SPE 76752

Establishing Gas Phase Well Performance for Gas Condensate Wells Producing
Under Three-Phase Conditions
Sarfraz A. Jokhio*, Djebbar Tiab*/University of Oklahoma, and Arshad Anwar

* SPE MEMBERS
Copyright 2002, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2002 SPE/AAPG Western Regional Meeting,
20 - 22 May 2002, held in Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A.
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Abstract
This paper provides a new method of forecasting natural
gas production of gas-condensate wells that flow under three
phase conditions. Such wells include gas condensate wells that
produce liquid condensate and water along with gas phase,
their main production. Mathematically treating such systems
can be very demanding. A new tedious, but simple method of
projecting the gas phase production is proposed. In this
method we integrate reservoir production data and the
pressure transient data to forecast well performance without
prior knowledge of relative permeability as function of
saturation. Since pressure transient well test data is usually
available on yearly basis, effective permeability as a function
of pressure can be updated. It is the true representative of the
reservoir conditions of heterogeneity, geometry, and
resident fluids.
The total gas production in a gas condensate reservoir is
contribution of all the three regions that might exist at certain
stage of depletion. Free and dissolved gas in both oil and
water in Region-1, free and dissolved gas in water in Region2, and free and dissolved gas in water in Region-3. Thus to
project the production, along with the physical properties of
fluids in all the three regions, their phase change with pressure
also has to be handled.
It is observed from the solved examples that buildup of
condensate liquid phase reduces the gas production as well as
water production, a favorable situations. Partially the gas
production loss is recovered in form of condensate while
reducing water production.

Finally, few examples with simulated data are analyzed

to show the use of new method. A step-by-step procedure is
also devised to establish the well performance. Small
operators will benefit from this method at the most, since data
acquisition like relative permeability curves requires to
laboratory experiments on cores.
Introduction
We are extending our understanding of the retrograde gascondensate systems lately. Recently many good papers have
been published that treat gas-condensate systems. Retrograde
gas-condensate reservoirs are primarily gas reservoirs. A zone
of liquid begins to form as the dew point pressure is reached.
The liquid keeps accumulating and does not flow until the
critical liquid saturation is reached. Once critical saturation of
the liquid phase is reached, it begins to flow towards the
wellbore along with the gas. Pressure at this point in the
reservoir is termed as P*. Interestingly, this liquid may revaporize as the pressure further crosses the lower line on twophase envelope of phase diagram. This behavior of revaporization of the oil phase is called the Retrograde
behavior. Fig.1, Fig.2, Fig.3, and Fig.4 show the schematics
of such a phenomenon in vertical wells and horizontal wells.

Fig.1 Phase behavior of the condensate fluids.

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

S
P

w c

w f

Fig.2. Three regions in a gas condensate reservoir with vertical

well.
Deliverability loss in such conditions is mainly due to two
reasons: a) Gas undergoing liquid phase and b) permeability
impairment by the liquid. Thus both have to be
handled mathematically to predict well performance with
reasonable accuracy.

Pi

Pd
P*
P wf

SPE 76752

reservoir) in the reservoir, Vogel1was able to develop an IPR

that would revolutionize the performance prediction of
solution gas drive reservoirs. Fetkovich23, Camacho19 and
Raghavan, Wiggins18, and Sukarnos16 work on IPRs follows
the Vogels1 work.
Gilbert correlation for productivity index estimations for
oil wells (J = P/q) was being used until 1968 for solution gas
reservoirs too. Vogel1, 1968, first published IPR for solutiongas reservoirs, which handles the two-phase flow of oil and
gas. Vogel using Wellers concepts was able to generate
family of IPR curves in terms of only two parameters, flow
rate and BHFP.
Recently Raghavan and Jones13 discuss the issues in
predicting production performance of condensate systems in
vertical wells. Fevang and Whitson5 model the GasCondensate well deliverability using simulator and by
keeping the track of saturation with pressure and
relative permeability.
We need an analytical IPR for gas condensate wells
to be able to use it in optimizing production equipment
including tubing, artificial lift systems, pumps, and
surface facilities.
Three Phase Systems

Fig.3 Three regions around a partially penetrating horizontal.

Pi

Pd
P*

Figure 5. Thee-phase system with developing oil phase

Pwf

Producing Gas Oil Ratio in Three-Phase Systems (Rpgo)

in Region-1

RPgo
Fig.4 Fluid and pressure distribution around the fully
penetrating horizontal well.
Literature Review
Depletion of gas-condensate reservoirs has been a topic of
continuous research. Quantitative two-phase flow in the
reservoirs was first studied by Muskat and Evinger14. They
were the first researchers who indicated that curvature in IPR
curve of solution gas drive reservoirs is due to decreasing
relative permeability of oil phase with depletion. Based on
Wellers2 approximations of constant de-saturation of oil and
constant GOR at a given instant (not for the whole life of the

q gT
q oT

By Definition
q gT q g , free + qo, free RS + q w Rsgw
=
=
qoT
qo, free + q g , free Ro

k .k rg
C
B g g

k .k ro
k .k rw
+
Rs +
Rsgw
B
Bo o

w w

k .k k .k rg
ro
Ro
C
+
Bo o B g g

(1)

(2)

