Chap 011

Chapter 11
Analysis of Variance
True / False Questions

1. One-factor ANOVA is a procedure intended to compare the variances of
c samples.
True
False
2. Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means of

c samples.
True
False
3. If you have four factors (call them A, B, C, and D) in an ANOVA

experiment with replication, you could have a maximum of four
different two-factor interactions.
True
False
4. Hartley's test measures the equality of the means for several groups.
True
False
5. Hartley's test is to check for unequal variances for c groups.

True
False
6. Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be done

by using c individual t-tests on c pairs of means at the same .
True
False
7. ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.

True
False
8. Three-factor ANOVA is required if we have three treatment groups (i.e.,

three data columns).
True
False
9. ANOVA assumes normal populations.

True
False
10 Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.

.
True False
11 Tukey's test is similar to a two-sample t-test except that it pools the
. variances for all c samples.
True
False
12 Tukey's test is not needed if we have the overall F statistic for the
. ANOVA.
True
False
13 Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.

.
True False
14 Interaction plots that show parallel lines would suggest interaction
. effects.
True
False
15 In a two-factor ANOVA with three columns and four rows, there can be
. more than two interaction effects.
True
False
16 Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.

.
True False
17 In a 34 randomized block (two-factor unreplicated) ANOVA, we have

. 12 treatment groups.
True
False
18 One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed t-test.

.
True False
19 One factor ANOVA stacked data for five groups will be arranged in five
. separate columns.
True
False
20 Hartley's test is the largest sample mean divided by the smallest

. sample mean.
True
False
21 Tukey's test for five groups would require 10 comparisons of means.

.
True False
22 ANOVA is robust to violations of the equal-variance assumption as long
. as group sizes are equal.
True
False
23 Levene's test for homogeneity of variance is attractive because it does

. not depend on the assumption of normality.
True
False
24 Tukey's test with seven groups would entail 21 comparisons of means.

.
True False
25 Tukey's test pools all the sample variances.
.
True False
26 It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a one. factor ANOVA.
True
False
Multiple Choice Questions

27 Which is the Excel function to find the critical value of F for = .05, df1
. = 3, df2 = 25?
A.
B.
C.
D.
=F.DIST(.05, 2, 24)
=F.INV.RT(.05, 3, 25)
=F.DIST(.05, 3, 25)
=F.INV(.05, 2, 24)
28 Which Excel function gives the right-tail p-value for an ANOVA test with
. a test statistic Fcalc = 4.52, n = 29 observations, and c = 4 groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
=F.DIST.RT(4.52, 3, 25)
=F.INV(4.52, 4, 28)
=F.DIST(4.52, 4, 28)
=F.INV(4.52, 3, 25)
29 Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
random variation.
differences between group means.
differences between group variances.
the effect of sample size.
30 Which is not an assumption of ANOVA?

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Normality of the treatment populations.

Homogeneous treatment variances.
Independent sample observations.
Equal population sizes for groups.
31 In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?

.
A. When there is no difference in the variances.
B. When the treatment means are the same.
C. When the observations are normally distributed.
D. The F-test statistic cannot ever be zero.
32 ANOVA is used to compare:
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
proportions of several groups.

variances of several groups.
means of several groups.
both means and variances.
33 Analysis of variance is a technique used to test for:

.
A.
equality of two or more variances.
B.
equality of two or more means.
C. equality of a population mean and a given value.
D.
equality of more than two variances.
34 Which of the following is not a characteristic of the F distribution?
.
A.
It is always right-skewed.
B. It describes the ratio of two variances.
C. It is a family based on two sets of degrees of freedom.
D. It is negative when s12 is smaller than s22.
35 In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:

.
A.
the effect of the combined factor(s).
B. the overall variation in Y that is to be explained.
C. the variation that is not explained by the factors.
D. the combined effect of treatments and sample size.
36 To test the null hypothesis H0: 1 = 2 = 3 using samples from normal
. populations with unknown but equal variances, we:
A.
B.
C.
D.
cannot safely use ANOVA.

can safely employ ANOVA.
would prefer three separate t-tests.
would need three-factor ANOVA.
37 Which is not assumed in ANOVA?

.
A.
Observations are independent.
B.
Populations are normally distributed.
C. Variances of all treatment groups are the same.
D.
Population variances are known.
38 In a one-factor ANOVA, the computed value of F will be negative:
.
A. when there is no difference in the treatment means.
B. when there is no difference within the treatments.
C. when the SST (total) is larger than SSE (error).
D.
under no circumstances.
39 Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor
. ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 6, n3 = 7 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
18.
17.
6.
2.
40 Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor

. ANOVA with n1 = 8, n2 = 5, n3 = 7, n4 = 9 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
28.
3.
29.
4.
41 Using one-factor ANOVA with 30 observations we find at = .05 that

. we cannot reject the null hypothesis of equal means. We increase the
sample size from 30 observations to 60 observations and obtain the
same value for the sample F-test statistic. Which is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.

We surely must reject H0 for 60 observations.
We cannot reject H0 since we obtained the same F-value.
It is impossible to get the same F-value for n = 60 as for n = 30.
42 One-factor analysis of variance:

.
A. requires that the number of observations in each group be identical.
B. has less power when the number of observations per group is not
identical.
C. is extremely sensitive to slight departures from normality.
D. is a generalization of the t-test for paired observations.
43 In a one-factor ANOVA, the total sum of squares is equal to:
.
A. the sum of squares within groups plus the sum of squares between
groups.
B. the sum of squares within groups times the sum of squares between
groups.
C. the sum of squares within groups divided by the sum of squares
between groups.
D.
the means of all the groups squared.
44 The within-treatment variation reflects:

.
A. variation among individuals of the same group.
B. variation between individuals in different groups.
C. variation explained by factors included in the ANOVA model.
D. variation that is not part of the ANOVA model.
45 Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find
. the F statistic.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.71
0.99
0.497
4.02
46 Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find

. the critical value of F.05.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.06
2.90
2.36
3.41
47 Identify the degrees of freedom for the treatment and error in this one. factor ANOVA (blanks indicate missing information).
A.
B.
C.
4, 24
3, 20
5, 23
48 For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), how many

. treatment groups were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cannot be determined
3
4
2
49 For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), what is the F. test statistic?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.159
2.833
1.703
50 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

. information is missing).
The F-test statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.84.
3.56.
2.80.
2.79.

Degrees of freedom for between groups variation are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
4.
5.
Can't tell from given information.

SS for between groups variation will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
129.99.
630.83.
1233.4.
Can't tell.

The number of treatment groups is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
3.
2.
1.

The sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.
23.
24.
21.

