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M ALAYSIA -J APAN I NTERNATIONAL

I NSTITUTE OF T ECHNOLOGY
R ESEARCH P ROPOSAL
June 26, 2013

Mechanism For Vortex-Induced


Vibration of A Bluff Body With A
Downstream Flat Plate

PhD Candidate:
M OHAMAD H AFIZ I SMAIL
Supervisors:
Dr. Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali
Dr. Sheikh Ahmad Zaki Shaikh Salim
Prof. Dr. Masataka Shirakashi

Abstract
Vortex induced vibration (ViV) is one of the common phenomenon found in many
fields of engineering. It received much attention especially when it causes a concern
in the dynamics of long slender cylindrical (bluff body) structures such as riser tubes
in the offshore oil industry. Bluff bodies are very efficience vortex generator.
When a secondary body (not necessary a bluff body) is placed in the wake of the
bluff bodies, a complex flow-structure interaction in the vacinity of the gap between
the two bodies arranged in tandem instigates a strong dynamics response. Additionally, the hydrodyamics forces generated on the downstream body can reach up
to two order of magnitude larger than the forces acting on the upstream body (vortex generator) itself. Despite of that, the downstream body can suprisingly suppress
the vortex shedding of the upstream body when the geometry and location for the
dowstream body are carefully designed. Without the vortex shedding, the problem
of vortex induced vibration can be passively controlled.
This research involves the investigation of flow around a finite square cylinder arranged in tandem with a downstream flat plate. The cylinder and the plate are free
to oscillate in crosstream direction with the support of a one degree mass-springdamper system. The location and size of the plate are changed to evaluate the sensitivity of these parameters to the flow fields and consequently the vibration of the
bodies. The main objective of this research is to find the optimal square cylinderflat plate configuration that can give the lowest vibration level. It is expected that
from this research, a new concept and approach of passive vortex-induced vibration
control can be adopted as an alternative to less efficient of active and passsive vibration control for the application of a long slender cylindrical structures immersed in
a hydrodynamic flow.

Contents
1

Introduction
1.1 Research Background . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Aims and Significance of The Research
1.3 Problem Geometry . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Execution Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3
8
9
10

Literature Review and Gap of Research


2.1 Flow Interaction with Bluff Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Flow over Bluff Bodies with Wake Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Vortex-induced Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Flow-induced vibration of an isolated bluff body . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Flow-induced vibration of bluff bodies with a wake interference
2.4 Wavy trailing Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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13
16
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17
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Numerical Simulation
3.1 Numerical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Flow Simulation . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Turbulence Model . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Motion analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation
3.2.1 Grid Independent . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Wind Tunnel Testings . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Measurement Equipments . . . . . .
3.3.2 Samples of Data for Comparisons .

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Numerical Simulation of Flow Over A Finite Square Cylinder

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Conclusion

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Introduction

This chapter presents a brief overview of the research. The chapter begins with some
background in section 1.1, where the motivation of the research is discussed. Then,
the aims and significance of the research are stated in section 1.2. The test cases under
investigation are described in section 1.3. Section 1.4 described the tasks required to
achieve the research aims.

1.1

Research Background

The fluid mechanics of the flow around a bluff body, the forces induced on the body
and the dynamic response experienced naturally by it have been extensively studied for a very long time. It was reported that Leonardo da Vinci pioneered the flow
visualization of swirling water motion behind a bluff body around the year of 1500
[1]. Strouhal in 1878 [2] described the interesting phenomenon known as aeolian
tones emanating from a wire moving through air. von Karman in 1911 [3] published
the first theoretical study of prominent vortex streets behind a bluff body. Interestingly, despite that many advances and insights gained through the efforts of many
researchers over the years, the study on this subject still receiving a great attention to
date. This is because for every research being done, there are still remain questions
to be answered wisely and new fascinating facets to be explored in great details.
The understanding of flow over bluff bodies is not only important for exploring
new fundamental knowledge but also it concerns to many engineering applications.
Heavy road vehicles that are moving at high speed for example, experience a large
amount of pressure drag due to flow separation that occurs at an early stage of the
boundary layer [4]. An experimental study of a full scale truck by Rose [5] showed
that a drag reduction as much as 36% to resulted in a 16% fuel saving. Another example is the hydrodynamic flow around bridge piers. Free shear layers that originate
from the separated flow generate a complex flow in the wake that consequently interact with a horseshoe vortex in the channel bed. As the process continues, a scour
(a hole due to the removal of sediment) is created around the pier [6]. Additionally,
study by Tseng et al. [7] found that a square pier have a greater effect in producing
the scour if compared to a circular pier.
There is also primary concerns in mixing effects for a bluff body burner about the
wake of a bluff body. Martins and Ghoniem [8]; Ma and Harn [9] stated that, the
geometry of the bluff body is one of the importance parameters in determining the
3

