A.

TITLE
B. PURPOSE

: Neutralization Titration (Acidi-Alcalimetry) and Application

: 1. To make and determine the standardization of acid solution

2. To determine of NaHCO3 in the baking soda

C. BASIC THEORY :
Neutralization Titration
Basic theory for neutralization is reaction between hydrogen ion (H +) and
hydroxide ion (OH-) and forms water.
Acidimetry

: neutralization that involve base with acid that known the

concentration
Alcalimetry

: neutralization that involve acid with base that known the

concentration
Titrations that well carry out in this experiment are nothing than acid-base
reactions. In acid-base titrations acidic/basic analyte is neutralized with a strong
base / acid. Acid or base solution that is run from burette is called titrant. When the all
acid and base used up in neutralization reaction this means it has been reached to the
equivalence point. In order to visualize pH change indicator is used. Indicator is a
weak acid or base that gives different color at different pH range. The point at which
indicator changes color is called end point. End point must match with equivalence
point, indicator must be chosen by this manner. End point of titration shows theres
changing color of indicator that is match, where the equivalent happens in the trayek
region of pH indicator. Because of the limitedness of humans sense, so, theres
probability that the end point of titration not exact with equivalent point. According to
the stoiciometry, acid or hydrogen ion (H +) and base hydroxide ion (OH -) exactly
used up reacted in equivalent point.
H+ + OH- H2O
Acid equivalent = Base equivalent
Standardization of titrants is very important for accuracy. Simply
standardization is the titration of standard solution with a primary standard solution.

Neutralization Titration

Primary standard compound must have some properties. It must be pure, soluble,
stable in pure form and in solution, and also must be easy to dry.
Neutralization titrations are performed with standard solutions of strong acids
or bases. While a single solution (of either acid or base) is sufficient for the titration
of a given type of analyte, it is convenient to have standard solutions of both acid and
base available in case back-titration is needed to locate the end point more exactly.
The concentration of one solution is established by titration against a primary
standard; the concentration of the other is then determined from the acid/ base ratio
(that is, the volume of acid needed to neutralize 1.000 mL of the base).
Neutralization titration depends on a chemical reaction between the analyte
and a standard reagent. The point of chemical equivalence is indicated by a chemical
indicator or an instrumental measurement. The standard solutions employed in
neutralization titrations are strong acids or strong bases (because they react more
completely with an analyte than their weaker counterparts do and thus yield
sharper endpoints). Standard solutions of acids or bases are prepared by diluting a
concentrated solution. e.g. acids (HCl, HClO4, H2SO4) bases (NaOH, KOH,BaOH),
remember that those solutions need standardization. Weak acids and bases are never
used as standard reagents because they react incompletely.
The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7. The
neutralization of a strong acid and weak base will have a pH of less than 7, and
conversely, the resulting pH when a strong base neutralizes a weak acid will be
greater than 7.
When a solution is neutralized, it means that salts are formed from
equal weights of acid and base. The amount of acid needed is the amount that would
give one mole of protons (H +) and the amount of base needed is the amount that
would give one mole of (OH-). Because salts are formed from neutralization reactions
with equivalent concentrations of weights of acids and bases.

Neutralization Titration

Indicator Used for Various Titrations:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Strong acid against a strong base

Weak acid against strong base
Strong acid against weak base
Weak acid against weak base
Application of Neutralization Titration
Many kind of substances, organic or anorganic can be determined with acid

base titration. There are so much examples that the analyte can be changed
chemically into acid or base and then determined the content with acid base
titration.
In determination of the mixture of carbonate, carbonate ion can be
determined in to ways:
CO32- + H3O1+

HCO3- + H3O+

p h enolpt h alein

met h yl orange

HCO3- + H2O

H2CO3 + H2O

Sodium hydroxide generally contaminated with sodium carbonate while

sodium carbonate often happen together.
Composition of Sample
a. Boric Acid
Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and
acidum boricum, is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide,
flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It has
the chemical formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of
colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water. When occurring as a
mineral, it is called sassolite.

