheSturmund
Drang("StormandStress")periodinmusic,withitsbrief
foreshadowingoftheRomanticera,isevidentinthemusicof
bothcomposersatthattime.Mozart'sSymphonyNo.25inG
minorK.183isanotherexcellentexample.
Mozartwouldsometimesswitchhisfocusbetweenoperasand
instrumentalmusic.Heproducedoperasineachoftheprevailing
styles:operabuffa,suchasTheMarriageofFigaro,Don
Giovanni,andCosfantutteoperaseria,suchasIdomeneoand
Afacsimilesheetofmusicfromthe
DiesIraemovementoftheRequiem
MassinDminor(K.626)in
Mozart'sownhandwriting.Itis
locatedattheMozarthausinVienna.
11/18
6/1/2015
Singspiel,ofwhichDieZauberflteisthemostfamousexamplebyanycomposer.Inhislateroperashe
employedsubtlechangesininstrumentation,orchestraltexture,andtonecolor,foremotionaldepthand
tomarkdramaticshifts.Herehisadvancesinoperaandinstrumentalcomposinginteracted:his
increasinglysophisticateduseoftheorchestrainthesymphoniesandconcertosinfluencedhisoperatic
orchestration,andhisdevelopingsubtletyinusingtheorchestratopsychologicaleffectinhisoperaswas
inturnreflectedinhislaternonoperaticcompositions.[98]
Influence
Mozart'smostfamouspupil,whomtheMozartstookintotheirViennahomefortwoyearsasachild,
wasprobablyJohannNepomukHummel,atransitionalfigurebetweenClassicalandRomanticeras.[99]
MoreimportantistheinfluenceMozarthadoncomposersoflatergenerations.Eversincethesurgein
hisreputationafterhisdeath,studyinghisscoreshasbeenastandardpartofthetrainingofclassical
musicians.
LudwigvanBeethoven,Mozart'sjuniorbyfifteenyears,wasdeeplyinfluencedbyhiswork,withwhich
hewasacquaintedasateenager.HeisthoughttohaveperformedMozart'soperaswhileplayinginthe
courtorchestraatBonn,[100]andhetraveledtoViennain1787hopingtostudywiththeoldercomposer.
SomeofBeethoven'sworkshavedirectmodelsincomparableworksbyMozart,andhewrotecadenzas
(WoO58)toMozart'sDminorpianoconcertoK.466.ForfurtherdetailsseeMozartandBeethoven.
GioachinoRossiniwasobsessedwithMozart'smusicasapupil,claimingthathelearnedmorefromhis
studiesofHaydnandMozartthanhisteacherPadreMatteiattheLiceoMusicaleinBologna.Often
accusedofbeingtooGermanicinhisorchestralwriting,Rossiniwasnicknamed'Iltedeschino,'(thelittle
German)byhisteachers.Inoldage,RossinidescribedMozartas'theadmirationofmyyouth,the
desperationofmymatureyears,andtheconsolationofmyoldage.'[101]
AnumberofcomposershavepaidhomagetoMozartbywritingsetsofvariationsonhisthemes.
Beethovenwrotefoursuchsets(Op.66,WoO28,WoO40,WoO46).OthersincludeFernandoSor's
IntroductionandVariationsonaThemebyMozart(1821),MikhailGlinka'sVariationsonaTheme
fromMozart'sOperaDieZauberflte(1822),FrdricChopin'sVariationson"Lcidaremlamano"
fromDonGiovanni(1827),andMaxReger'sVariationsandFugueonaThemebyMozart(1914),based
onthevariationthemeinthepianosonataK.331[102]
PyotrIlyichTchaikovskywrotehisOrchestralSuiteNo.4inG,"Mozartiana"(1887),asatributeto
Mozart.
Kchelcatalogue
ForunambiguousidentificationofworksbyMozart,aKchelcataloguenumberisused.Thisisa
uniquenumberassigned,inregularchronologicalorder,toeveryoneofhisknownworks.Aworkis
referencedbytheabbreviation"K."or"KV"followedbythisnumber.Thefirsteditionofthecatalogue
wascompletedin1862byLudwigvonKchel.Ithassincebeenrepeatedlyupdated,asscholarly
researchimprovesknowledgeofthedatesandauthenticityofindividualworks.