mixing condition of the burner. This is because, the formation of recirculation zone
behind the bluff body can provide a good mechanism for the fuel and air of a burner
to mix efficiently.
Flow around bluff bodies can also radiate acoustic sound. The noise radiated
from bluff bodies is always an unwanted element of many engineering applications.
Addressing this problem currently receiving much research attentions, e.g; Talotte
[10]; Williams [11]; Juve [12]. This trend is in response to noise complaints as well as
the negative impacts noise from the bluff bodies such as; degrading human health
and interfering with the acoustic wave produced and used by some animals to navigate or communicate [13].
The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge in 1940 is one of the most
remembered engineering disaster due to flow interactions. Even though there were
some disagrement among engineers on the cause of the collapse, they were agreed
that the vibration of the bridge was started initially by the vortex shedding [14, 15].
Figure 2 illustrates the vortex generation around the deck of Tacoma bridge.
Flow induced vibration also getting attention in designing deep sea water risers.
Currently, helical strakes has been used to minimise vibration of risers in deep sea
water. However, helical strakes are known to increase drag and also at a given strake
height its effectiveness as a passive vibration control is reduced with the decreament
of response parameter, i.e , mass-damping ratio (m ) [16]. There also other means
of vortex suprression used for deep sea risers, such as perforated shroud, axial slats,
streamlined fairing, splitter, ribbon, guided vane and spoiler plates. Except for splitter and streamlined fairing, these vortex supression mechanisms increase the drag of
the risers significantly that consequently compromise the safety of the platform [17].
The understanding of flow-induced vibration is also becoming the interest of architects and structural engineers who designing super tall buildings. Figures 3(a)
and 3(b) show the results of Tingting et al. [18], who experimentally investigated the
dynamic response of a scaled super tall building. They found that the self excitation
of dynamics response of the building is due primarily to the vortex generation. Another study by Cheng [19] found that the dynamic response experienced by the tall
building due to the crosswind can be catogerised into three regions according to its
mass-damping coefficient.
The undertanding of the flow and dynamic response behaviour of flow-induced
vibration is important for designing energy harvesting system using a pizoelectric
energy converting mechanism [21, 20]. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show how the wake

Figure 1: Fairing installation on drilling riser.

Figure 2: Sketches of vortex pattern over rotating deck section of Tacoma bridge.

(a) Model of a tall buildings in the wind tunnel test section.

(b) Self excitation of dynamic reponse of a tall building due to wind at


reduced velocity of, Ur = 33.3 and mass-damping of , = 0.7%

Figure 3: Example of the investigation of a bluff body, i.e. building.

(a) Diagram illustrating the idea behind the operation of the harvester [20]

(b) Modeled and experimental frequency response of bender and fin. [20].

Figure 4: Example of the bluff body application, i.e. wake induced vibration for
generating electricity.