Assuming equal group sizes, the number of observations in each group

is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
6.

Degrees of freedom for the F-test are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5, 22.
4, 21.
3, 20.
impossible to determine.

The critical value of F at = 0.05 is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.645.
2.84.
3.10.
4.28.

At = 0.05, the difference between group means is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
highly significant.
barely significant.
not quite significant.
clearly insignificant.
59 The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to

. process tax returns in three regional centers. A random sample of three
tax returns is chosen from each of three centers. The time (in days)
required to process each return is recorded as shown below.
The test to use to compare the means for all three groups would
require:
A.
B.
C.
D.
three-factor ANOVA.
one-factor ANOVA.
repeated two-sample test of means.
two-factor ANOVA with replication.

Subsequently, an ANOVA test was performed.
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares in the ANOVA would
be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
2.
4.
6.

Degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of squares in the

ANOVA would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
2.
4.
6.
62 Prof. Gristmill sampled exam scores for five randomly chosen students
. from each of his two sections of ACC 200. His sample results are
shown.
He could test the population means for equality using:
A. a t-test for two means from independent samples.

B. a t-test for two means from paired (related) samples.
C.
a one-factor ANOVA.
D. either a one-factor ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test.
63 Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was
. recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
one-factor ANOVA.
two-factor ANOVA.
three-factor ANOVA.
four-factor ANOVA.

. recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here. An
ANOVA test was performed using these data.
Degrees of freedom for the between-treatments sum of squares would

be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
19.
17.
depends on .

. recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here. An
What are the degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
19
16
It depends on .
66 Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving

. conditions for various full-size truck models. The Excel ANOVA results
are shown below.
The test statistic to compare the five means simultaneously is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.96.
15.8.
5.56.
4.45.
67 Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving

. conditions for various full-size truck models. The ANOVA results are
shown below.
The test statistic for Hartley's test for homogeneity of variance is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.25.
5.04.
4.61.
4.45.

ANOVA Table
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
4.
3.
impossible to ascertain from given.

ANOVA Table
The F statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.88.
4.87.
5.93.
6.91.

ANOVA Table
The number of observations in the original sample was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
59.
60.
58.
54.

ANOVA Table
Using Appendix F, the 5 percent critical value for the F-test is

approximately:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.24.
6.91.
2.56.
2.06.

ANOVA Table
The p-value for the F-test would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
much less than .05.

slightly less than .05.
slightly greater than .05.
much greater than .05.

The MS (mean square) for the treatments is:
A.
239.13.
B.
106.88.
C.
1,130.8.
D. impossible to ascertain from the information given.
The F statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.87.
3.38.
5.93.
6.91.

The number of observations in the entire sample is:
A.
B.
C.
20.
19.
22.

The 5 percent critical value for the F test is:
A.
2.46.
B.
3.24.
C.
3.38.
D. impossible to ascertain from the given information.

Our decision about the hypothesis of equal treatment means is that the
null hypothesis:
A.
cannot be rejected at = .05.
B.
can be rejected at = .05.
C. can be rejected for any typical value of .
D. cannot be assessed from the given information.
78 To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a random sample of
. four shipments is taken for each of three firms. The cost per shipment
is shown below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the between-groups

sum of squares will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
2.
9.

is shown below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the within-groups sum

of squares will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
9.
2.

is shown below.
Degrees of freedom for the total sum of squares in a one-factor ANOVA

would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
8.
2.
9.
81 Refer to the following MegaStat output (some information is missing).

. The sample size was n = 65 in a one-factor ANOVA.
At = .05, which is the critical value of the test statistic for a twotailed test for a significant difference in means that are to be compared
simultaneously? Note: This question requires a Tukey table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.81
2.54
2.33
1.96

Which pairs of days differ significantly? Note: This question requires

access to a Tukey table.
A.
(Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) only.
B.
(Mon, Wed) only.
C.
(Mon, Thu) only.
D. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) and (Mon, Fri) and (Mon, Tue).

At = .05, what is the critical value of the Tukey test statistic for a
two-tailed test for a significant difference in means that are to be
compared simultaneously? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.07
2.80
2.76
1.96

Which pairs of meds differ at = .05? Note: This question requires

A.
B.
C.
D.
Med 1, Med 2
Med 2, Med 4
Med 3, Med 4
None of them.
85 What is the .05 critical value of Hartley's test statistic for a one-factor
. ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8? Note: This
question requires access to a Hartley table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.8
11.8
13.7
15.0
86 What is the .05 critical value of Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor
. ANOVA with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6? Note: This question requires access
to a Tukey table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.67
2.60
3.58
2.75
87 What are the degrees of freedom for Hartley's test statistic for a one. factor ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8?
A.
B.
C.
7, 6
6, 6
6, 41
88 What are the degrees of freedom for Tukey's test statistic for a one. factor ANOVA with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3, 6
6, 3
6, 15
3, 15
89 After performing a one-factor ANOVA test, John noticed that the sample
. standard deviations for his four groups were, respectively, 33, 24, 73,
and 35. John should:
A.
feel confident in his ANOVA test.
B. use Hartley's test to check his assumptions.
C. use an independent samples t-test instead of ANOVA.
D. use a paired t-test instead of ANOVA.
90 Which statement is incorrect?
.
A. We need a Tukey test because ANOVA doesn't tell which pairs of
means differ.
B. Hartley's test is needed to determine whether the means of the
groups differ.
C. ANOVA assumes equal variances in the c groups being compared.
91 Which is not an assumption of unreplicated two-factor ANOVA
. (randomized block)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Normality of the population

Homogeneous variances
Additive treatment effects
There is factor interaction.
92 Which is correct concerning a two-factor unreplicated (randomized

. block) ANOVA?
A.
No interaction effect is estimated.
B. The interaction effect would have its own F statistic.
C. The interaction would be insignificant unless the main effects were
significant.
93 In a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block) ANOVA, what is the F

. statistic for the treatment effect given that SSA (treatments) = 216,
SSB (block) = 126, SSE (error) = 18?
A.
B.
C.
D.
12
1.71
7
Can't tell without more information
94 Three bottles of wine are tasted by three experts. Each rater assigns a
. rating (scale is from 1 = terrible to 10 = superb). Which test would you
use for the most obvious hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
t-test for independent means

One-factor ANOVA
Two-factor ANOVA without replication
Two-factor ANOVA with replication
95 To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to

. each of four different destinations over a six-month period. The
average cost per shipment is shown below.
Which test would be appropriate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Independent samples t-test

Dependent (paired-samples) t-test
96 To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to

. each of four different destinations over a six-month period. The
For the appropriate type of ANOVA, total degrees of freedom would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
4.
12.
97 Here is an Excel ANOVA table that summarizes the results of an

. experiment to assess the effects of ambient noise level and plant
location on worker productivity. The test used = 0.05.
Is the effect of plant location significant at = .05?
A.
B.
C.
Yes
No
Need more information to say

Is the effect of noise level significant at = .01?
A.
B.
C.
Yes
No

The experimental design and ANOVA appear to be:
A.
B.
C.
replicated two factor.

unreplicated two-factor.