Neutralization Titration

Properties
Boric acid is soluble in boiling water. When heated above 170 C, it
dehydrates, forming metaboric acid (HBO2):
H3BO3 HBO2 + H2O
Metaboric acid is a white, cubic crystalline solid and is only slightly soluble in
water. Metaboric acid melts at about 236 C, and when heated above about 300 C
further dehydrates, forming tetraboric acid or pyroboric acid (H2B4O7):
4 HBO2 H2B4O7 + H2O
The term boric acid may sometimes refer to any of these compounds. Further
heating leads to boron trioxide.
H2B4O7 2 B2O3 + H2O
b. Baking Soda
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound
with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but
often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of
washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a
component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are
mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:
HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH
Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities
from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and
an acid produce a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide
and water:

Neutralization Titration

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing
sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form
carbonates:
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk
effervescence from the formation of CO2. This reaction is used to test for the presence
of carboxylic groups in protein.
Thermal decomposition
Above 50 C, sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium
carbonate, water and carbon dioxide. The conversion is fast at 200 C:
2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts
the carbonate into the oxide (at over 850C):
Na2CO3 Na2O + CO2
These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO 3 as a fire-suppression
agent ("BC powder") in some dry powder fire extinguishers.
D. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Balances
Volumetric flask
Pipette
Erlenmeyer
Burette
Watch glass

Neutralization Titration

Borat
Aquades
Methyl orange
HCl
NaHCO3
Baking soda

E. PROCEDURE :
Determining HCl solution with Na2B4O7.10H2O as Primary Standard
Solution

Weighing

Pipette 10 mL of borat solution

1,9 grams
- Entered borat into volumetric flask 100 mL
borat - Added aquades until the limit sign

Borat Solution
- Entered into erlenmeyer

Erlenmeyer

Added 10 mL of aquades
Added 5 drops of methyl orange
Titrated with HCl
Repeated 3 times with the same volume of borat

Reddish - Pink

Determining NaHCO3 in Baking Soda

Weighing with watch glass

Entered into volumetric flask
Diluted until the limit sign
Pipette 10 mL into Erlenmeyer

Erlenmeyer

Added 2 drops of Methyl Orange

Titrated with HCl
Repeated 3 times

Reddish - Pink

3,6 grams
NaHCO3

F. EXPERIMENT RESULT

Procedure of

No

Experiment

Experiment
Result

Before:
- Borat:

ypothesis

Co
nclusion

1.

Erlenmeyer

2.

Determining

HCl

solution

with Na2B4O7.10H2O as Primary

Standard Solution

1,9 grams
- Weighing
borat - Entered borat into
volumetric
-

100 mL
Added

into

Erlenmeyer

Na2B4O7 x

orange: orange

- HCl:

2NaCl(aq) +

HCl: 0,094N

Per

After:
- Borat +
aquades+
colorless
- Borat +

aquades +

Added 10 mL of

aquades
Added 3 drops of

methyl orange
Titrated with HCl
Repeated 3 times
with

the

same

volume of borat
Reddish - Pink

Co

white powder

- Methyl

colorless

Entered

ncentration of

aquades
until the limit sign

- Pipette 10 mL of
Borat Solution
borat solution

HCl +

colorless
flask
- Aquades:

methyl
orange:
orange
- Borat +
aquades +
methyl
orange +
HCl:
reddish
pink

10H2O
4H3BO3(aq)
+ 5H2O

centage of

N NaHCO3 in
aHCO3(aq) +

V1 AgNO3:

9,5 mL

V2

Determination

of AgNO :9,3 mL
3
V3
NaHCO3 in Baking
AgNO3:9,8 mL

1,44 grams
NaHCO3

Soda

Weighing with watch

glass
Entered into

volumetric flask
Diluted until the limit

sign
Pipette 10 mL into
Erlenmeyer

Before:

- Baking

Erlenmeyer

Added 2 drops of

Methyl Orange
Titrated with HCl
Repeated 3 times

Reddish - Pink

soda: white
powder

- Methyl
orange:
orange

- HCl:
colorless

- Aquades:
colorless

HCl

baking soda:

H2CO3(aq) +

83,33%

NaCl(l)

After:

- Baking
soda +
aquades:
colorless

- Baking
soda +
aquades +
methyl
orange:
orange
- Baking

soda + aquades +
methyl orange + HCl:
reddish pink

V1: 15,4 mL

V2: 15,5 mL

V3: 15,1
mL

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Standardization of HCl Solution with tetra borate decahydrate

(Na2B4O7 . 10H2O) as Standard Solution.