from a bluff body can be exploited to create electricity. This concept may not directly
related to the current study, but it can provides details explanation they require to
understand the complex mechanism in generating the high vibration system from
bluff body wake.
This research examines how the flow structure around two rigid bodies (one of
them bluff) in close proximity can influence the dynamic response of the elastic structure system. The case study chosen for this research is a two dimensional square
cylinder as a primary body and a flat plate located downstream as a secondary body.
The length and shape of the secondary body can be changed in order to investigate
the geometry and the location effects on dynamic response of the bluff body. Therefore, the research scope includes the flow and dynamic response alteration caused
by the location and geometry modificatio of the secondary rigid body. At the end of
this research, it is hoped that a robust explanation can be presented that justifies the
possible vibration reduction by imposing a secondary rigid body as a means of flow
and vibration control mechanism.
A rigid square cylinder has been chosen as the case of study because it is one of
the most basic forms of a bluff body. Additionally, few flow and vibration investigations have been published for the square cylinder when compared with the circular
cylinder (ref.), particularly at high Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, unlike circular
cylinders where the separation point varies according to the Reynolds number, the
separation point of the unsteady flow around a square cylinder is fixed at the shape
edges [22]. This could bring a distinctive feature to the flow and vibration interaction
even though it is expected that the near wake flow structure for circular and square
cylinders are topologically similar to one another [23, 24].
Investigation of the flow structure on the square cylinder have been an intense
focus for a long time. It can be said the characteristics of the flow is well understood
for all Reynolds number regimes. But, less is known about what happens when an
another rigid body is placed near to the square cylinder particularly on the aspect
of sound alteration. Relevant investigation on this problem is described in the next
chapter and it is shown that there are many unresolved aspects that require further
investigations.

1.2

Aims and Significance of The Research

The main aims of the proposed study are to investigate the flow interaction and the
dynamic response of flow over a square cylinder with a downstream flat plate that
8

are freely to move in the cross-stream direction under the support of one degree of
freedom elastic system.
The specific objectives of the proposed study are;
1. to obtain robust explanation of the fluid dynamic mechanisms that control the
wake properties of a bluff body when a flat plates of various length are placed
downstream.
Previous related work has explained the flow interaction between a square
cylinder with a downstream flat plate. However, the study is limited to twodimensional flow and the bodies were fixed in position. Another related study
has considered three-dimensional flow and dynamic response from the wakebody interaction. However, the study was limited to identical bluff bodies that
were arranged in tandem.
2. to assess the possibility of using a flat plate as a passive vibration control for
the application of slender cylindrical structures.
Previous works have proved that a flat plate located downstream of a bluff
body can supress the vortex shedding of the upstream body. However most
studies were limited to two-dimensional flow and the bodies were assumed
static. No study has been done to propose a mechanism to control passively
the vibration of a bluff body using a flat plate.
These are related to each other but focused on different aspects: prediction,
understanding and prevention

1.3

Problem Geometry

The problem geometry under investigation is a finite square cylinder immersed in


the freestream velocity of U and of Reynolds number based on the side length of
the cylinder D of Re = U D/ = 22 104 . A flat plate with the same spanwise length
with the square cylinder is placed in the wake of the square cylinder.
The length of the plate is initially set the same as the side length of the cylinder (L = D) and the gap distance between the plate and cylinder is varied between
0 G 6D. After the location for the downstream flat plate for the best reduction
9

axial spring

plate

cylinder

vertical spring
damper

Figure 5: Problem geometry and annotations for crosswind over a train bridge. The
ratio of h/ho is varied from 0, 1/2 and 1.
on vibration of the squre cylinder has been identified, the length of the plate will
be changed so that further vibration reduction can be obtained. Finally, the trailing
edge of the plate will be modified to waviness to see if any further improvement
can be made in an final effort in this study to reduce the vibration of the upstream
cylinder.
The rigid bodies are supported with a one degree of freedom (1 dof) massspring-damping system (or preferably called elastic system). This allow for the
square cylinder and the flat plate to move freely in the cross-stream direction. The
m
, of 2.4 and
parameters for the elastis system are fixed, with mass ratio, m = m fbody
luids
csystem

mass-damping parameter, m = m ccritical , of 0.013.

1.4

Execution Plan

Table ?? lists the task to be completed in order to achieve the objectives of this research. Thirty six months (3years) have been allocated to successfully complete all
of the tasks.
1. Literature reviews: flow over a bluff body, flow over bluff body with wake interference, vortex induced vibration for single and two bodies in a tandem arrangement, the effect of trailing edge waviness on flow structure of bluff body.
2. Grid independence study, choice of turbulence models and discretisation schemes.
A conference paper is ecpeted from this study.