Seealso
Mozartfamily
Mozartinfiction
Mozarteum
12/18
6/1/2015
MozarthausVienna
SociologicalandculturalaspectsofTourettesyndromefordiscussionofthediscreditedview
thatMozarthadTourettesyndrome
Notes
1. SourcesvaryinhowMozart'snameshouldbepronouncedinEnglish.Fradkin(1996),aguideforradio
announcers,stronglyrecommends[ts]forletterz,butotherwiseconsidersEnglishlikepronunciationfully
acceptablethus/wlfmdesmotsrt/.
2. Mozart'sexactnameinvolvedmanycomplicationsfordetailsseeMozart'sname.
3. Landon1990,p.171
4. Source:Wilson(1999,2).ThemanychangesofEuropeanpoliticalborderssinceMozart'stimemakeit
difficulttoassignhimanunambiguousnationalityfordiscussionseeMozart'snationality.
5. "MariaAnnaPertl"(http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=eni=2063090),GenealogicaldatabasebyDanielde
Rauglaudre.(retrieved14June2012)
6. Deutsch1965,p.9
7. Solomon1995,p.21
8. Eisen
9. Solomon(1995,32)
10. Deutsch1965,p.455
11. "AndanteinCmajor,K.1a(Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus)"
(http://imslp.org/wiki/Andante_in_C_major,_K.1a_%28Mozart,_Wolfgang_Amadeus%29).IMSLP.
imslp.org.21April2014.Retrieved20December2014.
12. "AllegroinCmajor,K.1b(Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus)"
(http://imslp.org/wiki/Allegro_in_C_major,_K.1b_%28Mozart,_Wolfgang_Amadeus%29).IMSLP.imslp.org.
23May2012.Retrieved20December2014.
13. "AllegroinFmajor,K.1c(Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus)"
(http://imslp.org/wiki/Allegro_in_F_major,_K.1c_%28Mozart,_Wolfgang_Amadeus%29).IMSLP.imslp.org.
15January2014.Retrieved20December2014.
14. Solomon1995,pp.3940
15. Deutsch1965,p.453
16. Solomon1995,p.33
17. "MOZART,WolfgangAmadeus(17561791)"(https://www.englishheritage.org.uk/discover/blue
plaques/search/mozartwolfgangamadeus17561791).englishheritage.org.uk.Retrieved29January2015.
18. Meerdter,Joe(2009)."MozartBiography"(http://midiworld.com/mozart1.htm).MIDIWorld.midiworld.com.
Retrieved20December2014.
20. Halliwell1998,pp.51,53
21. Halliwell1998,pp.8283
22. Halliwell1998,pp.99102
23. Gutman(2000:271).FordetailsofthestoryseeMiserere(Allegri)andMozart'scompositionalmethod.
24. Fornewinformationonthisepisode,seeIliasChrissochoidis,"LondonMozartiana:Wolfgang'sdisputedage
&earlyperformancesofAllegri'sMiserere",TheMusicalTimes,vol.151,no.1911(Summer2010),8389.
25. Halliwell1998,pp.172,183185
26. Solomon1995,p.106
27. Solomon1995,p.103
29. Solomon1995,p.107
30. Solomon1995,p.109
31. Vatican1770
32. Halliwell1998,p.225.ArchbishopColloredorespondedtotherequestbydismissingbothMozartandhis
father,thoughthedismissalofthelatterwasnotactuallycarriedout.
33. Sadie1998
34. SeeGeraldDrebes,Die"MannheimerSchule"einZentrumdervorklassischenMusikundMozart,
Heidelberg1992,online[1](http://www.geralddrebes.ch/page8.html)
35. Deutsch1965,p.174
13/18
6/1/2015
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
Deutsch1965,p.174
Solomon1995,p.149
Halliwell1998,pp.304305
Abert2007,p.509
Halliwell1998,p.305
PiotrNapieraa."BAROQUECOMPOSERS(PiotrNapieraa)"
(http://baroquecomposers.blogspot.nl/2011/02/17781779mozartlettersfromparis.html).
baroquecomposers.blogspot.nl.Retrieved29January2015.
Halliwell1998,chs.1819
Solomon1995,p.157
Halliwell1998,p.322
Sadie1998,3
Hewroteduringthatperiodwhatwheneverheorsomeoneelseplayedoneofhiscompositions,itwasasif
thetableandthechairsweretheonlylisteners.Histoiredelamusiqueoccidentale,Jean&BrigitteMassin,
ed.,Fayard,Paris,1983,p.613.