.
experiment to assess the effects of ambient noise level and plant
The sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
10.
16.
101 At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors
.
over three days is as follows:
This data set would call for:
A.
B.
C.
D.
two-factor ANOVA without replication.

three-factor ANOVA.
five-factor ANOVA.
102 At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors
.
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
14.
8.
15.
103 Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed factors
.
that may affect patients' blood pressure (some information is
missing).
The number of medication types is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
104 Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed two
.
factors that may affect patients' blood pressure (some information is
missing).
The number of patient age groups is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
missing).
The number of patients per replication is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
missing).
The overall sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
25.
32.
impossible to determine as given.
.
missing).
At = .05 the effect of medication type is:
A.
B.
C.
significant.
insignificant.
borderline.
.
missing).
At = .01 the effect of patient age is:
A.
B.
C.
very clearly significant.

just barely significant.
.
missing).
At = .10 the interaction is:
A.
B.
C.
significant.
insignificant.
borderline.
110 Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall
.
thickness are tested to determine the burst strength (in pounds per
square inch) under three temperature conditions, yielding the results
shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Two-factor ANOVA with no replication
111 Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall
.
shown below.
Total degrees of freedom for the ANOVA would be"
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.
12.
35.
59.
112 A firm is studying the effect of work shift and parts supplier on its
.
defect rate (dependent variable is defects per 1000). The resulting
ANOVA results are shown below (some information is missing).
How many suppliers were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
.
How many replications per cell were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
3
4
5
.
At = 0.01, the effect of supplier is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
clearly significant.
almost but not quite significant.
.
The number of observations was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
37.
45.
44.
40.
.
At = 0.01, the interaction effect is:
A.
B.
C.
strongly significant.
117 A firm is concerned with variability in hourly output at several

.
factories and shifts. Here are the results of an ANOVA using output per
hour as the dependent variable (some information is missing).
The original data matrix has how many treatments (rows columns)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
6
3
8

.
The number of observations in each treatment cell (row-column

intersection) is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.

.
At = 0.01 the effect of factory is:
A.
B.
C.
of borderline significance.

.
The p-value for the interaction effect is going to be:
A.
very small (near 0).
B.
very large (near 1).
C. impossible to knowcould be either large or small.
121 Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output (in
.
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their ANOVA
tests are shown (some information is missing).
Which is the number of amplifiers and positions tested?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1, 3
2, 4
3, 5
4, 1
.
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their ANOVA
The number of observations per cell was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The desired level of
significance was = .05. The results of their ANOVA tests are shown
(some information is missing).
The most reasonable conclusion at = .05 about the three sources of

variation (amplifier, position, and interaction) would be that their
effects are:
A.
B.
C.
significant, significant, insignificant.

insignificant, significant, significant.
very significant, almost significant, insignificant.
124 Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output, in
.
decibels, of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their ANOVA
The F statistic for amplifier was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.90.
10.16.
5.72.
4.27.
125 A multinational firm manufactures several types of 1280 1024 LCD

.
displays in several locations. They designed a sampling experiment to
analyze the number of pixels per screen that have significant color
degradation after 52,560 hours (six years of continuous use) using
accelerated life testing. The Excel ANOVA table for their experiment is
shown below. Some table entries have been obscured. The response
variable (Y) is the number of degraded pixels in a given display.
Degrees freedom for display type will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
4.
3.
5.

.
How many display types were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
5

.
How many countries were studied?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4

.
The F statistic for display effect is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.78.
3.16.
2.39.
2.94.

.
At = .05, the interaction effect is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

.
The numerator degrees of freedom for the interaction test would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
4.
8.
16.
131 A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought to
.
the clinic to be neutered.
What kind of test would be used?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Three-factor ANOVA with replication.
132 A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to
.
Numerator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA interaction test would

be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
6.
can't tell.
133 A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to
.
Total degrees of freedom for a two-factor replicated ANOVA would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
14.
17.
11.
.
information is missing).
How many nozzle settings were observed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
2
1
Can't tell.
.
Degrees of freedom for pressure level would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
6.
.
Error degrees of freedom would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.
15.
12.
13.
.
The overall sample size was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.
23.
22.
18.
.
How many pressure levels were observed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
3
2
1
.
At = .05, the critical F value for nozzle setting is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.71.
4.75.
3.68.
3.02.
.
The form of the original data matrix is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3 1 table.
1 2 table.
4 3 table.
2 3 table.
.
The number of replications per treatment was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
3.
2.
1.
.
At = 0.05, the effect of nozzle setting is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
highly significant.
143 As shown below, a hospital recorded the number of minutes spent in

.
post-op recovery by three randomly chosen knee-surgery patients in
each category, based on age and type of surgery. Which is the most
appropriate test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Rimsky-Korsakov test
.
information is missing). The response variable was Y = maximum
amount of water pumped from wells (gallons per minute).
The degrees of freedom for age of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
The F statistic for depth of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
25.23.
25.78.
25.31.
25.06.
.
The MS for interaction is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.25.
8.17.
8.37.
9.28.
.
The MS for age of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
185.23.
179.26.
180.25.
182.33.
Short Answer Questions
148 The table below shows raw data on air pollutant levels (micrograms of
.
particulate per liter of air) sampled at four different randomly chosen
times of day on three different freeways. State the most reasonable
hypotheses. What test would a statistician probably use? How many
total degrees of freedom? How many degrees of freedom for the
treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom? Explain. Do not do
the F-test.
149 The table below shows six random observations on the number of
.
airline tickets booked on Orbitz per hour in the five months bracketing
the summer travel season. State the most reasonable hypotheses.
What test would a statistician probably use? How many total degrees
of freedom? How many degrees of freedom for the treatment(s)? How
many error degrees of freedom? Explain. Do not do the F-test.
150 What is GLM, and why do we need it?

