Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Larry Baxter
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
Presented to
Mikko Hupa Celebratory Conference
Turku, Finland
September 14, 2012
Century of Energy
There are excellent reasons to call the 21st century
the Century of Energy.
Of the many global challenges, energy is the first. If
we are not able to meet the future demands of
energy in a satisfactory way, it will be extremely
hard if not impossible to solve any other major
global issue, such as supplying clean water and
food to the growing population of the world. On the
other hand, with sufficient supply of sustainable
energy we also have excellent possibilities to meet
most of the other challenges that our world faces.
Mikko Hupa, The Century of Energy, December 2010
Outline
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
CCS Costs
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
Relative LCOE
6
5
3
2
1
0
No CCS
CCC cost
Flue Gas
Heat
Exchanger
Separator
Small Ext.
Refrigeration Loop
Compressor
Moisture
Solid-gas
Separator
Expansion
Solid CO2 Bypass
Solid CO2 Stream
Solids Compressor
N2-rich Steam
Refrigeration Loop
Expansion
Heat Exchanger
And Dryer
Pump
Solid
Separation
Solid
Compression
Water
Compression
Ambient Heat Exchange
Heat
Recovery
ASU Comparison
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Amine
Amine 2
Oxyfuel
Membrane
Separation Technology
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
CCC
Cost Breakdown
6
CO2 Monitoring
CO2 Storage
CO2 Transport
Variable O&M
Fixed O&M
Capital
Fuel
5
4
3
2
1
0
Amine
Amine II
Oxyfuel
Membrane
CCC
Cost dominated by equipment and fuel both issues that can be technically addressed.
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010
Energy Efficiency
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.825
0.875
0.925
CO2 capture efficiency
0.975
Completed System
Completed System
Hyperion
Initial HX #2 Data
Brief 9 minute run sampling gases at various
locations within the heat exchanger
Data agrees well with BYU model
SO2 removal
110%
100%
SO2 Capture Efficiency
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.00
0.50
1.00
Time (hr)
1.50
2.00
-118 C
-133 C
-146 C
ppm
90%
ppm
99%
ppm
99.9%
17 341
5-0.1
<1 (0.002*)
< 1 (0.2*)
initial amount
4e-10*
< Hg
1762
< 0.8*
2.75e-5*
1*
initial amount
0
< Hg
176.4
0.8*
3.3e-7*
1*
initial amount
0
< Hg
100
80
60
40
20
0
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
Temperature (C)
-110
-100
Current Status
Sampo
In Finnish mythology, the Sampo made by the
blacksmith Seppo Ilmarinen brought good fortune
and peace to its owner. It figures prominently in the
Kalevala, an epic poem that played a large role in
defining Finnish culture and identity. The Kalevala
and its Sampo are among the greatest works of
Finnish literature. The form and function of the
Sampo was never clearly defined.
It is perhaps fitting that Seppo was a blacksmith
and created the Sampo, as opposed to it being
god-given or naturally occuring. In that spirit,
todays technologists perhaps have the skill and
the vision to create many technologies (processes,
devices, and methods) that will continue to bring
good fortune and peace to the world.
The Forging of the Sampo,
The best way we might honor Mikko is to
Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1893,
Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki
rededicate ourselves to developing an energy
Sampo and accept his challenge of 2010.
Acknowledgements
US Departments of Energy and Interior, State of
Wyoming and School of Energy Resources at Univ. of
Wyoming, CCEMC in Canada, Dong Energy, Air
Liquide, Beijing Jiaotong University, and GE for
funding and in-kind contributions
Sustainable Energy Solutions employees and visitors
(26 engineers, 1 economist, 2 MBA)
BYU graduate and undergraduate students (3 graduate
students, 12 undergraduate students)