Deutsch1965,p.176
Sadie1980,vol.12,p.700
Sadie1998,4
Solomon1995,p.247
Solomon1995,p.253
Solomon1995,p.259
Solomon1995,p.258
MozartDaybyDay1789(http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozartlifeandwork/mozartscalender.html?
id=449&suche=&seite=4&jahr=1789),Mozarteum
Solomon1995,p.270
Barry2000.FordetaileddiscussionoftheinfluenceofOpus33onthe"Haydn"quartets.
Mozart&Mozart1966,p.1331.Leopold'slettertohisdaughterNannerl,1416May1785.
Solomon1995,p.293
Solomon1995,p.298
Solomon1995,p.430
Solomon1995,p.578
Solomon1995,27
Solomon1995,p.431
Solomon1995,p.321
Solomon1995
Freeman2013,pp.104130
Solomon1995,pp.423424.Amorerecentview,Wolff(2012),isthatMozart'spositionwasamore
substantialonethanistraditionallymaintained,andthatsomeofMozart'schambermusicfromthistimewas
writtenaspartofhisimperialduties.
Haberl2006,pp.21555
Sadie1998,6
Lorenz2010
Steptoe1990,p.208
Solomon1995,30.Morerecently,Wolff(2012)hasforcefullyadvocatedaviewofMozart'scareeratthe
endofhislifeasbeingontherise,interruptedbyhissuddendeath.
Solomon1995,p.477
Solomon1995,p.487
Solomon1995,p.490
Freeman2013,pp.14877
Solomon1995,p.491
Solomon1995,p.493
Solomon1995,p.588
WaltherBrauneis,Diesirea,diesillaDayofwrath,dayofwailing:Notesonthecommissioning,origin
andcompletionofMozart'sRequiem(KV626)(http://www.aproposmozart.com/Brauneis%20
%20Dies%20irae.rev.Index.pdf)
Wakin2010
Crawford,Franklin(14February2000)."FoulplayruledoutindeathofWolfgangAmadeusMozart"
14/18
6/1/2015
83. Crawford,Franklin(14February2000)."FoulplayruledoutindeathofWolfgangAmadeusMozart"
(http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200002/CUNSFpro1402100.php).EurekAlert!(American
AssociationfortheAdvancementofScience).Retrieved26April2014.
84. Becker,Sander(20August2009)."VoorlopigisMozartbezwekenaanstreptokok"
(http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1152870/2009/08/20/VoorlopigisMozartbezweken
aanstreptokok.dhtml)("ForthetimebeingMozartsuccumbedtostreptococcus").Trouw.Retrieved25April
2014(Dutch) .
85. Bakalar,Nicholas(17August2009)."WhatReallyKilledMozart?MaybeStrep."
(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/health/18mozart.html).TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved24April2014.
86. Solomon1995,p.499
87. MichaelLorenz,"JosephLange'sMozartPortrait"(http://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2012/09/josephlanges
mozartportrait.html),Vienna2012
88. SeeGeraldDrebes,Die"MannheimerSchule"einZentrumdervorklassischenMusikundMozart,
Heidelberg1992,p.16,online[2](http://www.geralddrebes.de/7.html)
89. Solomon1995,p.308
90. Solomon1995,p.310
91. Abert,Hermann(2007).W.A.Mozart(http://books.google.com/?
id=l6I6BwTMJ3sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hermann+Abert#v=onepage&q=Hermann%20Abert&f=false).
YaleUniversityPress.ISBN0300072236.Retrieved20May2014.
92. Solomon1995,20
93. Solomon1995,p.319
94. Solomon1995,p.169
95. Rosen1998,p.324
96. Solomon1995,ch.8.Discussionofthesourcesofstyleaswellashisearlyimitativeability.
97. Heartz2003
98. Einstein1965
99. Solomon1995,p.574
100. Raptus
101. NicholasTill,p.1819
102. March,Greenfield&Layton2005
References
Abert,Hermann(2007).W.A.Mozart.CliffEisen(ed.),StewartSpencer(trans.).NewHaven:
YaleUniversityPress.ISBN9780300072235.
Barry,BarbaraR(2000).ThePhilosopher'sStone:EssaysintheTransformationofMusical
Structure.Hillsdale,NewYork:PendragonPress.ISBN1576470105.OCLC466918491
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466918491).
Braunbehrens,Volkmar(1990).Mozart:Lebensbilder.G.Lubbe.ISBN9783785705803.