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

On simplification

R Pgo =

k .k rg

B g g

R
k .k rg

k .k ro = Pow (k .k rw )
Bg g
Bw w

k .k ro
k .k rw
+
Rsgw
Rs +
B
Bo o

w w

k .k k .k rg
ro
Ro

+
Bo o B g g

)(

Ro R Pgo 1

kk ro
=
o Bo
k .k rw

R so R Pgo + R sgw B
w w

kk rw
=
w Bw

B
o o
g B g

kk rg

kk ro

kk rg

g B g

(5)

Ro R Pgo 1 Rso R Pgo

Rsgw

) (

(6)

Producing Oil-Water Ratio (Rpow) in Three-phase Systems

(Region-1)
Assuming that the oil and water phase are completely
immiscible, the two-phase system equation for production oilwater apply.
RPow

q
= o =
qw

RPow =

qg , free Ro + qo, free

(7)

qw

k .krg
qo
= C
qw
Bg g

1
Ro + k .kro
B

o o k .krw

Bw w

On simplifying, results
k .k rg B w w
q

R Pow = o =
q w k .k rw B g g

Ro + k .k ro
k .k

rw

B w w

B
o o

(8)

Solving for water, gas, and oil effective permeability

respectively.
B k .k rg
k .k ro

k .k rw = w w
Ro +

R Pow B g g
Bo o
R
k .k ro B g g

k .k rg = Pow (k .k rw )

Bw w
Bo o Ro

Ro ( B o o )

(12)

Producing Gas-Water Ratio (Rpgw) in Three-phase Systems

(Region-1)

(3)

Simplifynig and solving for individual phase effective

permeabilities, yields
kk ro

B
kk rg
k .k rw
o o

(4)
=
Rso R Pgo + Rsgw

g Bg
Ro R Pgo 1
o Bo

(9)

(10)
(11)

Similarly
qg , free + qo Rs + qw Rsgw
q
RPgw = o =
qw
qw

(13)

Where Rsgw is the solution gas-water ratio expressed as

SCF /STB. For two phase systems Rsgw = 0.
k .k rg k .k

k .k rw
ro
+
Rsgw
C
Rs +

B g g Bo o

q gT
Bw w
=
R Pgw =
qw
k .k rw

Bw w
(14)
Simplifying
k .k rg Bw w k .k ro Bw w
+

Rs + Rsgw (15)
R Pgw =

k .k rw B g g k .k rw Bo o
Solving for water and gas effective permeability respectively.
k .k rg

Bw w
k .k ro

+
k .k rw =
Rs
(16)

R Pgw Rs gw B g g Bo o

k .k rw k .k ro

B g g (17)
k .k rg = R Pgw Rs gw
R
s

B w w Bo o

k .k rw k .k rg

k .k ro = RPgw Rs gw

Bw w B g g

Bo o
x
Rs

(18)

Producing gas water ratio (Rpgw) (Region-2 and Region-3)

q gt q g , free + qw Rsgw
(19)
=
RPgw =
qw
qw

RPgw =

q gt
qw

k .k rg
C
Bg g
=

+ + k .k rw Rsgw

Bw w

k .k rw

C
Bw w

(20)

Simplifying
qgT k .krg Bw w k .kro Bw w
+

Rs + Rsgw

RPgw =
=
qw k .krw Bg g k .krw Bo o
(21)

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

Solving for water and gas effective permeability respectively.

k .k rg
Bw w

(22)
k .k rw =
R Pgw Rs gw B g g s

k .k rw
B g g
(23)
k .k rg = R Pgw Rs gw

Bw w

Modeling Relative and Effective Permeability as a

Function of Pressure
Vertical Wells (Pressure Drawdown)
The effective oil and gas permeability during pressure
transient period can be expressed as follows, respectively7:
70.6q o, free o Bo
(24)
k o = kk ro =
Pwf

ln (t )
k g = kk rg

70.6q g , free
mPwf

ln (t ) SP

kw = kkrw =

70.6qw, free w Bw
Pwf

h
ln (t )

(25)

(26)

Above equations are valid for a fully developed semi-log

straight line. Several algorithms are available in literature for
estimationg the log derivative of the pressure recorded during
a pressure test.

k o = kk ro =

70.6q o o Bo

Pws

h
t
+

ln

t

k w = kk rw =

70.6q g , free

mP

ws
h
t + t
ln

t SP

70.6q w w Bw

ws
h
t + t
ln

t

Modeling 3-Phase Pseudopressure

Flow of real gases in porous media in presence of
more than one phase can be expressed using Darcy's law.
Under pseudo-steady state conditions and in field units it
is expressed as follows:
(31)
q gT = C.mPT
Or q gT = q gfree + q o R s + q w R sgw
For vertical wells
0.00708.h
C=
r

Ln e 0.75 + S a
rw

(32)

(33)

And for horizontal wells

0.00708.b
C=
A1 / 2

+ LnC H 0.75 + S a
Ln
rw

(34)

mP, the pseudopressure for condensates can be written

as:
Pr

Pwf

k .k rg

k .k ro
k .k rw

+
Rs +
Rsgw dp
B gd . gd Bo . o

Bw . w

(27)

(35)
Total gas flow at the surface in three phase systems is the
contribution of all the three phases. It comprises of free gas
flow, dissolved gas in oil phase, and dissolved gas flow in
water phase. Mathematically,
Region-1:

Similarly
k g = kk rg =

To be more accuarte following equation can be used.

