Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City 407, Taiwan
c
Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Keywords:
Lightweight aggregate
Sintering
Sediment recycle
Bloating
Waste glass recycle
a b s t r a c t
A harbor sediment is successfully recycled at 1150 C as low water-absorption lightweight aggregate via
addition of waste glass powder. Sodium content in the waste glass is responsible for the formation of lowviscosity viscous phases during ring process to encapsulate the gases generated for bloating pellet samples. Water sorption capacity of the lightweight products can be considerably reduced from 5.6% to 1.5%
with the addition of waste glass powder. Low water-absorption property of lightweight products is benecial for preparing lightweight concrete because the water required for curing the cement would not be
seized by lightweight aggregate ller, thus preventing the failure of long-term concrete strength.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Taichung Harbor of Taiwan has been troubled with sludge
deposition problem in ship routes and harbor basin. The deposition
reduces the water depth. To effectively keep the harbor in usable
condition, regularly dredging the sludge is necessary although
the cost of nal disposal of the massy sludge is expensive. In Taiwan, the population density is high and the land available for
waste landll is very limited. Thus recycling the sludge as useful
resources is preferred. In a previous study, dredged sludge of the
harbor Taiwan was successfully manufactured into lightweight
aggregates (LWAs) after mixing with a reservoir sediment at different ratios and ring at 10501150 C (Wei et al., 2008).
LWAs have various applications. They can be used in room
partition to lessen the weight of building with great sonic and re
resistance and ease the shocking wave caused by earth quake.
LWAs can also be used in bridge construction, gardening, and soil
and environmental engineering (Cheeseman et al., 2005). In
producing LWAs, however, because of the gradual depletion of natural resources, such as shale, pumice, volcanic ash, siliceous rock,
and others (Chen et al., 2010; Mueller et al., 2008; Chiou et al.,
2006; Cheeseman et al., 2005; Hossain, 2004; Mladenovic et al.,
2004) and because of the increasing public requirement on green
environment, there is an increasing trend to use wastes as a substitute for the natural resources.
The water absorption capacity of the LWAs prepared in previous
study is relatively high (6.0%14.0%) (Wei et al., 2008). Thus, an at Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 42 359 1368; fax: +886 42 359 6858.
E-mail address: yulin@thu.edu.tw (Y.-L. Wei).
0025-326X/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.037
136
Table 1
Chemical compositions of harbor sediment and waste glass powder.
Composition
Sediment
Waste glass
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
K2O
Na2O
CaO
PbO
MgO
MnO2
ZnO
Cr2O3
Cl
62.5%
14.3%
5.79%
3.08%
2.03%
0.332%
93.7 mg kg
N.D
N.D
N.D.
263 mg kg
1.71%
0.69%
72.10%
0.53%
1.52%
1.15%
14.21%
5.68%
6101 mg kg 1
1.79%
100 mg kg 1
449 mg kg 1
392 mg kg 1
0.36%
N.D.
SO24
LOI
5.72%
2.15%
reactions with mixed acid consisting of concentrated HF and concentrated HClO4 (5.0 mL and 1.0 mL, respectively for 0.15-gram
dry sample) at 550 C to form H2SiF6 which is volatile and readily
vents away (Taiwan CNS, 1985). To determine the total contents
of SO24 and Cl in sediment, waste glass (Table 1), and LWAs,
0.100-gram sample in a mixed acid consisting of 10-mL concentrated HNO3 (66%), 3-mL concentrated HF (40%), and 1-mL H2O2
(30%) in a capped Teon vessel was digested at 180 C for 10 min
with microwave assistance, ltrated, and total contents of SO24 and Cl in the liquid phase was determined with an ion chromatograph (IC, DX-100, Dionex, USA). The concentration ranges of the
calibration curves for SO24 and Cl are 010.00 mg L 1 and
05.00 mg L 1, respectively. The square of the correlation coefcient for both curves is >0.999. The loss on ignition is dened
as the weight loss after heating in an electric furnace at 900 C
for 3 h under atmospheric air. The particle size distribution of both
sediment and waste glass powders were measured by the use of a
particle size analyzer (Coulter LS230, Beckman, USA). Thermal
behaviors of the sediment and waste glass powders were studied
with a thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA,
Pryis Diamond, Perkin Elmer, USA) under air stream from room
temperature to 1220 C at a heating rate of 10 C min 1.
After the sintering/bloating process, water absorption capacity
and apparent particle density of the LWAs were determined.