.
Chapter 11 Analysis of Variance Answer Key
True / False Questions

1.
One-factor ANOVA is a procedure intended to compare the variances

of c samples.
FALSE
ANOVA compares several means (although its test statistic is based
on variances).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-01 Use basic ANOVA terminology correctly.
Topic: Overview of ANOVA
2.
Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means

of c samples.
TRUE
Although its test statistic is based on variances, ANOVA compares
several means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
3.
If you have four factors (call them A, B, C, and D) in an ANOVA

experiment with replication, you could have a maximum of four
different two-factor interactions.
FALSE
There could be six two-way interactions: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 11-11 Recognize the need for experimental design and GLM (optional).
Topic: Higher-Order ANOVA Models (Optional)
4.
Hartley's test measures the equality of the means for several

groups.
FALSE
Hartley's test is designed to detect unequal population variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 11-08 Use Hartley's test for equal variances in c treatment groups.
Topic: Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
5.
Hartley's test is to check for unequal variances for c groups.

TRUE
Unequal population variances would violate an ANOVA assumption.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
6.
Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be

done by using c individual t-tests on c pairs of means at the same .
FALSE
Multiple two-sample t-tests from the same data set would inflate the
overall .
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-07 Understand and perform Tukey's test for paired means.
Topic: Multiple Comparisons
7.
ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.

TRUE
ANOVA checks for unequal means, while assuming homogeneous
variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-06 Explain the assumptions of ANOVA and why they are important.
8.
Three-factor ANOVA is required if we have three treatment groups

(i.e., three data columns).
FALSE
If there are only three columns of data, we only have one factor (with
three treatments). The hypothesis is whether the three treatment
group means are the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
9.
ANOVA assumes normal populations.

TRUE
Populations are assumed to be normally distributed and to have
equal variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
10.
Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.

TRUE
Tukey's test is a follow-up to ANOVA to detect which pairs of means
differ (if any).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
11.
Tukey's test is similar to a two-sample t-test except that it pools the

variances for all c samples.
TRUE
There is a strong analogy with the two-sample t-test, except that we
pool all the variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
12.
Tukey's test is not needed if we have the overall F statistic for the
ANOVA.
FALSE
Tukey's test is a follow-up to ANOVA to detect which pairs of means
differ (if any).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
13.
Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.

TRUE
Interaction plots provide an intuitive visual way of seeing possible
interactions.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-10 Interpret main effects and interaction effects in two-factor ANOVA.
Topic: Two-Factor ANOVA with Replication (Full Factorial Model)
14.
Interaction plots that show parallel lines would suggest interaction

effects.
FALSE
Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
15.
In a two-factor ANOVA with three columns and four rows, there can
be more than two interaction effects.
FALSE
There can only be one interaction (row column).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
16.
Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.

FALSE
Sample sizes often are equal by design, but it is not necessary.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-02 Recognize from data format when one-factor ANOVA is appropriate.
Topic: One-Factor ANOVA (Completely Randomized Model)
17.
In a 34 randomized block (two-factor unreplicated) ANOVA, we

have 12 treatment groups.
TRUE
Each row/column combination is a treatment group.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Two-Factor ANOVA without Replication (Randomized Block Model)
18.
One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed ttest.

TRUE
The p-values will be the same in either test as long as the t-test is
two-tailed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
19.
One factor ANOVA stacked data for five groups will be arranged in
five separate columns.
FALSE
One column will contain the data, while a second column names the
group.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
20.
Hartley's test is the largest sample mean divided by the smallest

sample mean.
FALSE
Hartley's test statistic is the ratio of s2max to s2min.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
21.
Tukey's test for five groups would require 10 comparisons of means.

TRUE
The number of possible comparisons is c(c - 1)/2 = 5(4)/2 = 10.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
22.
ANOVA is robust to violations of the equal-variance assumption as

long as group sizes are equal.
TRUE
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the ANOVA test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
23.
Levene's test for homogeneity of variance is attractive because it

does not depend on the assumption of normality.
TRUE
While Hartley's test is sensitive to nonnormality, Levene's test
statistic is not.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
24.
Tukey's test with seven groups would entail 21 comparisons of

means.
TRUE
The number of possible comparisons is c(c - 1)/2 = 7(6)/2 = 21.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
25.
Tukey's test pools all the sample variances.

TRUE
In a Tukey test, all c sample variances are combined (weighted by
their degrees of freedom).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
26.
It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a

one-factor ANOVA.
TRUE
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the ANOVA test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Multiple Choice Questions
27.
Which is the Excel function to find the critical value of F for = .05,
df1 = 3, df2 = 25?
A.
B.
C.
D.
=F.DIST(.05, 2, 24)
=F.INV.RT(.05, 3, 25)
=F.DIST(.05, 3, 25)
=F.INV(.05, 2, 24)
The equivalent Excel 2007 function would be =FINV(.05, 3, 25).

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 11-05 Use a table or Excel to find critical values for the F distribution.
28.
Which Excel function gives the right-tail p-value for an ANOVA test
with a test statistic Fcalc = 4.52, n = 29 observations, and c = 4
groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
=F.DIST.RT(4.52, 3, 25)
=F.INV(4.52, 4, 28)
=F.DIST(4.52, 4, 28)
=F.INV(4.52, 3, 25)
The equivalent Excel 2007 function would be =FDIST(.05, 3, 25).

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 11-04 Use Excel or other software for ANOVA calculations.
29.
Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:
A.
B.
C.
D.
random variation.
differences between group means.
differences between group variances.
the effect of sample size.
Variation within groups is also called error variance or unexplained

variance.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
30.
Which is not an assumption of ANOVA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Normality of the treatment populations.

Homogeneous treatment variances.
Independent sample observations.
Equal population sizes for groups.
It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a

one-factor ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
31.
In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?
A. When there is no difference in the variances.

B. When the treatment means are the same.
C. When the observations are normally distributed.
D. The F-test statistic cannot ever be zero.
If each group mean equals the overall mean, then Fcalc could be zero
(an unusual situation).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-03 Interpret sums of squares and calculations in an ANOVA table.
32.
ANOVA is used to compare:
A.
B.
C.
D.
proportions of several groups.

variances of several groups.
means of several groups.
both means and variances.

several means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
33.
Analysis of variance is a technique used to test for:
A.
equality of two or more variances.
B.
equality of two or more means.
C. equality of a population mean and a given value.
D. equality of more than two variances.
several means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
34.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the F distribution?
A.
It is always right-skewed.
B. It describes the ratio of two variances.
C. It is a family based on two sets of degrees of freedom.
D. It is negative when s12 is smaller than s22.
The F distribution is the ratio of two mean squares, so it cannot be
negative.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-04 Use Excel or other software for ANOVA calculations.
35.
In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:
A.
the effect of the combined factor(s).
B. the overall variation in Y that is to be explained.
C. the variation that is not explained by the factors.
D. the combined effect of treatments and sample size.
The error variance or unexplained variance is variation within
groups.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
36.
To test the null hypothesis H0: 1 = 2 = 3 using samples from

normal populations with unknown but equal variances, we:
A.
B.
C.
D.
cannot safely use ANOVA.

can safely employ ANOVA.
would prefer three separate t-tests.
would need three-factor ANOVA.
As long as the variances are equal, we can safely use ANOVA.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
37.
Which is not assumed in ANOVA?
A.
Observations are independent.
B.
Populations are normally distributed.
C. Variances of all treatment groups are the same.
D.
Population variances are known.
Population variances are almost never known.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
38.
In a one-factor ANOVA, the computed value of F will be negative:
A. when there is no difference in the treatment means.