10

3. Comparison study of single circular cylinder that vibrate in the freestream due
to vortex induced vibration between current numerical simualtion and previous publised data. A conference paper is ecpeted from this study.
4. The effect of gap between the cylinder and plate on flow structure and vibration of the upstream body. Identify the location of the downstream for the
lowest vibration. A journal paper is expected from this study.
5. The effect of chord length of the plate on the flow strcuture and vibration of the
upstream body. Identify the suitable chord length of the plate for the lowest
vibration. A journal paper is expected from this study.
6. The effect of waviness design of the trailing edge of the plate in vibration of the
upstream body. A journal paper is expected from this study.
Figure ??: Gantt chart
Figure ??: Flow chart

Literature Review and Gap of Research

The current study is part of a general investigation of flow over bluff bodies and its
association with vibration. This chapter reviews previous investigations that bring
to the gaps of this study determine to address.

2.1

Flow Interaction with Bluff Bodies

Flow over bluff bodies are proned to flow separations. These separations take a significant portion of the body surfaces, leaving the upstream surface of the body with
a high pressure region, where it is due to a stagnation point, and the downstream
surface with a low pressure region. This briefly explain why the drag acting on bluff
bodies is higher than the streamline bodies.
The cause for flow separation is the same between the bluff and streamline bodies. However, due to the bluntness surface of the bluff body compared to the streamline body, high pressure gradient is generated by the geometry of the bluff body. The
boundary layers that are started to grow from the stagnation point slowly not able
to stand the high adverse pressure gradient downstream. Consequently, they flow

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12
Physics of fluids
Fluctuating Forces
Vibration

Physics of fluids
Fluctuating Forces
Vibration
and Goptimal ) for The Lowest Vibration Level

Numerical Simulations

Initial branch
Upper branch
Lower branch

2012
10 11

12

1 2 3

Table 1: Gantt chart

Year
Month

Physics of fluids
Fluctuating Forces
Vibration

Experimental Investigations
Numerical Simulations

Numerical Simulations

Numerical Simulations
Validation

Turbulence Models
Boundary Conditions
Grid Convergence Index
Validation Study

Find The Optimal Configuration (Loptimal


Writing A Journal Paper
ViV of A Square Cylinder with A Numerical Simulations
Fixed Downstream Flat Plate at Optimal Configuration and with waviness trailing edge
Writing A Journal Paper
Thesis Writing

ViV of A Square Cylinder with A


Fixed Downstream Flat Plate of Various Gap Distance (0 G/D 5)

Writing A Journal Paper

ViV of A Square Cylinder with A


Fixed Downstream Flat Plate of Various Length (0 L/D 7)

ViV of A Square Cylinder with A


Fixed Downstream Flat Plate (L = D)

Writing A Conference Paper


Vortex-Induced Vibration (ViV) of
An Isolated Square Cylinder at LowMass Damping.
Proposal Defense

Grid Refinement Study

Literature Review

TASK
4 5 6

2013
7 8
9

10 11 12

1 2

3 4 5

2014
6 7 8 9 10

11 12

1 2 3

2015
4 5 6

7 8

get separated from the surface body. For the bluff bodies having sharp edges like a
square cylinder, the flow is separated due to the sudden change in the geometry.
The level of the boundary layer to sustanin the adverse pressure gradient can be
represent as the balance between inertial and viscous forces, or know as Reynolds
number.
U D
(1)
Re =

The boundary layers are able to remain attached if the Reynolds number is low. For
high Reynolds number, the flow is governed by high inertial force that responsible
for generating vorticity in the separation flow.
The flow detaches from the surfaces of the bluff bodies in the form of free shear
layers. The periodic shedding of the shear layers are responsible for many flowinduced engineering problems such high pressure drag, fluctuations of lift and drag,
aerodynamic noise and structural vibration. Figure 1 shows the illustration of twodimensional structure of flow over a bluff body.
Figure 1: The flow over a bluff body exhibits various important physical phenomena such as flow separations, vortex shedding and turbulence in the wake.
For a given fixed bluff body geometry, the vortex shedding frequency is characterised by the instability of the shear layers. Figure 2 shows the variation of Strouhal
number (St = f UD ) with Reynolds numbers (Re = UD ). All the bluff body shapes
have the same trends, but they are different in magnitude or the level of sensitivity in the flow instability. For real industrial applications (high Reynolds number),
spanwise instability become important. There are six different flow regimes with the
increasing Reynolds number within that exhibit spanwise instability [Williamson
C.H.K,1997].