70.6q g , free
(30)
k g = kk rg =

dmPws

(t + t ) g ct

d ln

t gi cti

SP

mP =

Pressure Buildup

SPE 76752

(28)

P*

mP1 =

Pwf

(29)

k .k rg

gd . gd

k .k ro
k .k rw
Rs +
Rsgw dp

Bo . o
Bw . w

(36)

Substituting Eq. 18 in Eq. 36 and simplifying it results the gas

phase pseudopressure function in terms of water phase
properties.
P*

mP1 =

Pwf

k .k rw
R pgw dp
B w . w

(37)

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

Substituting Eq.16 in Eq.36 and simplifying results

P*

mP1 =

k .k rg

R pgw
k .k ro

Rs dp
+
R pgw Rsgw B gd . gd Bo . o

Pwf

(38)

Above equation eliminates the water phase properties required

in Eq. 36. Now substituting Eq.10 in Eq.38 and simplifying
results
P P*

R pgw

1 + Rso 1 BRo dp
mPg1 =
k.k g
B R
R pgw Rsgw g B g
so

Pwf

)(

(38a)
Where
B = R pgo R pwo R sgw

Region-2: Since oil phase is immobile in Region-2, therefore,

only gas and water phase are mobile.
Pd

mP2 =

P*

k .k rg

k .k rw

+
Rsgw dp
B gd . gd Bw . w

(39)

Where Rsgw is the solution gas water ratio. Substituting Eq.22

in above equation results
Pd

mP2 =

P*

k .k rg

Rsgw B gd . gd

R pgw
pgw

dp

(40)

Pd

mP2 =

k .k
(R pgw ) B .rw

P*

dp

(41)

Region-3: Above both equation can also be used for Region-3

since gas and water phase are mobile in it but with different
pressure limits on the integral.
P

mP3 =

Pd

pgw

mP3 =

k .k rg

Rsgw B gd . gd

R pgw

k .k rw

B . dp
w w

(R )
pgw

Pd

dp

If more than one regions exist at the same time then total
pseudopressure is given by
mPT = mP1 + mP2 + mP3
(44)
Estimating Effective Permeability Using Surface
Measured Rate
Eq.37 and 38a, represent the pseudopressure for gas
condensate in Region-1 in three phase flowing conditions.
Eq.40 and 41 represent the gas condensate pseudopressure in
Region-2. Eq.42 and 43 represent the pseudopressure for gas
condensates in region-3.
Now the pressure transient response in terms of
pseudopressure for region-1, Region-2, and region-3 can be
expressed as follows.
Region-1:
P P*

R pgw

1 + R so 1 BRo dp =

R pgw R sgw g B g
B Rso

Pwf

)(

k ( P)
q g ,meas log(t ) + log e 2
c r
162.6

t w

P*

+
3
.
2275
0
.
8686
S
h k .k rg dp
P

wf

(45)

Gas effective permeability integral has been re-arranged such

that it can be estimated from well test analysis.
Region-2:
Pd

Now substituting Eq. 23 in Eq.39, results

P*

R pgw
pgw

162.6

R sgw

B gd . gd

dp =

k e ( P)

q g ,meas
log(t ) + log
2

ct rw

Pd

k .k rg ( P)dp 3.2275 + 0.8686S

P*

(46)

(42)
Region-3:
Pe

(43)

k .k rg
defines the dry gas flow. The
In Eq.41 the term
B gd . gd

R pgw
is the additional gas that is dissolved in
term
R pgw Rsgw

the water phase and will be produced.

Pd

R sgw B gd . gd

R pgw
pgw

162.6

dp =

k e ( P)

q g ,meas
log(t ) + log
2

ct rw

Pd

k .k rg ( P)dp 3.2275 + 0.8686S

P*

(47)

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

The effective permeability integral now can be estimated by

analyzing well test data as
P*

k.k rg (P )dp = 162.6

3.

q g ,meas
dmPg
h
d ln(t )

q
(k.k rw (P ))dp = 162.6 g ,meas
dmPg
h
Pwf
d ln(t )

Pwf
P

(48)
4.
(49)
5.

The effective permeability is the derivative of above equations

48 and 49.

6.

Establishing IPR
Rawlins and Shellhardt17 equation can now be used to
establish the well performance.

7.

q gT = C.(mPT )n

(I-1)

Procedure To Establish IPR

1. Convert the most recent pressure transient data
into pseudopressure using Eq.38a without gas
effective permeability term. Also calculate the
dmP
of the transient
time log derivative

d
ln(t
)

pseudopressure data.
2. From the well-developed semi-log straight-line
portion, estimate effective permeability integral
using Eq.48. Select the proper equation
depending on the region that exists.
3. Plot the effective permeability integral estimated
in Step-3 Vs pressure get a good curve fit such
that ends at zero. This is as if both the limits on
the effective permeability integral were zero. Get
a simple algebraic equation. For detailed analysis
paper SPE 75503 can be referred.
4. Now convert the production pressure, Pwf, into
pseudopressure using Eq.38a again without effective
permeability term. In the next column, calculate the
effective permeability integral for same Pwf values.
Multiply the pseudopressure with integral values to
get final pseudopressure values.