B. when there is no difference within the treatments.
C. when the SST (total) is larger than SSE (error).
D.
under no circumstances.
The F distribution is the ratio of two mean squares, so it cannot be
negative.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
39.
Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor

ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 6, n3 = 7 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
18.
17.
6.
2.
For between-group variation, we have dfnumerator = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
40.
Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor

ANOVA with n1 = 8, n2 = 5, n3 = 7, n4 = 9 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
28.
3.
29.
4.
For between group variation we have dfnumerator = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
41.
Using one-factor ANOVA with 30 observations we find at = .05 that

we cannot reject the null hypothesis of equal means. We increase
the sample size from 30 observations to 60 observations and obtain
the same value for the sample F-test statistic. Which is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.

We surely must reject H0 for 60 observations.
We cannot reject H0 since we obtained the same F-value.
It is impossible to get the same F-value for n = 60 as for n = 30.
With more degrees of freedom, the critical value F.05 will be smaller,
so we might reject.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
42.
One-factor analysis of variance:
A. requires that the number of observations in each group be

identical.
B. has less power when the number of observations per group is not
identical.
C. is extremely sensitive to slight departures from normality.
D. is a generalization of the t-test for paired observations.
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the power of the
ANOVA test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
43.
In a one-factor ANOVA, the total sum of squares is equal to:
A. the sum of squares within groups plus the sum of squares

between groups.
B. the sum of squares within groups times the sum of squares
between groups.
C. the sum of squares within groups divided by the sum of squares
between groups.
D. the means of all the groups squared.
The basic identify is SSbetween + SSwithin = SStotal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
44.
The within-treatment variation reflects:
A.
B.
C.
D.
variation among individuals of the same group.

variation between individuals in different groups.
variation explained by factors included in the ANOVA model.
variation that is not part of the ANOVA model.
Variation within groups is also called error variance or unexplained

variance.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
45.
Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find

the F statistic.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.71
0.99
0.497
4.02
MStreatment = 744/4 = 186, MSerror = (751.5)/15 = 50.1, so F = 186/50.1

= 3.71.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
46.
Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find

the critical value of F.05.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.06
2.90
2.36
3.41
For df = (4, 15) we use Appendix F to get F.05 = 3.06.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
47.
Identify the degrees of freedom for the treatment and error in this
one-factor ANOVA (blanks indicate missing information).
A.
B.
C.
4, 24
3, 20
5, 23
Since SS/df = MS, we know that df = SS/MS. Hence, 993/331 = 3 and

1002/50.1 = 20.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
48.
For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), how many

treatment groups were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
4
2
Since SS/df = MS, we know that df = SS/MS and, hence, 654/218 = 3

= c - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
49.
For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), what is the

F-test statistic?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.159
2.833
1.703
Fcalc = (MStreatment)/(MSerror) = 218/128 = 1.703.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
50.
Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

The F-test statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.84.
3.56.
2.80.
2.79.
Fcalc = (MSbetween)/(MSwithin) = (210.2788)/(74.15) = 2.836.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
51.

Degrees of freedom for between groups variation are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
4.
5.
Can't tell from given information.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833, so df = (630.833)/(210.2778)

= 3.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
52.

SS for between groups variation will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
129.99.
630.83.
1233.4.
Can't tell.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
53.

A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
3.
2.
1.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833, so df = (630.833)/(210.2778)

= 3 = c - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
54.

The sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.
23.
24.
21.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so 3 + 20 = 23 =

n - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
55.

Assuming equal group sizes, the number of observations in each

group is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
6.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so 3 + 20 = 23 =

n - 1 and n/c = 24/4 = 6.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
56.

Degrees of freedom for the F-test are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5, 22.
4, 21.
3, 20.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
57.

The critical value of F at = 0.05 is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.645.
2.84.
3.10.
4.28.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so F.05 = 3.10 for

df = (3, 20).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
58.

At = 0.05, the difference between group means is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
highly significant.
barely significant.
The p-value is not less than .05 so we cannot reject the hypothesis of
equal means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
59.
The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to

process tax returns in three regional centers. A random sample of
three tax returns is chosen from each of three centers. The time (in
days) required to process each return is recorded as shown below.
The test to use to compare the means for all three groups would
require:
A.
B.
C.
D.
three-factor ANOVA.
one-factor ANOVA.
repeated two-sample test of means.
One factor (three group means to be compared).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
60.

Subsequently, an ANOVA test was performed.
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares in the ANOVA would
be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
2.
4.
6.
Error df = n - c = 9 - 3 = 6.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
61.

Degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of squares in the

ANOVA would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
2.
4.
6.
Between groups df = c - 1= 3 - 1 = 2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
62.
Prof. Gristmill sampled exam scores for five randomly chosen

students from each of his two sections of ACC 200. His sample
results are shown.
He could test the population means for equality using:
A. a t-test for two means from independent samples.

B. a t-test for two means from paired (related) samples.
C.
a one-factor ANOVA.
D. either a one-factor ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test.
As there are only two groups, either ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test will
give the same p-value.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
63.
Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
one-factor ANOVA.
two-factor ANOVA.
three-factor ANOVA.
four-factor ANOVA.
One factor (four group means to be compared).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
64.

recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here. An
Degrees of freedom for the between-treatments sum of squares

would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
19.
17.
depends on .
Between-reatments df = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
65.

recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here. An
What are the degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
19
16
It depends on .
Error df = n - c = 20 - 4 = 16.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
66.
Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving

conditions for various full-size truck models. The Excel ANOVA results
are shown below.
The test statistic to compare the five means simultaneously is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.96.
15.8.
5.56.
4.45.
Fcalc = (154.1)/(34.6) = 4.45.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
67.
Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving

conditions for various full-size truck models. The ANOVA results are
shown below.
The test statistic for Hartley's test for homogeneity of variance is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.25.
5.04.
4.61.
4.45.
Hartley's H = s2max/s2min = (8.944)2/(3.983)2 = 5.04.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
68.

