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I. INTRODUCTION
i(t)
raditional
electromechanical
and
microprocessor
protection relays process signals provided by iron core
voltage and current transformers (VTs and CTs), requiring a
number of protective and control devices, measuring
equipment and extensive wiring. These designs are inflexible
if adjustments are needed to accommodate load and power
system configuration changes. In addition, complex periodic
testing and maintenance procedures are necessary. In spite of
best engineering efforts, at times relay system misoperation
occurs due to the complexity of the protection scheme (e. g.,
wrong wiring after periodic testing, wrong relay setting), the
effects of external magnetic fields, and CT saturation,
especially in differential schemes. Even protection systems
using multifunction relays are susceptible to these problems.
When a protection device becomes inoperative and does not
initiate breaker tripping during the fault, backup protection is
provided locally by a redundant or breaker failure relay and
remotely by upstream protection devices. Traditional schemes
employ intentional time-delays to ensure the primary relay has
ample time to clear a fault before the backup relay operates.
This delay in fault removal causes higher equipment stress and
a power outage to larger areas, affecting more customers.
Advanced protection and control systems can be designed
using new Rogowski coils (RCs) and multifunction relays.
These schemes require fewer relays and current sensors than
conventional designs, response times to faults are faster, and
adjustments to load and/or power system configuration
changes can be easily made. Since RCs are very accurate and
do not saturate, protection levels can be set to lower
v(t)
Figure 1 Principle of Rogowski Coil Design
M
Rs
Ls
Ip
Cs
Rs, Ls
M
Cs
Zb
v(t)
Zb
v (t )
d\ (t )
dt
(1)
P 0nS
v (t )
di (t )
dt
M
di (t )
dt
(2)
, where
Lj. A. Kojovic is with Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI 53126 USA
(e-mail: lkojovic@cooperpower.com).
142440178X/06/$20.002006IEEE
538
P 0nS
PSCE2006
M
i (t )
RiCi
v (t )
(3)
Z M 2 IRMS
VRMS
(4)
Figure 6 compares V-I characteristics for conventional ironcore current transformers with and without gaps in the CT
core, linear couplers, and Rogowski coils. CTs without a gap
are very susceptible to the core saturation and remanence.
Gaps in the CT core improve the CT transient performance,
however, introduce phase errors. Linear couplers do not
saturate and do not have remanence, but are susceptible to
influences from the nearby electromagnetic fields. Rogowski
coils are linear and the impact from the nearby
electromagnetic fields is minimal. However, Rogowski coils
require specially designed relays that accept low-power
signals.
X
Voltage
Non-Gapped
Iron-Core
Current Transformer
Saturation voltage
ANSI (C-class)
No Air-Gap
Increasing Air-Gap
1
ap
Air
-G
ap
r-G
Ai
Line
ar C
oup
ler
Rogowski Coil
loop made by
wound wire
i(t)
Current
B. Designs
loop made by
internal return wire
primary
conductor
v(t)
Figure 5 Rogowski Coil with the Return wire Through the Winding Center
539
PCB1
i(t)
PCB2 wound
in opposite direction
to PCB1
v(t)
Rogowski
Coil
Shielded cable
IED
Rogowski
Coil
Primary
Conductor
IP
Primary
Converter
Power
Supply
Transmitting
System
Secondary Converter
for use with a
Merging Unit
Secondary Converter
with an Analogue
Voltage Output
To IED via
Communication
IED
Power
Supply
v(t)
C. Characteristics
The PCB Rogowski coil has the following characteristics:
metering accuracy achievable; measurement range from 1 A to
over 100 kA; frequency response linear up to 700 kHz;
unlimited short-circuit withstand; galvanically isolated from
the primary conductors; can be installed around bushings or
cables, avoiding the need for high insulation. Rogowski coils
can be connected in series to increase output signal.
Linearity was tested from 1ARMS to 190 kApeak, representing
the extremes of RC applications. The coil has linear
characteristic over the whole current range.
B
540
Arc Furnace
Transformer
RC1
RC2
I1P
I2P
Tap
Position
I1S
I2S
Water Cooled
Leads
EAF
Multifunction Relay
A
B
Primary
Rogowski
Coils
(RC1)
C
Primary
Terminals
A
Secondary
Terminals
Secondary
Rogowski
Coils
(RC2)
to
EAF
541
3.9 kApeak
132 kApeak
Secondary Currents
Operate Signals
Restraint Signals
Primary Currents
Trip Signals
A-phase
B-phase
C-phase
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V. CONCLUSIONS
RC1
Generator
IP
RC2
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
IP
IS
IS
Multifunction
Relay
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