2.2

Flow over Bluff Bodies with Wake Interferences

When the wake of bluff bodies is disturbed with interference elements such as a flat
plate or bluff body (not necessaraly identical), a complex flow structure is observed.
This flow structure is strongly influenced by the location of the interference element
from the primary body. Zdravkovich [1988] classified the flow structure according
to interference regions, see Figure 3.
The understanding of the complex flow structure generated from the wake interference is important for the fundamental aspect of physics flow and also for the
benefit of real engineering applications. Recently, a study by Ali 2013 et al found that
13

Figure 6: Variation of lift and drag coefficients with Reynolds number for a circular
cylinder. CD represent mean drag; CL and CD represent the magnitude of fluctuating
lift and drag. A small p and f indices represent terms due to pressure and friction
drag. Dashed regions represent the scatter of experimental data. Figure is taken
from ref.[25], where was the data was adapted from Zdravkovich (1997) [26] .

14

Figure 7: Strouhal number versus Reynolds number: 5; Bearman [27]; Norberg [28,
29]: ; laminar shedding; ; wake transition; 4; turbulent shedding; , Barkley
and Henderson [30], 2-D; ; Kwon and Choi [31], 2-D; ; Posdziech and Grundmann
(2000), 2-D; , formulas in Appendix A of ref. [32]. Shaded region corresponds to the
bandwidth (-3 dB) of the shedding peak frequency. Data are taken form ref.[32].

Figure 8: Distributed forcing (a) schematic of the forcing, (b) Re = 100( = 5d), and
(c) Re = 3900( = d). Shown in panels b and c are the instantaneous vortical structures without (left column) and with (right column) control. Figure taken from Kim
Choi [33]
15

Figure 9: Sketch of wake interference regime by Zdravkovich [34].


an interference element can be used to cancell the noise generated aerodynamically
from the upstream bluff body. They used a thin rigid flat plate as the interference
element and a square cylinder as the bluff body. Another study by Ali 2011 et al also
found that a long flat plate located downstream can supress the vortex shedding of
the upstream bluff body.

2.3
2.3.1

Vortex-induced Vibration
Flow-induced vibration of an isolated bluff body

For a long slender cylindrical structure, such as risers tube in the offshore oil industry, the periodic oscillation of the fluctating forces instigates the elastically cylinder to
vibrate. When the elastically cylinder is support with a mass-spring-damper system,

the dynamic response of the body change according to the reduced velocity, U = U
fn D
mcyl
and mass-damping, m , where m = mdisplaced
and is damping ratio. Figure 4 show
the response of a circular cylinder with reduced velocity.

16

Figure 10: Response of amplitude and frequncy for a single circular cylinder [ref.]
2.3.2

Flow-induced vibration of bluff bodies with a wake interference

The dynamic response of downstream body is more severe then the upstream body.
This is due to the wake that amplify the forces generate don the downstream body.
They are many study on the two circular cylinder in tandem arrangement but there
is avery limited no study on the case of a bluff body with a flixible downstream flat
plate.
A series of studies by Assi et al. [35, 25, 36] found various mechanisms of flowinduced vibration when a parallel plates are placed in various arrangement for circular cylinders arranged in tandem. Figure 13 shows the type of configurations they
used in their investigations. The upstream cylinder was fixed while the downstream
cylinder was free to move in the cross-stream direction.
For configuration I, the dynamic response of the downstream cylinder was reduced when U / f0 D 10. At U / f0 D = 30, the dynamic responses were one and 1.5
diameters for configuration I and plain configuration, respectively. This reduction
was due to the plate that weakeaning the wake by delaying the vortex formation.
However, the dynamic response increased with the increasing U / f0 D 10, similar to the case of plain cylinders in tandem. Configurations II and III gave more
17

Figure 11: Configurations tested as reference and to investigate strake effectiveness.