ANOVA Table
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
4.
3.
impossible to ascertain from given.
59 - 55 = 4 = c - 1, so c = 5
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
69.

ANOVA Table
The F statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.88.
4.87.
5.93.
6.91.
Fcalc = 11,189/1619 = 6.91.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
70.

ANOVA Table
The number of observations in the original sample was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
59.
60.
58.
54.
n - 1 = 59, so n = 60.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
71.

ANOVA Table
Using Appendix F, the 5 percent critical value for the F-test is

approximately:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.24.
6.91.
2.56.
2.06.
Treatment df = 59 - 55 = 4, so F.05 = 2.56 using df = (4, 50) in

Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
72.

ANOVA Table
The p-value for the F-test would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
much less than .05.

slightly less than .05.
slightly greater than .05.
much greater than .05.
Fcalc = 11,189/1619 = 6.91 while F.05 = 2.56 using df = (4, 50) in

Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
73.

The MS (mean square) for the treatments is:
A.
239.13.
B.
106.88.
C.
1,130.8.
D. impossible to ascertain from the information given.
(717.4)/3 = 239.133.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
74.

The F statistic is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.87.
3.38.
5.93.
6.91.
Between-groups MS = (717.4)/3 = 239.133, so Fcalc = (239.133)/

(70.675) = 3.383.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
75.

The number of observations in the entire sample is:
A.
B.
C.
20.
19.
22.
n - 1 = 19, so n = 20.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
76.

The 5 percent critical value for the F test is:
A.
2.46.
B.
3.24.
C.
3.38.
D. impossible to ascertain from the given information.
Error df = 19 - 3 = 16, so F.05 = 3.24 using df = (3, 16) in Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
77.

Our decision about the hypothesis of equal treatment means is that

the null hypothesis:
A.
cannot be rejected at = .05.
B.
can be rejected at = .05.
C. can be rejected for any typical value of .
D. cannot be assessed from the given information.
The p-value is less than .05, so we conclude unequal population
means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
78.
To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a random sample of

four shipments is taken for each of three firms. The cost per
shipment is shown below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the between-groups

sum of squares will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
2.
9.
Between-groups df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
79.

In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the within-groups sum

of squares will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
9.
2.
Within-groups df = n - c = 12 - 3 = 9.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
80.

Degrees of freedom for the total sum of squares in a one-factor

ANOVA would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
8.
2.
9.
Total df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
81.
Refer to the following MegaStat output (some information is

missing). The sample size was n = 65 in a one-factor ANOVA.
At = .05, which is the critical value of the test statistic for a twotailed test for a significant difference in means that are to be
compared simultaneously? Note: This question requires a Tukey
table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.81
2.54
2.33
1.96
T.05 = 2.81 for df = (c, n - c) with c = 5 and n = 65.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
82.

Which pairs of days differ significantly? Note: This question requires

A.
(Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) only.
B.
(Mon, Wed) only.
C.
(Mon, Thu) only.
D. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) and (Mon, Fri) and (Mon, Tue).
Use T.05 = 2.81 for df = (c, n - c) with c = 5 and n = 65.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
83.

At = .05, what is the critical value of the Tukey test statistic for a
two-tailed test for a significant difference in means that are to be
compared simultaneously? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.07
2.80
2.76
1.96

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
84.

Which pairs of meds differ at = .05? Note: This question requires

A.
B.
C.
D.
Med 1, Med 2
Med 2, Med 4
Med 3, Med 4
None of them.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
85.
What is the .05 critical value of Hartley's test statistic for a onefactor ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8?
Note: This question requires access to a Hartley table.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.8
11.8
13.7
15.0
H.05 = 13.7 for df = (c, (n/c) - 1) where c = 6 and n = 42, so we use

df = (6, 6).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
86.
What is the .05 critical value of Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor
ANOVA with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6? Note: This question requires
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.67
2.60
3.58
2.75

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
87.
What are the degrees of freedom for Hartley's test statistic for a onefactor ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8?
A.
B.
C.
7, 6
6, 6
6, 41
Use df = (c, (n/c) - 1) where c = 6 and n = 42, or df = (6, 6).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
88.
What are the degrees of freedom for Tukey's test statistic for a onefactor ANOVA with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3, 6
6, 3
6, 15
3, 15
Use df = (c, n - c) with c = 3 and n = 18, or df = (3, 15).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
89.
After performing a one-factor ANOVA test, John noticed that the

sample standard deviations for his four groups were, respectively,
33, 24, 73, and 35. John should:
A.
feel confident in his ANOVA test.
B. use Hartley's test to check his assumptions.
C. use an independent samples t-test instead of ANOVA.
D. use a paired t-test instead of ANOVA.
The unusually large standard deviation for group 3 suggests unequal
variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
90.
Which statement is incorrect?
A. We need a Tukey test because ANOVA doesn't tell which pairs of

means differ.
B. Hartley's test is needed to determine whether the means of the
groups differ.
C. ANOVA assumes equal variances in the c groups being compared.
Hartley's test compares variances (not means).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
91.
Which is not an assumption of unreplicated two-factor ANOVA

(randomized block)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Normality of the population

Homogeneous variances
Additive treatment effects
There is factor interaction.
The usual assumptions apply to a two-factor ANOVA (but no

interaction estimate is possible without replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
92.
Which is correct concerning a two-factor unreplicated (randomized

block) ANOVA?
A.
No interaction effect is estimated.
B. The interaction effect would have its own F statistic.
C. The interaction would be insignificant unless the main effects were
significant.
We cannot estimate the interaction effect without replication in a
two-factor ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
93.
In a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block) ANOVA, what is the F

statistic for the treatment effect given that SSA (treatments) = 216,
SSB (block) = 126, SSE (error) = 18?
A.
B.
C.
D.
12
1.71
7
Can't tell without more information
We cannot calculate the mean squares without knowing r, c, and n,

so no F statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
94.
Three bottles of wine are tasted by three experts. Each rater assigns
a rating (scale is from 1 = terrible to 10 = superb). Which test would
you use for the most obvious hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
t-test for independent means

One-factor ANOVA
Only one observation per row/column cell (two factors but no

replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-09 Recognize from data format when two-factor ANOVA is needed.
95.
To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material

to each of four different destinations over a six-month period. The
A.
B.
C.
D.
Independent samples t-test


replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
96.
To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material

to each of four different destinations over a six-month period. The
For the appropriate type of ANOVA, total degrees of freedom would

be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
3.
4.
12.
df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
97.
Here is an Excel ANOVA table that summarizes the results of an

Is the effect of plant location significant at = .05?
A.
B.
C.
Yes
No
The p-value is not less than .05, so plant location has no significant
effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
98.