In this experiment is acidimetry titration, we do dilution borate with weighing

1.9 grams by adding aquades to the 100 mL volumetric flask until the limit sign form
colorless solution after that we taken 10 mL and entered to the erlenmeyer and added

3 drops of methyl orange indicator form orange solution because contains methyl
orange indicator. Borate solution was used as a standard solution because it has
several advantages, that is:
1. Borat has a high equivalent weight
2. Borat easily purified by recrystallization path.
3. No need to heat up the heavy fixed (constant).
4. Practically, boric not hygroscopic.
5. Titration end point can be seen clearly with the indicator methyl orange,
Standardization of HCl solution with a borate solution, because HCl solution
including strong acids, while the borate solution is a salt from a weak base.
At point equivalent have acidic . Therefore , the indicator used is methyl
orange ( MO ) because this indicator is not influence by boric acid ( H3BO3 ) very
weak with stretch pH between 3.1 - 4.4 the color of the solution changes from orange
to reddish pink when titrated with HCl . we get volume HCl is V1 = 9,5 mL ; V2 = 9,3
mL ; V3 = 9,8 mL from the calculations, the normality everage borate solution after
standardized is 0,094 N and the concentration of borate is 0,09 N . We get volume
9,8 mL the third volume at titration because we less careful when determining the end
point of the titration so we get high volume.

 Determination of Nahco3 in The Baking Soda Cap Nonik

A baking soda solution containing NaHCO3 . Determine NaHCO3 contents
with standardized HCl . We did dillution to baking soda " cap nonik " as much as 1.44
grams , then dissolved with aquades in volumetric flask 100 ml until the limit sign
form colorless solution because baking soda cap nonik white powder and aquades
colorless solution, then take 10 ml and entered into Erlenmeyer then add 2 drops of
methyl orange indicator so form orange solution because contents methyl orange
indicator, this indicator is not influence by boric acid ( H3BO3 ) very weak with
stretch pH between 3.1 - 4.4 and then titrated with standard HCl until reddish pink
color. We get volume of HCl is V1 = 15,4 mL ; V2 = 15,5 mL ; V3 = 15,1 mL
NaHCO3(aq) + HCl H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(l)

We get persent NaHCO3 in the baking soda "cap nonik" is 83.33 %

from the calculation and calculation in attachment.

CONCLUSION

From the experimental results and data analysis and discussion , it can be
concluded that
1. Standardization of HCl solution with borates as standard solution

concentration of borare is 0.09 N. The average of borate concentration

is 0,094 N.

2. Determination of NaHCO3 in the baking soda

The percent of average NaHCO3 is 83.33 % in baking soda cap

nonik .

ANSWER AND QUESTION

Standarization
1. Why in the manufacture of NaOH solution must use water that has been boiled ?
Answer:
In the manufacture of NaOH solution must memakqi water is boiling in the
solution because it does not consist of pure NaOH but also there Na2CO3 so that
boiling water is used to remove the CO2 contained in Na2CO3 .
2. What is the difference between :
a. standard solution and standard solution ?
b. acidimetry and alkalimetri ?
Answer:
a. The difference between the standard solution with a standard solution.
Standard solution is a solution of known concentration with certainty and are
used to determine the concentration of the standard solution, standard
solution is a solution whose concentration had been determined accurately
through the standardization process.
b. Acidimetry is involving alkaline neutralization titration with acid of known
concentration although Alkalimetry is neutralizing titration involving acid
with a base of known concentration.
3. Justify the use of indicators in the titration of the above !
Answer:

 The use of indicators in the titration is useful to know when to stop adding
titrant because the indicator will change color, and when the color changes is
called the equivalence point and the endpoint of the titration.

Aplication

1. 1,2 gram sample NaOH and NaHCO3 dissolved and titrated with 0.5 N HCl with
pp indicators. After addition of 30ml of HCl solution becomes colorless. Then
the orange indicator was added and titrated again with HCl . After addition of 5
ml of HCl solution becomes colorless. What is the percentage of Na2CO3 and
NaOH in the sample ?
Answer :
Known : Massa NaOH = NaHCO3 = 1,2 gram
Mr.NaHCO3 = 84
M.HCl = 0,5 N
V1= 30 mL
V2= 5 mL
Asked : a. % Na2CO3....?

b. % NaOH.....?