Face-dry water absorption capacity of LWAs in 24 h was measured
following a method formulated by Taiwan government (Taiwan
CNS, 1993). The apparent particle density was measured based
on the Archimedes Principle (Cheeseman et al., 2005). To properly
measure the size for a LWA which had lower density than water,
the LWA was immersed into water by using a very slim metal wire
to suppress it downward. The morphologies of both green pellets
and LWAs were examined with scanning electron microscopy
(SEM, Quanta 400F, FEI, USA) and the crystalline phases present
in the matrix were determined with a X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker AXS, UK).
3. Results and discussion
The primary chemical compositions, expressed in oxide forms
except Cl , of the harbor sediment and waste glass powders are
listed in Table 1. The compositions of harbor sediment are similar
to clay which has proven to be an appropriate raw material for
preparing LWAs (Wei et al., 2008). The sediment contains 1.71%
chloride, limiting the LWAs reported in the present study to nonstructural usage, such as being incorporated into lightweight concrete (LWC) for room partition, gardening, and environmental
application. Using the LWAs in steel-reinforced concrete should
be avoided. Table 1 indicates that the waste glass contains
137
g/s=30/100
g/s=50/100
harbor
sediment
Al2O3
50 %
Flux
50 %
g/s=20/100
g/s=10/100
100
sediment
80
80
60
40
40
20
20
0
100
0
100
glass
80
80
60
60
(Number percentage)
40
96
0
94
-20
TGA
-40
92
-60
30
20
20
100
427.4 C
35
glass
DTA
99
25
TGA
20
40
98
20
DTA (V/mg)
60
sediment
40 DTA
100
326.18 C
60
(Number percentage)
g/s=40/100
98
15
97
10
62
62
-1
21
.8
12
1.
823
4.
1
69
.
07
-6
9.
30
.
0.
0
8
.7
83
10
210
.7
3.
5
<3
.5
TGA (%)
100
SiO2
100 %
96
1147.8 C
-5
200
400
600
800
1000
95
1200
Temperature ( oC)
Fig. 4. Thermal behaviors of harbor sediment and waste glass recorded with TGA/
DTA.
138
Fig. 5. XRD patterns from harbor sediment and lightweight aggregates prepared
from mixtures with a sediment-to-waste glass ratio of 50/100 at 10001100 C.
139
g/s 10/100
g/s 20/100
g/s 30/100
g/s 40/100
g/s 50/100
1000
1050
1100
1150
5.92
6.16
5.98
6.51
5.55
5.39
5.64
5.72
5.46
5.13
5.41
5.27
5.15
5.18
4.85
5.53
4.80
4.96
5.25
5.39
4.76
5.09
4.67
Table 3
Effect of process temperature and waste glass/sediment ratio (g/s) on the particle density of LWAs.
Temp. (C)
1000
1050
1100
1150
g/s 0/100
g/s 10/100
g/s 20/100
g/s 30/100
g/s 40/100
g/s 50/100
2.31
2.33
1.83
1.16
2.35
2.24
1.81
1.11
2.14
1.93
1.58
1.18
2.02
1.87
1.71
0.92
2.06
1.71
1.24
0.79
1.93
1.73
1.26
Table 4
Effect of process temperature and waste glass/sediment ratio (g/s) on the water absorption capacity of LWAs.
Temp. (C)
1000
1050
1100
1150
g/s 10/100
g/s 20/100
g/s 30/100
g/s 40/100
g/s 50/100
17.5
13.2
7.1
5.6
16.9
11.3
5.5
5.1
16.5
10.5
4.9
3.7
17.3
8.3
4.1
2.5
11.7
4.8
3.8
1.5
11.8
4.4
2.7
(see Fig. 6). In general, the LWAs prepared under condition of lower
temperature and less glass addition are characterized by fewer and
ner pores in their fractured cores (see upper left panels of Fig. 6);
while the opposite condition leads to product containing larger
pores (see lower right panels). Firing the pellets containing glass
at 1100 C, the pores are so large that they even become interconnected due to the relatively low viscosity of the viscous phases
which could not withstand the bloating force from the high-pressure gases. As the heated pellets grow in size, the viscous phases
140
mately 1/100, and the leaching concentrations of Pb, Cr, Zn, and Mn
from all LWA samples are 60.096, 60.013, 60.015, 60.024 mg L 1,
respectively. Its noteworthy that Taiwan has not imposed any regulatory threshold on heavy metal leaching from construction
materials so far; how and what to be set as the regulatory threshold is a currently discussed issue among ofcials serving in various
Taiwan governmental ministries. For the practical application of
LWAs, because the LWAs contain 0.27%1.30% total chloride that
might be corrosive to steel and because the strength of the LWAs
reported in this manuscript can be as low as 22.6 kgf cm 2, the
LWAs reported in the present study are suggested to be limited
to non-structural usage in the absence of steel reinforcement, such
as being incorporated into lightweight concrete for room partition,
gardening, and environmental application.