5.

6.

From the log-log plot of mP, estimated in step-4,

vs. rate estimate the C and the n. C is the intercept
and n is the slope. These are the parameters of
Rawlins and Shellhardt17 equation, I-1.
Establish the well performance using Eq.I-1.

Conclusions
1. A new method of establishing well performance of
gas condensate wells that produce under three phase
conditions have been introduced.
2. This new method does not use relative permeability
curves as a function of saturation, instead, it uses
pressure transient data to get effective permeability as

8.

SPE 76752

a function of pressure and then use it to project

well performance.
A new definition of pseudopressure for gas
condensate reservoirs has been introduced that does
not require relative permeability curves for three
phase gas condensate fluids.
Well test pressure data is used to estimate the
effective permeability as a function of pressure that
includes the phase change that occurs in the gas
condensate reservoirs with depletion.
Effective permeability of either phase can be
calculated from the surface measured gas rate.
Concept of free gas rate that is required to calculate
relative permeability in multiphase systems has been
completely eliminated.
The effective permeability of one phase can also be
used to convert the pressure data into pseudopressure
of other phase. This is very useful in case only one
phase production data is available.
It has been observed that the wells that produce under
three-phase condition, developing condensate (liquid)
phase reduces both gas deliverability (considered to
be negative impact) and water production, a
positive impact.

Nomenclature
Bo
= Oil FVF, RB/STB
Bgd
= Dry gas FVF cf/scf
kro
= Oil relative permeability
krg
= Gas relative permeability
qg
= Gas flow rate, scf/D
Rs
= Solution GOR, SCF/STB
Rsgw
= Solution gas water ratio, scf/STB
Rp
= Producing GOR, scf/STB (qg/qo)
Rpgw
= Producing gas water ratio, scf/STB
Rpow
= Producing oil water ratio, STB/STB
S
= skin
SSL
= Semi-log straight line.
SOC
= Critical oil saturation, fraction
mP
= pseudo-pressure function, MMpsia2/cp
= Oil viscosity, cp
o
= Gas viscosity, cp
g
Subscripts
g = Gas
o = Oil
w = Water
r = relative
e = effective
meas = Measured
1 hr = One hour
w = wellbore (In well testing equations)
cor = Corrected
b = Bubble
d = Dew
s = shut-in

SPE 76752

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

t = total
1 = Region-1
2 = Region-1
3 = Region-1
g1,o = gas phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability
g1,g = gas phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability
o1,o = Oil phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability
o1,g = Oil phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability
References
1. Fevang, O. and Whitson, C.H. Modeling Gas-Condensate
deliverability, Paper SPE 30714 presented at the 1995 SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
Oct. 22-25.
2. McCain, W.D. Jr.: The Properties of Petroleum Reservoir
Fluids, Second Edition, PennWell Publishing company.,
3. Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F: Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering, Second Edition, prentice Hall PTR
Publishing Company.
4. Gopal, V.N.: Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed For
Computer, Oil and Gas Journal (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
5. Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.: Density Of Natural Gases,
Trans., AIME (1942), 146, 140-149.
6. Penuela, G. and Civan, F.: Gas-Condensate Well Test
Analysis With and Without Relative Permeability Curves,
SPE 63160.
7. Serra, K.V., Peres, M.M., and Reynolds,. A.C.: Well-Test
Analysis for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs: Part-1
Determination of Relative and Absolute Permeabilities
SPEFE June 1990, P-124-131.
8. Economides M.J. et al. The Stimulation of a Tight, VeryHigh-Temperature Gas Condensate Well SPEFE March
1989, 63-72.
9. Guehria, F.M. Inflow Performance Relationships for Gas
Condensates, SPE 63158.
10. Lee, A.L., Gonzalez, M.H., and Eakin, B.E.: The viscosity
of Natural Gases, JPT (Aug. 19966), 997-1000 Trans.
AIME, 237.
11. Al-Hussainy, R., Ramey, H.J.Jr., and Crawford, P.B.:
The Flow of Real Gases Through Porous Media, JPT
(May 1966), 624-36; Trans., AIME 237.
12. Jokhio, S.A. and Tiab, D.: Establishing Inflow Performance
Relationship (IPR) for Gas Condensate Wells, Paper SPE
75503, presented at SPE Gas Technology Symposium,
Calgary, April 30-May 02, 2002.
13. Jones, J.R., Vo, D.T., and Raghavan, R.: Interpretation of
Pressure Buildup in Gas Condensate Wells, Paper
SPE 15535.

14. Evinger, H.H. and Muskat, M.: Calculation of

Theoretical Productivity Factors, Trans.,AIME (1942)
146, 126-139.
15. Jones, L.G., Blount, E.M. and Glaze, O.H.: Use of Short
Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests to Predict Performance of
Wells Having Turbulence, paper SPE 6133 presented at
the 1976 SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition,
New Orleans, Oct. 3-6
16. Sukarno, P. and Wisnogroho, A.: Genaralized Two
Phase IPR Curve Equation Under Influence of Non-linear

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

22.