Answer

% Na2CO3 :

a.

mgNa2 CO3
x1
BENa 2 CO3 .Vol

NNaOH =

1200mg
84
x10
2

= 2,8 N

mmolek NaHCO3 = mmolek HCl

mmolek NaHCO3 = N x V

= 2,8 x 60

= 168 mmolek

gram NaOH = mmolek x BE x 10

= 168 x 84 / 2 x 10

= 70560 mg

70560
100%
1,2 x10 3

Percent NaOH =
=

58,8 %

b. %NaOH :
NNaOH

mgNaOH
x1
BENaOH .Vol

1200mg
40
x10
1

=3N

mmolek NaOH = mmolek HCl

mmolek NaOH = N x V

= 3 x 60

= 180 mmolek

gram NaOH = mmolek x BE x 10

= 180 x 40 / 1 x 10

= 72000 mg

72000
100%
1,2 x10 3

percent NaOH =
= 60 %

2. At what pH indicator changes color pp?

Answer:
pH 8 to 9.6, the red color changes to colorless occurred on pp indicators.

REFERENCES:

Asit, Agur. 2012. Neutralization titration in an aquous solution.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid Accessed on Sunday, December

21st 2013 at
15:13 WIB

http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/0030355230_1706
9.pdf
Accessed on Sunday, December 21st 2013 at 14:31 WIB

http://www.scribd.com/doc/24613330/Principles-of-NeutralizationTitration
Accessed on Sunday, December 21st 2013 at 14:54 WIB

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Acid
%2F%2FBa
se_Reactions/Neutralization Accessed on Sunday, December 21st 2013
at 14:54 WIB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate accessed on December

19th at 0.57

Ibnu,M.Sodig,dkk.2004.Kimia Analitik I. Malang : Universitas Negeri Malang.

Tim.2013.Panduan Praktikum Kimia Analitik I Dasar-Dasar Kimia

Analitik.
Surabaya:Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNESA

Underwood,A.L,dkk.2002.Analisis Kimia Kuantitatif Edisi Keenam. Jakarta:

Erlangga.

ATTACHMENT

After adding methyl

orange

orange color

After titrated wih HCl

with Borates as Standard

Solution
raddish pink color

After titrated hcl with

Baking Soda Cap Nonik

raddish pink

CALCULATION

1. Known

: Mass of borat
: 1,9 grams

Mr of borat
: 381,37

Volume dilute : 100 mL

VBorat
: 10 mL

VHCl
: V1= 9,5 mL; V2= 9,3 mL; V3= 9,8 mL

Asked : N HCl?

Answer

:
mass 1000
1,9
1000
x
=
x
=0,049 M
Mr
V
381,37 100

M=

N Borat

=M.n
= 0,04 . 2
= 0,09 N

1) At VHCl= 9,5 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

N . 9,5

N
2) At VHCl= 9,3 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

N . 9,3

3) At VHCl= 9,8 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

N . 9,8

N average =

= Molek Borat
= N2 . V2
= 0,09 . 10
= 0,094 N
= Molek Borat
= N2 . V2
= 0,09 . 10
= 0,096 N

= Molek Borat
= N2 . V2
= 0,09 . 10
= 0,092 N

0,094+0,096+ 0,092
3

= 0,094 N

2. Known

: Mass of Baking Soda

: 1,2215 grams

Volume of Baking Soda

: 10 mL

Volume HCl
: V1= 15,4 mL; V2= 15,5 mL;
V3= 15,1 mL
Asked : Percentage of NaHCO3?
Answer
:

1) At VHCl= 15,4 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

0,094 . 15,4

N2

2) At VHCl= 15,5 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

0,094 . 15,5

N2

3) At VHCl= 15,1 mL

Molek HCl

N1 . V1

0,094 . 15,1

N2

= Molek NaHCO3
= N2 . V2
= N2 . 10
= 0,144 N

= Molek NaHCO3
= N2 . V2
= N2 . 10
= 0,145 N

= Molek NaHCO3
= N2 . V2
= N2 . 10
= 0,141 N

Average of NaHCO3

= 0,143 N

0,144+0,145+0,141
3

Because eq number of NaHCO3 is 1, so

M NaHCO3

= 0,143 M

0,143 N
1 eq

Mol of NaHCO3 in 100 mL volumetric flask

Mol = M NaHCO3 . V NaHCO3

= 0,143 . 0,1 L

= 0,0143 mol

Mass of NaHCO3 = mol NaHCO3 . Mr

= 0,0143 mol . 84 grams/mol

= 1,2012 grams

Percentage of NaHCO3 in baking soda:

% NaHCO3 =

1,2012 grams
.100
1,4415 grams

= 83,33 %