Is the effect of noise level significant at = .01?
A.
B.
C.
Yes
No
The p-value is much less than .05, so noise level has a significant
effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
99.

The experimental design and ANOVA appear to be:
A.
B.
C.
replicated two factor.

unreplicated two-factor.
The absence of an interaction suggests an unreplicated two-factor

model.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
100. Here is an Excel ANOVA table that summarizes the results of an

The sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
10.
16.
For unreplicated two-factor ANOVA, total df = 3 + 3 + 9 = 15 = n - 1,

so n = 16.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
101. At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors
This data set would call for:
A.
B.
C.
D.
two-factor ANOVA without replication.

three-factor ANOVA.
five-factor ANOVA.

replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
102. At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
14.
8.
15.
For unreplicated two-factor ANOVA, the error df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (5 1)(3 - 1) = 8.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
103. Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed

missing).
The number of medication types is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
df = 1 = (number of medications - 1), so there were 2 medications.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
104. Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed two
missing).
The number of patient age groups is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
For patient age group, df = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 = c - 1 (so 4 age

groups).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The number of patients per replication is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
c - 1 = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 (so 4 age groups), r - 1 = 1 (so 2

meds), total df = 1 + 3 + 3 + 24 = 31 = n - 1 (so n = 32), 8
treatments (3 4) and thus 32/8 = 4 replications per treatment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The overall sample size is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
25.
32.
impossible to determine as given.
c - 1 = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 (so 4 age groups), r - 1 = 1 (so 2

meds), total df = 1 + 3 + 3 + 24 = 31 = n - 1 (so n = 32).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
At = .05 the effect of medication type is:
A.
B.
C.
significant.
insignificant.
borderline.
The p-value is much less than .05, so medication type has a highly
significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
At = .01 the effect of patient age is:
A.
B.
C.
very clearly significant.

The p-value of .011 is greater than .01, so age group does not have a
significant effect at = .01 (however, it is a very close decision).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
At = .10 the interaction is:
A.
B.
C.
significant.
insignificant.
borderline.
The p-value is much greater than .05 so there is no significant

interaction.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
110. Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall
shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Two-factor ANOVA with no replication
Within each treatment combination we have three replications.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
111. Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall
shown below.
Total degrees of freedom for the ANOVA would be"
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.
12.
35.
59.
Total df = n - 1 = 36 - 1 = 35.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
112. A firm is studying the effect of work shift and parts supplier on its
How many suppliers were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
44 - 36 - 4 - 2 = 2 = c - 1, so there were 3 suppliers.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
How many replications per cell were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
3
4
5
n - 1 = 44 (n = 45), 44 - 36 - 4 - 2 = 2 = c - 1 (3 suppliers), r - 1 = 2
(3 shifts), so 3 3 = 9 row/column cells and hence 45/9 = 5
replications per treatment combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
At = 0.01, the effect of supplier is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
almost but not quite significant.
The p-value is much greater than .05, so supplier has no significant

effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The number of observations was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
37.
45.
44.
40.
n - 1 = 44 (n = 45).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
At = 0.01, the interaction effect is:
A.
B.
C.
strongly significant.
The p-value is much less than .05, so there is a significant interaction

effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
117. A firm is concerned with variability in hourly output at several

factories and shifts. Here are the results of an ANOVA using output
per hour as the dependent variable (some information is missing).
The original data matrix has how many treatments (rows

columns)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
6
3
8
r - 1 = 1 (2 factories), c - 1 = 2 (3 shifts), so 2 3 = 6 row/column

cells.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard

The number of observations in each treatment cell (row-column

intersection) is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
n - 1 = 17 (n = 18), r - 1 = 1 (2 factories), c - 1 = 2 (3 shifts), so 2

3 = 6 row/column cells and hence 18/6 = 3 replications per
treatment combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard

At = 0.01 the effect of factory is:
A.
B.
C.
of borderline significance.
The p-value is much less than .05, so factory has a significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy

The p-value for the interaction effect is going to be:
A.
very small (near 0).
B.
very large (near 1).
C. impossible to knowcould be either large or small.
For interaction, Fcalc = (40454.167)/(719.444) = 56.23, so very small
p-value.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
121. Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output (in
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their
ANOVA tests are shown (some information is missing).
Which is the number of amplifiers and positions tested?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1,
2,
3,
4,
3
4
5
1
r - 1 = 1 (2 amplifiers), c - 1 = 3 (4 positions).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their
The number of observations per cell was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
n - 1 = 23 (n = 24), r - 1 = 1 (2 amplifiers), c - 1 = 3 (4 positions), so

2 4 = 8 row/column cells and hence 24/8 = 3 replications per
treatment combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
decibels) of a rock concert speaker system. The desired level of
significance was = .05. The results of their ANOVA tests are shown
(some information is missing).
The most reasonable conclusion at = .05 about the three sources

of variation (amplifier, position, and interaction) would be that their
effects are:
A.
significant, significant, insignificant.
B.
insignificant, significant, significant.
C. very significant, almost significant, insignificant.
The p-value is smaller than .05 for amplifier, but not quite for
position and definitely not for the interaction term.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
124. Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output, in
decibels, of a rock concert speaker system. The results of their
The F statistic for amplifier was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.90.
10.16.
5.72.
4.27.
Fcalc = (99.02344)/(9.742188) = 10.16.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
125. A multinational firm manufactures several types of 1280 1024 LCD

displays in several locations. They designed a sampling experiment
to analyze the number of pixels per screen that have significant color
accelerated life testing. The Excel ANOVA table for their experiment
is shown below. Some table entries have been obscured. The
response variable (Y) is the number of degraded pixels in a given
display.
Degrees freedom for display type will be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
4.
3.
5.
For display type, df = (233.2333)/(58.30833) = 4.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply

display.
How many display types were there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
5
For display type, df = (233.2333)/(58.30833) = 4 = c - 1 (so 5

display types).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply

display.
How many countries were studied?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
For country, df = (202.9)/(101.45) = 2 = r - 1 (so 3 countries).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply

display.
The F statistic for display effect is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.78.
3.16.
2.39.
2.94.
Fcalc = (58.30833)/(24.36667) = 2.393.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply

display.
At = .05, the interaction effect is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fcalc = (18.47084)/(24.36667) = 0.76, which is far less than F.05 for df