Flow Efficiency, Proc. of the Soc. of Indonesian

Petroleum
Engineers
Production
Optimization
International Symposium, Bandung, Indonesia, July 2426, 1995, 31-43.
Rawlins, E.L. and Schellhardt, M.A.: Backpressure Data
on Natural Gas Wells and Their Application to
Production Practices, USBM (1935) 7.
Wiggins, M.L.: Inflow Performance of Oil Wells
Producing Water, PhD dissertation, Texas A&M U.,
College Station, TX (1991).
Camacho V. and Raghavan R., Inflow Performance
Relationships for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs. JPT
(May 1989), P-541-550.
Forchheimer, Ph.D.: Ziets V. deutsch Ing., (1901)
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Al-Hussainy, R., and Ramey, H.J. Jr., Application of
Real Gas Flow Theory to Well Testing and Deliverability
Forecasting, JPT May 1996, 637.
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SPE 4529 presented at the 1973 SPE Annual Meeting, Las
Vegas, NV, Sept. 30-Oct. 3.

Examples
Vertical Wells-Pressure Drawdown
Example-1
This example was generated using Sapphire Well test
Software. Since reservoir pressure is above the dew point
pressure, therefore, only Region-3 exists. Only water and gas
are mobile in this region.
Table 1. Well and reservoir data.
Data
Pi

8,000

GWR

50,000

WGR

20

psi
CF/STB
STB/MMscf

SG

0.75

Pd

5,000

psi
hrs

tp

500

Cr

3.00E-06

212

GOR

8000

rw

0.3

ft

1/psi
F
cf/STB

100

ft

0.2

STB/Psi

kh

2,000

20

md

md-ft

qg

MMcf/D

qw

40

STB/D

API

45

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

1.

Following the procedure given earlier, pressure data

were converted into pseudopressure function ignoring
the effective permeability. Using equation 42,
pressure test data is analyzed, (without gas effective
permeability term.)
Pd

P*

2.

mPg =

k .k rg

pgw Rsgw B gd . gd
R pgw

Using Eq.43 well test data is analyzed for water

phase effective permeability
Pd

mPg =

k .k
(R ) B .

(k.k

rg

(P ))dp =

Pwf

(k.k rw (P ))dp =

Pwf

4.
5.

Using Eq.48 and Eq.49, the gas and water phase

effective permeability integrals were estimated.

dp
w

rw

pgw

P*

3.

dp

162.6 q g ,meas
dmPg h

d ln(t )

(a)

162.6 q g ,meas
dmPg h

d ln(t )

(b)

Now the production data can be converted using

equations in Step 1 and 2, this time with effective
permeability integrals for both gas and water phase.
Since we did not have production data, therefore,
values of n, and C were assumed.

SPE 76752

Table 2. Pressure, Pseudopressure and Effective

Permeability Integral Data for the Straight line Region
Time
hrs
10.09817
11.33033
12.71284
14.26404
16.00452
17.95736
20.14849
22.60698
25.36545
28.4605
31.93321
35.82965
40.20152
45.10685
50.61072
56.78616
63.71512
71.48954
80.21258
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490

P
psi
7930.564
7930.236
7929.91
7929.586
7929.263
7928.941
7928.621
7928.301
7927.983
7927.666
7927.349
7927.033
7926.717
7926.402
7926.087
7925.773
7925.459
7925.146
7924.833
7924.52
7924.233
7923.974
7923.738
7923.521
7923.32
7923.133
7922.958
7922.794
7922.639
7922.493
7922.354
7922.222
7922.096
7921.975
7921.86
7921.75
7921.643
7921.541
7921.443
7921.348
7921.256
7921.167
7921.082
7920.998
7920.918
7920.839
7920.763
7920.689
7920.617
7920.547
7920.478
7920.411
7920.346
7920.282
7920.22
7920.16
7920.1
7920.042
7919.985
7919.929

mP
Psi2/cp
337.0989
337.0874
337.076
337.0646
337.0533
337.042
337.0307
337.0195
337.0084
336.9972
336.9861
336.975
336.9639
336.9528
336.9418
336.9307
336.9197
336.9087
336.8977
336.8867
336.8766
336.8676
336.8593
336.8516
336.8446
336.838
336.8318
336.8261
336.8206
336.8155
336.8106
336.806
336.8015
336.7973
336.7932
336.7894
336.7856
336.782
336.7786
336.7752
336.772
336.7689
336.7659
336.7629
336.7601
336.7574
336.7547
336.7521
336.7495
336.7471
336.7447
336.7423
336.74
336.7378
336.7356
336.7335
336.7314
336.7293
336.7273
336.7254