Cylinders marked with a cross are not free to oscillate. (a) Static single; (b) VIV plain;
(c) VIV with strakes; (d) static tandem; (e) WIV plain; (f) WIV with strakes [36]
promosing in reducing the downstream vibration. The vibration of the downstream
cylinder was only 10% of diameter when U / f0 D 10.

2.4

Wavy trailing Edge

Surface modifications such as a spiralling arrangement of surface control bumps on


the surface of long cylinders can be used to control of the flow-induced vibration.
Bumps work by instigate three-dimensional separation that then eliminates vortex
shedding. However, it allow effective for high mass-damping ration, where fow low
mass-damping ratio the flow-induced vibration is similat to the plain cylinder [37].
Helical strakes [16] only effective for high mass-damping ratios, and it increases
the drag of the system.

Numerical Simulation

The proposed study will involve detailed analyses of flow structure around the problem geometries under investigations. Numerical simulations (sec. 3.1) has been identified as a tool to obtain the necessary aerodynamics data. Wind tunnel testing may

18

Figure 12: WIV response (top) and mean drag coefficient (bottom) for cylinders
fitted with strakes. Measurements are for the downstream cylinder of the tandem
pair. Configurations as shown in Fig. 11 . [36]

19

Figure 13: Configurations of downstream and upstream cylinders fitted with freeto-rotate (f-t-r) parallel plates. Centre-to-centre separation is x0 /D = 4.0. Cylinders
marked with a cross are not free to oscillate. [35, 36]

20

Figure 14: WIV response in 1-dof (top) and mean drag coefficient (bottom) for cylinders fitted with parallel plates. Measurements are for the downstream cylinder of
the tandem pair. Configurations as shown in Figs. 11 and 13 . [35, 36]

21

Figure 15: Instantaneous vorticity contours (a) and velocity vectors (b) for a f-t-r
splitter plate under WIV at U/D f0 = 6.0. PIV measurements at Re = 4500; x0 /D = 4.0.
(c) Sketch of possible competition between components of lift generated by wake
interaction with a free-to-rotate splitter plate under WIV. [36]

22

Figure 16: 3D forcing by passive means: (a) helical strake, (b) segmented trailing
edge, (c) wavy trailing edge, (d ) wavy stagnation face, (e) sinusoidal axis, ( f ) hemispherical bump, and ( g, h) small-size tab [38]
be carried out to validate the numerical simualtions (sec. 3.3), but it will not compromise the research findings due to the fact that a numerical validation technique as
carried out by ref. [39] can also be implemented.

3.1
3.1.1

Numerical simulation
Flow Simulation

The flow is treated as a continuous medium that obeys the conservation of mass
and the conservation of linear momentum. For an incompressible transient flow, the
time-averaged governing equations are;

ei ) = 0
+
( U
t xi

(2)

ei
e

eiU
e j ) = P + ( Ui + t ji )
+
( U
t
x j
xi x j x j

(3)

Eqs. 2 and 3 are continuity and momentum equations, respectively. Here, indexes
i and j are spatial components in two-dimensional form (x and y), and and P are
viscosity and local pressure, respectively at an instantaneous time of t. The Reynolds

23

stress, t ji can be represented as;


t ji = u0i u0j

(4)

Employing Boussinesq-viscosity hypothesis, the Reynolds stress can be approximated to the fluids mean rates of deformation;
u0i u0j = t

ej
ei U
U
+
e
xj
e
xi

2
+
3

e
U
+ t i
K
xi

!
i j

(5)

The additional terms, t and K are modelled as presented in sec. 3.1.2.


3.1.2

Turbulence Model

The turbulence flow is modeled statistically based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier
Stokes (RANS). RANS takes parts of the energy spectrum of the turbulence flow by
averaging the governing equations. The additional terms that due to the fluctuting
properties, are approximates using the standard K- turbulent model.

ei ) =
+
U
(K)
(K
t
xi
x j

ei ) =
+
U
()
(
t
xi
x j





t
+
K

t
+


K
YM
+ GK
x j

2
+C1 (GK ) C2
x j
K
K

(6)

(7)

where,
GK = u0i u0j

ej
U
xi

t2
YM = 2M
r
Mt =

K
C2

(8)

(9)

(10)