4. Conclusions
Because of its relatively low melting point, waste glass additive
which is rich in sodium oxide and ux contents can effectively help
sinter to form continuous viscous phase to encapsulate gases for
preparing LWAs from harbor sediment.
Formed at higher temperature with more glass additive, the
LWAs are less dense due to a decrease in the viscosity of viscous
layer and to a generation of richer bloating gases. With waste glass
addition, the apparent particle density of LWAs prepared at
1150 C decreases from 1.16 kg m 3 to 0.79 kg m 3.
All LWAs have a water absorption capacity <20%. The LWAs
made from the mixtures with 30% and 40% glass additive at
1150 C have an extremely low water absorption capacity, 2.5%
and 1.5%, respectively. The low water absorption capacity is highly
desirable because if the LWAs are to be incorporated in LWC, they
will not absorb the water added to cement for a well-controlled
pozzolanic reaction to form calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate hydrates during cement hydration.
In general, the LWAs prepared under the condition of lower
temperature and less glass additive are characterized by ner
pores in their fractured cores; while the opposite condition leads
to LWA formation with larger pores.
Acknowledgment
We thank the National Science Council of Taiwan for the research fund through contract NSC 98-2221-E-029-003.
References
Cheeseman, C.R., Makinde, A., Bethanis, S., 2005. Properties of lightweight aggregate
produced by rapid sintering of incinerator bottom ash. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling 43, 147162.
Chen, H.J., Wang, S.Y., Tang, C.W., 2010. Reuse of incineration y ashes and reaction
ashes for manufacturing lightweight aggregate. Construction and Building
Materials 24, 4655.
Chiou, I.J., Wang, K.S., Chen, C.H., Lin, Y.T., 2006. Lightweight aggregate made from
sewage sludge and incinerated ash. Waste Management 26, 14531461.
Corinaldesi, V., Gnappi, G., Moriconi, G., Montenero, A., 2005. Reuse of ground waste
glass as aggregate for mortars. Waste Management 25, 197201.
Ducman, V., Mirtic, B., 2009. The applicability of different waste materials for the
production of lightweight aggregates. Waste Management 29, 23612368.
Ducman, V., Mladenovic, A., Suput, J.S., 2002. Lightweight aggregate based on waste
glass and its alkalisilica reactivity. Cement and Concrete Research 32, 223
226.
Hossain, K.M.A., 2004. Properties of volcanic pumice based cement and lightweight
concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 34, 283291.
Mladenovic, A., uput, J.S., Ducman, V., kapin, A.S., 2004. Alkalisilica reactivity of
some frequently used lightweight aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research
34, 18091816.
Mueller, A., Sokolova, S.N., Vereshagin, V.I., 2008. Characteristics of lightweight
aggregates from primary and recycled raw materials. Construction and Building
Materials 22, 703712.
Nemes, R., Jzsa, Z., 2006. Strength of lightweight glass aggregate concrete. Journal
of Materials in Civil Engineering 18 (5), 710714.
Riley, C.M., 1951. Relation of chemical properties to the bloating of clays. Journal of
American Ceramic Society 34 (4), 121128.
Taiwan CNS, 1985. Methods of chemical analysis for limestone. CNS 11393.
Taiwan CNS, 1993. Method of test for specic gravity and water absorption of ne
aggregates. CNS 487 A 3006.
Taiwan EPA, 2010. Leaching characteristics of solid building materials recycled from
wastes Determination of the availability of inorganic components for
leaching. NIEA R218.10C.
Wei, Y.-L., Yang, J.-C., Lin, Y.-Y., Chuang, S.-Y., Wang, H.P., 2008. Recycling of harbor
sediment as lightweight aggregate. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57, 867872.
Xu, G.R., Zou, J.L., Li, G.B., 2008. Effect of sintering temperature on the characteristics
of sludge ceramite. Journal of Hazardous Materials 150, 394400.