mP t*d(mP)/dt Integral-Keg
106
2420990 100616.5
32.32073
2432498 99991.36
32.52281
2443942 99429.37
32.70663
2455328 98920.97
32.87473
2466661 98469.72
33.02538
2477949 98063.72
33.16211
2489195 97706.82
33.28324
2500406 97386.73
33.39264
2511583 97106.81
33.4889
2522733 96856.47
33.57545
2533857 96637.74
33.65145
2544959 96442.7
33.7195
2556042 96272.07
33.77927
2567107 96119.87
33.83275
2578157 95986.79
33.87966
2589194 95867.68
33.92175
2600218 95764.11
33.95844
2611232 95670.81
33.99156
2622237 95590.1
34.02026
2633233 95515.49
34.04684
2643290 95453.31
34.06901
2652383 95403.34
34.08686
2660680 95362.9
34.10131
2668311 95329.73
34.11318
2675373 95300.94
34.12348
2681947 95276.85
34.13211
2688094 95255.95
34.1396
2693868 95237.43
34.14624
2699311 95221.56
34.15193
2704459 95207.51
34.15697
2709341 95194.65
34.16158
2713985 95183.93
34.16543
2718413 95173.42
34.1692
2722643 95164.82
34.17229
2726693 95155.8
34.17553
2730577 95148.54
34.17814
2734309 95141.84
34.18054
2737899 95135.07
34.18298
2741359 95130.31
34.18469
2744697 95123.81
34.18703
2747921 95119.59
34.18854
2751040 95114.55
34.19035
2754060 95110.61
34.19177
2756986 95107.22
34.19299
2759826 95102.81
34.19457
2762582 95100.32
34.19547
2765261 95096.58
34.19681
2767867 95093.7
34.19785
2770403 95090.75
34.19891
2772873 95088.61
34.19968
2775280 95085.38
34.20084
2777628 95083.48
34.20152
2779919 95081.98
34.20206
2782156 95078.69
34.20325
2784342 95078.56
34.20329
2786479 95075.38
34.20444
2788568 95074.1
34.2049
2790613 95072.39
34.20552
2792615 95070.08
34.20635
2794575 95069.65
34.2065

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

Table 3. Pressure, pseudopressure, and water effective

permeability integral data.
Psi2/cp
1263.714
1263.671
1263.629
1263.587
1263.545
1263.503
1263.462
1263.42
1263.379
1263.337
1263.296
1263.255
1263.214
1263.173
1263.132
1263.091
1263.05
1263.009
1262.969
1262.931
1262.897
1262.867
1262.838
1262.812
1262.788
1262.765
1262.744
1262.723
1262.704
1262.686
1262.669
1262.652
1262.637
1262.622
1262.607
1262.594
1262.58
1262.567
1262.555
1262.543
1262.531
1262.52
1262.509
1262.499
1262.489
1262.479
1262.469
1262.46
1262.45
1262.442
1262.433
1262.424
1262.416
1262.408
1262.4
1262.392
1262.385

mP
106
42746.01
42503.26
42286.31
42090.73
41918.08
41762.76
41626.73
41504.77
41397.93
41302.42
41218.78
41143.99
41078.33
41019.58
40967.99
40921.62
40881.11
40844.51
40812.47
37324.01
33745.15
30792.85
28315.74
26207.98
24392.12
22811.59
21423.76
20194.99
19099.59
18116.98
17230.45
16426.85
15694.69
15025.12
14410.18
13843.75
13320.34
12834.74
12383.57
11962.78
11569.89
11201.9
10856.6
10532.03
10226.11
9937.667
9664.996
9406.799
9162.033
8929.915
8709.011
8498.799
8298.758
8107.584
7925.276
7750.793
7583.872

8.756184
8.806073
8.8517
8.892656
8.929868
8.962863
8.992707
9.019016
9.042699
9.06355
9.08227
9.098748
9.113536
9.12656
9.138269
9.148551
9.157835
9.165967
9.173505
9.179859
9.185001
9.189191
9.192667
9.195692
9.198265
9.200489
9.202498
9.204213
9.205767
9.207178
9.208386
9.209558
9.210544
9.211553
9.212403
9.213176
9.213967
9.214543
9.215298
9.215808
9.216419
9.216898
9.217346
9.217858
9.218212
9.218656
9.219032
9.219413
9.219695
9.220106
9.220364
9.220594
9.220993
9.22108
9.221466
9.221661
9.221877

8000
7990
7980

0.153006
0.140655
0.126844
0.115727
0.102996
0.093466
0.08264
0.074583
0.065817
0.059212
0.052214
0.046936
0.041398
0.037264
0.032761
0.02961
0.025961
0.024085
0.022196
0.019869
0.017747
0.016007
0.015051
0.013756
0.012714
0.01223
0.011069
0.010615
0.010157
0.009138
0.009307
0.008192
0.008758
0.007695
0.007278
0.00775
0.005849
0.007949
0.005563
0.006893
0.005576
0.005373
0.00635
0.004506
0.005835
0.005064
0.005292
0.004012
0.005996
0.003868
0.003529
0.006279
0.001386
0.006361
0.003283
0.003704

7970
7960
7950
7940
P d =
7930
7920
7910
0. 01

0. 1

10

100

1000

T i m e[ h r s ]

Fig.6. Pressure behavior during three phase well test.