= (8, 45).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard

display.
The numerator degrees of freedom for the interaction test would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
4.
8.
16.
For interaction, df = (147.7667)/(18.47084) = 8.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
131. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought to
What kind of test would be used?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Three-factor ANOVA with replication.
There are three replications and two factors.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
132. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in
to the clinic to be neutered.
Numerator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA interaction test would

be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
6.
can't tell.
Two factor ANOVA with replication, interaction df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (2 1)(3 - 1) = 2.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
133. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in
to the clinic to be neutered.
Total degrees of freedom for a two-factor replicated ANOVA would

be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
14.
17.
11.
n - 1 = 18 - 1 = 17.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
134. Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some
How many nozzle settings were observed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
2
1
Can't tell.
For nozzle, df = 1 = r - 1 (so 2 nozzles).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Degrees of freedom for pressure level would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
6.
For pressure, df = (8.07444)/(4.03722) = 2 = c - 1 (so 3 pressures).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Error degrees of freedom would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.
15.
12.
13.
For error, df = (8.5400)/(0.711667) = 12.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
The overall sample size was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.
23.
22.
18.
Divide each SS by its MS to get 1 + 2 + 2 + 12 = 17 = n - 1 (so n =

18).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
How many pressure levels were observed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
3
2
1
For pressure, df = (8.07444)/(4.03722) = 2 = c - 1 (so 3 pressures).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
At = .05, the critical F value for nozzle setting is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.71.
4.75.
3.68.
3.02.
Using Appendix F with df = (1, 12), we get F.05 = 4.75.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The form of the original data matrix is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
1
4
2
1
2
3
3
table.
table.
table.
table.
Divide each SS by its MS to get (r - 1) = 1, (c - 1) = 2, so r c = 2

3 = 6 treatments.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
The number of replications per treatment was:
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
3.
2.
1.
Divide each SS by its MS to get total df = 1 + 2 + 2 + 12 = 17 = n 1, so n = 18 and r c = 2 3 = 6 treatments, giving three

replications per treatment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
At = 0.05, the effect of nozzle setting is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
highly significant.
Its p-value is slightly less than .05, so the nozzle effect is barely
significant.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Evaluate
143. As shown below, a hospital recorded the number of minutes spent in

post-op recovery by three randomly chosen knee-surgery patients in
each category, based on age and type of surgery. Which is the most
appropriate test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One-factor ANOVA
Rimsky-Korsakov test
Three replications per cell with two factors.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The degrees of freedom for age of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For age of well, df = 26 - 18 - 4 - 2 = 2 (so 3 ages).

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The F statistic for depth of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
25.23.
25.78.
25.31.
25.06.
Fcalc = (1225)/(47.519) = 25.779.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The MS for interaction is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.25.
8.17.
8.37.
9.28.
For interaction, we have MS = (32.667)/4 = 8.167.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
The MS for age of well is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
185.23.
179.26.
180.25.
182.33.
By subtraction, for age of well df = 26 - 18 - 4 - 2 = 2. so MS =

(364.667)/(2) = 182.334.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Short Answer Questions
148. The table below shows raw data on air pollutant levels (micrograms
of particulate per liter of air) sampled at four different randomly
chosen times of day on three different freeways. State the most
reasonable hypotheses. What test would a statistician probably use?
How many total degrees of freedom? How many degrees of freedom
for the treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom? Explain.
Do not do the F-test.
One-factor ANOVA using three groups (2 d.f.). Total degrees of

freedom would be 11 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 12 - 3 = 9.
Feedback: The data are arranged in rows rather than in columns, but
it is still three groups of independent observations (no second
factor), so we use a one-factor ANOVA with three groups (2 d.f.).
Total degrees of freedom would be 11 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 12 3 = 9. The cell borders make it look a bit like a two-factor ANOVA,
but there is no second (column) factor.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
149. The table below shows six random observations on the number of
airline tickets booked on Orbitz per hour in the five months
bracketing the summer travel season. State the most reasonable
hypotheses. What test would a statistician probably use? How many
total degrees of freedom? How many degrees of freedom for the
treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom? Explain. Do not
do the F-test.
One-factor ANOVA using 5 groups (4 d.f.). Total degrees of freedom

would be 29 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 30 - 5 = 25.
Feedback: We have five columns of independent observations, so we
want a one-factor ANOVA using five groups (4 d.f.). Total degrees of
freedom would be 29 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 30 - 5 = 25.
Blooms: Evaluate
150. What is GLM, and why do we need it?
If there are more than two factors, a more complex ANOVA is

required. Excel does not handle such calculations, so we use a
package such as SPSS, SyStat, or Minitab. Unbalanced designs and
various types of interactions may be handled in GLM.
Feedback: When we have more than two factors, a more complex
ANOVA is required. Excel does not handle such calculations, so we
turn to a more powerful statistical package such as Systat, SPSS,
SAS, or Minitab. Also, unbalanced designs and various types of
interactions may be handled in GLM.
Blooms: Evaluate

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Chapter 11

True / False Questions

2. Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means of

3. If you have four factors (call them A, B, C, and D) in an ANOVA

5. Hartley's test is to check for unequal variances for c groups.

6. Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be done

7. ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.

8. Three-factor ANOVA is required if we have three treatment groups (i.e.,

9. ANOVA assumes normal populations.

10 Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.

13 Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.

16 Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.

17 In a 34 randomized block (two-factor unreplicated) ANOVA, we have

18 One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed t-test.

20 Hartley's test is the largest sample mean divided by the smallest

21 Tukey's test for five groups would require 10 comparisons of means.

23 Levene's test for homogeneity of variance is attractive because it does

24 Tukey's test with seven groups would entail 21 comparisons of means.

Multiple Choice Questions

29 Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:

30 Which is not an assumption of ANOVA?

Normality of the treatment populations.

31 In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?

proportions of several groups.

33 Analysis of variance is a technique used to test for:

35 In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:

cannot safely use ANOVA.

37 Which is not assumed in ANOVA?

40 Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor

41 Using one-factor ANOVA with 30 observations we find at = .05 that

We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.

42 One-factor analysis of variance:

44 The within-treatment variation reflects:

46 Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find

48 For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), how many

50 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

The F-test statistic is:

51 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

Degrees of freedom for between groups variation are:

52 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

SS for between groups variation will be:

53 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

The number of treatment groups is:

54 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

The sample size is:

55 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

Assuming equal group sizes, the number of observations in each group

56 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

Degrees of freedom for the F-test are:

57 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

The critical value of F at = 0.05 is:

58 Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some

At = 0.05, the difference between group means is:

59 The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to

60 The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to

61 The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to

Degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of squares in the

He could test the population means for equality using:

A. a t-test for two means from independent samples.

The appropriate hypothesis test is:

64 Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

Degrees of freedom for the between-treatments sum of squares would

65 Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was