K2
(11)

where, C is speed of sound, the model constants have the following values; C1 =
1.44,C2 = 1.92,C = 0.09, K = 1.0 and = 1.3.

t = C

24

3.1.3

Motion analysis

Displacement variables are monitored in the cross-stream direction (plunge, y) and


also in the angular position (pitching, ). The equation of motion for the plunge
motion can be written as;
my + cv y + ky = Fy
(12)
where Fy is the aerodyamic force in the cross-stream direction, i.e., lift. For the pitch
motion, the following equation is used;
Im + ca + k = M

(13)

where Im is the mass moment of inertia and M is the moment about its center of
gravity. The aerodyamics contribution to the motion, i.e., lift and moment, are continuosly updated from the Navier Stokes equations and written in the following
form;
1
Fy = LSU2 (CD Sin +CLCos)
2
1
M = L2 SU2 (CM )
2
where L and S are the plate length and the plate span, respectively.

3.2

(14)

(15)

Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation

The movement of the body is linked to the surrounding fluids by assuming that
the velocity of the body surface is equal to the velocity of the adjacent fluids. The
Navier Stokes equation, eqt.(3, can be re-written in a non-dimensional form following Carmo [Flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder subjected to wake interference at low Reynolds number] as;
u
1
= (u m) u p + 2 u
t
Re
here, m is the velocity of the body surface.

25

(16)

3.2.1

Grid Independent

The grid solution for the numerical simualtion must be grid independent. At least
three types of grid resolution will be evaluated for its sensitivity of the solution the
the grid size. Grid convergence index will show quantitively on the level of grid
independent. A similar grid refinement study as ref. [39] will be employed in this
proposed study.

3.3

Wind Tunnel Testings

Wind tunnel testing provides necessary information of the flow structure around
the scaled model of the problem geometry under investigations. Smoke visualisation is one of the simplest way, but hot wire velocity probe and PIV (particle image
velocimetry) can give more information about the flow.
Some issues that must be considered during the wind testings. The main diffculty
in using wind tunnel experiments is that the scale of the mock-up has to be suffcient
in order to ensure that the geometry and flow characteristics are comparable to real
conditions (Reynolds number, thickness and turbulence intensity of boundary layer).
3.3.1

Measurement Equipments

The data that is expected to be obtained can be catogerised into two;


1. Lift Fluctuation. The flow over a square cylinder becomes naturally unstable and then sheds a periodic vortex downstream. This consequently create
a sigificant pressure difference particularly in the cross-stream direction. To
measure it effects on the square cylinder and the plate, a component balance
can be used. The component balance must be connected to the both of the bodies (square cylinder and plate). It will be a challange to measure the lift from
the square cylinder and from the flat plate simultaneously. Another issue is to
measure the lift generated by the plate. The flat plate may be very thin and
small. It might be difficult to connect the component balance to it, and there
may be also an issue on vibration (or plate flattering).
2. Instantaneous of Velocity Mapping. The info on the velocity profile particularly in the vacinity of the bodies is important to understand the behaviour of
the flow structure for various experimental works being investigated. Particle
Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an advanced tool that can accurately capture the
26

instanteneous velocity vector near the square cylinder and also near the downstream flat plate.
3.3.2

Samples of Data for Comparisons

Table 2: Previous similar studies: Flow over a square cylinder.


Previous work
Re
% L/D Measurement Methods Turbulence Level %
Nakagawa, et al. [40] 3000
20
35
LDV
6
Lyn, et al. [41]
21400
7
9.8
LDV
4
Durou, et al. [42]
14000 13
6
LDV
6
Saha, et al. [43]
17625 6.25 16
HWA
1
Shadaram, et al. [44]
8600
5
20
HWA
2
Wang [45]
21400
5

Numerical (LES)
-

Numerical Simulation of Flow Over A Finite Square


Cylinder

Conclusion

A study has been proposed to investigate the influence of bluff body wake on the
galloping level of a downstream flat plate. The galloping phenomenon creates a
more complex flow structure when compared with a rigid downstream flat plate.
This flow structure is calculated numerically and with the help of entensive flow
visualisations, the understanding of the physics flow can be obtained. Then the effectiveness of the galloping plate on noise control can be justified.

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