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0-5mm
1- Vibrating feeder
ll Jaw crusher
lll Impact crusher
lV Vibrating Screen (separator)
0-5mm
5 -20mm
20-40 mm
Larger boulders are fed into a jaw crusher (primary crusher) which
can crush up to 250 tons of rock per hour. It reduces the boulders
size by 1/3 of its original size.
Stones of size < 40mm are further subgraded (20 - 40mm, 520mm, 0-5mm,) and sent to 3 different stockpiles.
Classification of Aggregates
ORIGIN
SIZE
SHAPE
TEXTURE
: Rough, smooth
WEIGHT
Origin
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive (plutonic): coarse-grained; granite
Shallow Intrusive: fine-grained; riolite,andesite, basalt
Extrusive: fine-grained; tuff, pumice, basalt
hard, tough, strong : excellent aggregate.
Sedimentary Rocks (cost effective - near the surface)
about 80% of aggregates
Natural sand and gravel
Sandstone, limestone (dolomite), chert, flint, graywacke
Metamorphic Rocks: slate, gneiss : excellent to poor
Size of Aggregates
According to size, aggregates are classified as: coarse, fine and allin aggregates.
Coarse aggregates
Aggregates retained on a 4.75 mm sieve are classified as coarse.
Fine aggregates
Aggregates passing through a 4.75 mm sieve are called fine.
The smallest size of fine aggregate (sand) is 0.06 mm.
All- in aggregates
It is a mixture of different fractions of fine and coarse
aggregates.
The deficiency of any particular fraction of aggregate can be
corrected by using all-in aggregates, but they are not
recommended for quality concrete.
(b) Concrete cover for embedded steel/ PVC pipes which must not
be < than the maximum size of aggregates.
(c) The size of the bar and bar spacing (to allow the concrete to
Shape
The shapes of aggregates are classified as rounded,
irregular, angular, elongated, flaky and flaky & elongated.
Rounded aggregate
-is generally obtained from rivers or
seashore and produce minimum void
(about 32 %) in the concrete. It accepts
lesser cement paste. It provide poor
interlocking bond which make it
unsuitable for high strength concrete.
Irregular aggregates
Angular aggregates
Flaky aggregates
-They generally orient in one position with water and air vids
underneath. Thus they adversely affect durability of concrete
and are restricted to a maximum of 15 % only.
Elongated aggregates
Weight of Aggregates
The heavier the parent rock source, the heavier the aggregates produced.
Properties of Aggregates
Properties need to be considered when selecting aggregates for
making concrete.
Their properties are directly related to that of their parent rock
source.
Bonding- Texture
- A rough surfaced aggregates enables a firm grip between
aggregates and cement paste.
Properties of Aggregates
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
Properties of Aggregates
Specific gravity
Apparent s.g
Must be clean & durable & Free from organic impurities &
dust (WHY?)
It may prevent the cement paste from coating the aggregate
properly thus:
- preventing bonding
- reduce strength of the concrete
of
aggregates-
Absolute
s.g
and
Properties of Aggregates
Strength
Ability of an aggregate particle to stand up to pulling or
crushing forces- Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV).
- The Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) is a test carried out to
determine its resistance to impact (Toughness of
aggregate).
- Los Angeles Abrasion Test- resistance of an aggregate to
wear
- well shaped cubical stones provide higher resistance to
impact as compared to flaky and elongated stones.
- The lower the ACV, the stronger the aggregate
- Aggregate with his Los Angeles Value will tend to dust
during production and handling- environmental and mix
problems
Others
Alkali- Aggregate
Reactions- Alkali silica reaction (ASR) and Alkali carbonate
reaction (ACR)
Segregation- 2 Types