Since the test last up to 7910 psi and the dew point pressure is
5,000 psi, therefore, only one Region-3, single-phase gas
region with water production was observed during this test.
3

2. 5

1.5

hrs
psi
11.33033 7930.236
12.71284 7929.91
14.26404 7929.586
16.00452 7929.263
17.95736 7928.941
20.14849 7928.621
22.60698 7928.301
25.36545 7927.983
28.4605 7927.666
31.93321 7927.349
35.82965 7927.033
40.20152 7926.717
45.10685 7926.402
50.61072 7926.087
56.78616 7925.773
63.71512 7925.459
71.48954 7925.146
80.21258 7924.833
90
7924.52
100 7924.233
110 7923.974
120 7923.738
130 7923.521
140
7923.32
150 7923.133
160 7922.958
170 7922.794
180 7922.639
190 7922.493
200 7922.354
210 7922.222
220 7922.096
230 7921.975
240
7921.86
250
7921.75
260 7921.643
270 7921.541
280 7921.443
290 7921.348
300 7921.256
310 7921.167
320 7921.082
330 7920.998
340 7920.918
350 7920.839
360 7920.763
370 7920.689
380 7920.617
390 7920.547
400 7920.478
410 7920.411
420 7920.346
430 7920.282
440
7920.22
450
7920.16
460
7920.1
470 7920.042

mP

0. 5

0
0. 01

0. 1

10

10 0

10 0 0

T im e [ h r s ]

Fig.7. Semi-log plot pseudopressure Vs. time.

10

8010

t*d(mP)/
Integral[Keg]
dt

0. 1

Time

0. 01
0. 01

0. 1

10

100

1000

T i m e[ h r s ]

Fig.8. Pseudopressure and its derivative against time.

10

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

Well Performance
Assumed values: C = 0.5, n = 0.8

34 . 5

34

8000

33 . 5

7500

33
Pressure [psi]

7000

32 . 5

6500

6000

32
79 18

SPE 76752

79 20

79 22

79 24

79 26

79 28

79 30

79 32

P r es su re [p si ]

5500

Fig. 9. Gas phase effective permeability Integral, Eq.a.Step-3.

5000
0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

Flow Rate [MMscf/D]

9. 3

Fig.13.Gas Phase IPR against pressure, in Region-1, Pd =

5,000 psi.

9. 2

9. 1

Table 4. Gas effective permeability Integral.

8. 9

8. 8

8. 7

8. 6
7 9 18

79 20

79 22

79 24

79 26

79 28

79 30

79 32

P r es su re [p si ]

Fig. 10.Water phase effective permeability Integral, Eq.b.

Step-3.
0.6

Gas Phase Effective Permability [md]

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
7918

7920

7922

7924

7926

7928

7930

7932

Pressure [psi]

Fig. 11. Gas phase effective permeability, derivative of

Eq.a.Step-3.
0.18

Water Phase Effective Permeability [md]

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
7918

7920

7922

7924

7926

7928

7930

7932

Pressure [psi]

Fig. 12. Water phase effective permeability, derivative of

Eq.b.Step-3.

Pressure
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000

Integral (keg)
30.476471637928624
30.631891184301181
30.795983644540905
30.969129442903928
31.15174520450631
31.344289374502508
31.547270060542279
31.761256836033446
31.98690025784522
32.224968032864444
32.476421828527052
32.74261028416964
33.025876464272628
33.332271093338032
33.696972432023308
33.688467604648922

Table 5. Water effective permeability Integral.

Pressure
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000

Integral(kew)
10.116158420583201
10.044798023019742
9.9734377384218023
9.9022283647546126
9.8313100887163723
9.7608134581254411
9.6908609278103778
9.6215694038350044
9.5530547391367231
9.4854404920007789
9.4188772084256887
9.3535920091200848
9.2900466165207281
9.229646563845015
9.1813748736733521
9.0312612761992642

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

Pi
GWR
WGR
SG
Pd
tp
Cr
T

8000

7500

Pressure[psi]

7000

6500

6000

5500

5000
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Table 6. Well and reservoir data.

5,000 Psi
10,000 CF/STB
100 STB/MMscf
0.7
4,800 psi
1,000 Hrs
3.00E-06 Psi-1
250 F

GOR
rw
h
C
S
Kh
K
qg
qo
qw
API

140

Flow Rate [STB/D]

Fig.14. Water Phase IPR in Region-1.

Example-2: Vertical Wells-Pressure Buildup
This example was simulated with reservoir pressure
just above the dew point pressure to simulate the Region-1,
Region,2 and Region-3 together. But the pressure did not drop
far below to see all the three regions together. The lowest
pressure is 3,500 psi. Initial data is masked by the wellbore
storage effects, but the region-1 P > Pd = 4,800 psi is well
developed. After 100 hours, we are in radial portion and are in
the Region-1.Thus using same procedure as in example 1, well
performance is established.

11

20,000 cf/STB
0.35 Ft
100 Ft
0.2 STB/Psi
3
50 md-ft
0.5 Md
1 MMcf/D
50
100
50

200

190

180

170

5200

160

mP [MMpsi /cp]

5000
4800
4600
4400

150

140

130

4200

120

4000

110

3800
100
0.01

3600

0.1

10

100

1000

T im e[hrs]

Fig.16. Pressure behavior during three phase well test.

3400
3200
3000
0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

1.8

Ti m e [h rs]
1.6

Fig. 15. Semilog Plot of pressure Vs. Time.

1.4

Integral[Keg]

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
4650

4700

4750

4800

4850

4900

4950

5000

Pressure[psi]

Fig. 17. Gas phase effective permeability Integral.

12

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

SPE 76752

4960

4940
2.5
4920
2

Pressure[psi]

Integral[Kew]

4900

1.5

4880

4860
1
4840
0.5
4820

0
4650

4800
4700

4750

4800

4850

4900

4950

5000

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Gas Flow Rate [MMscf/D]

Pressure[psi]

Fig. 18. Water phase effective permeability Integral.