Deutsch,OttoErich(1965).Mozart:ADocumentaryBiography.PeterBranscombe,EricBlom,
JeremyNoble(trans.).Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780804702331.
OCLC8991008(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8991008).
Einstein,Alfred(1965).Mozart:HisCharacter,HisWork.GalaxyBook162.ArthurMendel,
NathanBroder(trans.)(6thed.).NewYorkCity:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0304924830.
Eisen,Cliffetal."Mozart"
(http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3).GroveMusic
Online(subscriptionrequired).Retrieved15September2010.
Fradkin,RobertA.(1996)Thewelltemperedannouncer:apronunciationguidetoclassical
music.Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress.ISBN025321064X.
Freeman,DanielE.(2013).MozartinPrague.Minneapolis:Bearclaw.ISBN9780979422317.
Halliwell,Ruth(1998).TheMozartFamily:FourLivesinaSocialContext.NewYorkCity:
ClarendonPress.ISBN9780198163718.OCLC36423516
(German)Haberl,Dieter(2006)."BeethovensersteReisenachWien:dieDatierungseiner
SchlerreisezuW.A.Mozart".NeuesMusikwissenschaftlichesJahrbuch(14).OCLC634798176
15/18
6/1/2015
SchlerreisezuW.A.Mozart".NeuesMusikwissenschaftlichesJahrbuch(14).OCLC634798176
Heartz,Daniel(2003).MusicinEuropeanCapitals:TheGalantStyle,17201780(1sted.).New
YorkCity:W.W.Norton&Company.ISBN0393050807.OCLC50693068
Landon,HowardChandlerRobbins(1990).1791:Mozart'sLastYear.London:Flamingo.
ISBN9780006543244.OCLC20932333(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20932333).
Lorenz,Michael(9August2010)."Mozart'sApartmentontheAlsergrund"
(http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/).Retrieved27September2010.
March,IvanGreenfield,EdwardLayton,Robert(2005).Czajkowski,Paul,ed.PenguinGuideto
CompactDiscsAndDVDs,20052006(30thed.).London:Penguin.ISBN0141022620.
Mozart,WolfgangMozart,Leopold(1966).Anderson,Emily,ed.TheLettersofMozartandhis
Family(2nded.).London:Macmillan.ISBN039302248X.OCLC594813
"Mozart,Mozart'sMagicFluteandBeethoven"
(http://www.raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html).RaptusAssociationforMusicAppreciation.
Retrieved27September2010.
Rosen,Charles(1998).TheClassicalStyle:Haydn,Mozart,Beethoven(2nded.).NewYorkCity:
W.W.Norton&Company.ISBN0393317129.OCLC246977555
Sadie,Stanley,ed.(1998).TheNewGroveDictionaryofOpera.NewYork:Grove'sDictionaries
ofMusicInc.ISBN9780333734322.OCLC39160203
Sadie,Stanley,ed.(1980).TheNewGroveDictionaryofMusicandMusicians(6thed.).London:
Macmillan.ISBN0333231112.OCLC5676891(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5676891).
Eisen,CliffSadie,Stanley."Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus",in:TheNewGroveDictionaryof
MusicandMusicians,2ndedition,vol.17,ed.StanleySadie,OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,New
York,2001.ISBN9780195170672.
Solomon,Maynard(1995).Mozart:ALife(1sted.).NewYorkCity:HarperCollins.ISBN9780
060190460.OCLC31435799(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31435799).
Till,Nicholas(1987).TheIllustratedLivesoftheGreatComposers:Rossini.London:Omnibus
Press.ISBN0711909881.
Steptoe,Andrew(1990).TheMozartDaPonteOperas:TheCulturalandMusicalBackgroundto
LenozzediFigaro,DonGiovanni,andCosfantutte.Oxford:ClarendonPress.ISBN019
"AwardofthePapalEquestrianOrderofthe"GoldenSpur"toWolfgangAmadeusMozart"
(http://asv.vatican.va/en/doc/1770.htm).VaticanSecretArchives.4July1770.Retrieved
27September2010.
Wakin,DanielJ.(24August2010)."AfterMozartsDeath,anEndlessCoda"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/arts/music/25death.html).TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN0362
4331(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03624331).
Wilson,PeterHamish(1999)TheHolyRomanEmpire,14951806.London:MacMillanPress.
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NewYork:Norton.ISBN9780393050707
Furtherreading
Cairns,David(2006).MozartandHisOperas.Berkeley,California:UniversityofCalifornia
Press.ISBN0520228987.OCLC62290645(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62290645).
Eisen,CliffKeefe,SimonP,eds.(2006).TheCambridgeMozartEncyclopedia.Cambridge:
CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521856590.OCLC60245611
16/18
6/1/2015
Gutman,Robert(2000).Mozart:ACulturalBiography.London:HarcourtBrace.ISBN978015
Holmes,Edward(2005).TheLifeofMozart.NewYork:CosimoClassics.ISBN1596051477.
Mozart,Wolfgang(1972).Mersmann,Hans,ed.LettersofWolfgangAmadeusMozart.NewYork:
DoverPublications.ISBN0486228592.OCLC753483
"NewMozartPiecesUnveiled(Video)"(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/newmozart
piecesunveile_n_249532.html).TheHuffingtonPost.8February2009.Retrieved29September
2010.
Till,Nicholas(1995).MozartandtheEnlightenment:Truth,VirtueandBeautyinMozart's
Operas.NewYorkCity:W.W.Norton&Company.ISBN0393313956.OCLC469628809
Externallinks
WikimediaCommonshas
(https://musopen.org/composer/wolfgangamadeus
mediarelatedtoWolfgang
mozart/)attheMusopenproject
AmadeusMozart.
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(http://www.mozarteum.at/en.html)
Wikiquotehasquotations
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relatedto:Wolfgang
(http://www.mozartproject.org/compositions/index.html)
AmadeusMozart
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(http://bbc.co.uk/mozart)intheBBCRadio3archives
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workswrittenbyorabout:
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(http://www.classicalmusicdb.com/composers/view/7)withcertificationratingattheClassical
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Digitizeddocuments
WorksbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart
(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Mozart,+Wolfgang+Amadeus)atProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutWolfgangAmadeusMozart(https://archive.org/search.php?
query=%28Mozart%29)atInternetArchive
WorksbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://librivox.org/author/6286)atLibriVox(public
domainaudiobooks)
"Mozart"Titles(http://books.google.com/books?
as_q=&num=10&lr=&as_brr=3&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=3&a
s_pt=ALLTYPES&lr=&as_vt=Mozart+%7C++Mozarts&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb_
is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1700&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1940&as_isbn=&as_issn
=)Mozartasauthor(http://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=3&q=inauthor%3AMozart+
inauthor%3A%22J.+Mozart%22&btnG=Search+Books&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny
_is=1756&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1930)atGoogleBooks
DigitalMozartEdition(http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/main/index.php?l=2)(Internationale
StiftungMozarteum)
(French)"Mozart"titles(http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?
q=Mozart&p=1&lang=en&ArianeWireRechercheHaut=palette)fromGallica
FromtheBritishLibrary
17/18
6/1/2015
Mozart'sThematicCatalogue
(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mozart/accessible/introduction.html)(viewwith
"TurningthePages"(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/detect.html?
accessfolder=mozart))
Mozart'sMusicalDiary(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html)
BackgroundinformationonMozartandtheThematicCatalogue
(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/mozart/index.html)
(German)LettersofLeopoldMozartundWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://www.blb
karlsruhe.de/virt_bib/mozart/)(BadischeLandesbibliothek)
Sheetmusic
Completesheetmusic(scores)(http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/start.php?l=2)fromtheNeue
MozartAusgabe(InternationaleStiftungMozarteum)
"Mozart"Titles(http://www.digitalcollections.de/index.html?
c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Mozart%2C+Wolfgang+Amadeus)fromtheMunichDigitisation
Centre(MDZ)
"Mozart"Titles(https://urresearch.rochester.edu/viewContributorPage.action?
personNameId=664)fromtheUniversityofRochester
FreescoresbyWolfgangAmadeusMozartattheInternationalMusicScoreLibraryProject
FreescoresbyWolfgangAmadeusMozartintheChoralPublicDomainLibrary(ChoralWiki)
Freetypesetsheetmusic(http://cantorion.org/musicsearch/composer/mozart/)ofMozart'sworks
fromCantorion.org
TheMutopiaProjecthascompositionsbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart
(http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/maketable.cgi?Composer=MozartWA)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart&oldid=664986368"
Categories: WolfgangAmadeusMozart 1756births 1791deaths 18thcenturyclassicalcomposers
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