Fig. 22. Gas Phase IPR.

0.035

Table 7. Gas effective permeability integral.

0.03

0.025

Kew [md]

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
4650

4700

4750

4800

4850

4900

4950

5000

Pressure[psi]

Fig. 19.Water phase effective permeability.

0.025

0.02

Pressure Integral[Keg]
4650
0.29762045799890937
4670
0.3634043918298419
4690
0.43596219600121575
4710
0.51181576975883678
4730
0.58665922703122982
4750
0.6561523280790823
4770
0.71689985846021637
4790
0.76735591174235665
4810
0.8084286250357622
4830
0.84372127405466752
4850
0.87956986766447234
4870
0.925261217962693
4890
0.99405023518172253
4910
1.1060116957040951
4930
1.2948447155669481
4950
1.6238079244197225

keg [md]

0.015

Table 8. Water effective permeability integral.

0.01

0.005

0
4650

4700

4750

4800

4850

4900

4950

5000

Pressure [psi]

Fig. 20. Gas phase effective permeability.

100

mP[MMpsi2/cp]

10

Pd = 4800 psi

0.1
0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Time[hrs]

Fig.21. Pseudopressure and its derivative against time.

Pressure
4650
4670
4690
4710
4730
4750
4770
4790
4810
4830
4850
4870
4890
4910
4930

Integral[Kew]
0.44302027417364041
0.54102367599140588
0.64930281931686321
0.76265680812973728
0.87462474391444535
0.97867937420967451
1.0697047931514044
1.1453612878255373
1.2069959437796109
1.260001519200659
1.3138657315396646
1.3824893833407772
1.4857006838184235
1.6535103105320569
1.9362592834488127
4950
2.428352358662414
4951

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

P P*

5000

R pgw
k.k g
R pgw R sgw g B g

Pwf

4900

)(

B = R pgo R pwo Rsgw

4850
Pressure [psi]

mPg1 =

E ffect o f C o nd en sate D epo sitio n on

W ater P hase IP R IP R

4950

13

1 + R so 1 BRo
BR

so

dp

Using Eq.37 well test data is analyzed for water phase

effective permeability

P d = 4800
4800

4750

P*

mPg =

4700

Pwf

4650

k .k rw
R pgw dp
w . w

4600
0

50

100

150

200

250

1000

W ater F lo w R ate [S TB /D ]

Example-3: Horizontal Well

Table. Well and reservoir data.
Pi
GWR
WGR
SG
Pd
tp
Cr
T
GOR
rw
L
C
S
Kh
K
qg
qo
qw
API
h
Zw

3,000
10,000
100
0.7
4,800
1000
3.00E-06
200
20,000
0.3
1,000
0.1
0
30
0.5
5
250
500
50
60
30

100
mP & t*(dmP/dt)

Fig.23. Water phase IPR.

Comments on Fig.23:
Although dew point pressure is 4800 psi, its impact
on water production is felt much before. The upper line is the
water production trend if dew point pressure was not reached.
After dew point pressure, water production declines sharply.
Thus it is clear from Fig.23 that the condensation helps reduce
water production. The second dotted line is the water
production trend if P*was not reached. After P* is reached
water trend stabilizes and shows linear decline.

10

1
0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

Time [hrs]

Fig. 24.Pseudopressure and its derivative with new

pseudopressure.

psi
CF/STB
STB/MMscf
psi
hrs
1/psi
F
cf/STB
ft
ft
STB/Psi
md-ft
Md
MMcf/D
STB/D
STB/D

Fig.25. Water phase effective permeability integral, Eq.49.

Ft
Ft

Since reservoir pressure is less than dew point pressure

Region-2 and Region-1 might exist. In this example we do not
know P*, so it is assumed that only Region-1 exists. Using
Eq.38a, pressure test data is analyzed, ignoring the gas
effective permeability term.
Fig.26. Water phase effective permeability, derivative Eq.49.

14

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

SPE 76752

Appendix-A Pseudopressure Curves (Region-1) [Eq.38a]

Region-1: Gas Phase Effect of Temperature

6000

5000

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

1100
1050

Pressure [psi]

4000

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
Rpwg = 8000
SCF/STB
API = 45
Pb = 1000 psi
d = 0.5 cp
W ater Salinity
15%
T = 150 F

1000
3000

950
900

2000

850
1000

800
750

0
0

700
650

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mg1

Gas Flow Rate [MM SCF/D]

Fig.27. Gas Phase IPR against pressure.

30

25

600
550
500
450
400

mP [MM psi2/cp]

20

350
300

15

250
10

200
5

150
100

0
0

50

Gas Flow Rate [MMSCF/D]

0
500

Fig.28. Gas Phase IPR against pseudopressure.

900 1300 1700 2100 2500 2900 3300 3700 4100 4500 4900 5300 5700
Pressure [psi]

Fig.A-1 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.38a]

[T = 150]

6000

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

900

5000

850

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
Rpwg = 8000
SCF/STB
API = 45
Pb = 1000 psi
d = 0.5 cp
W ater Salinity
15%
T = 200 F

800
3000

750
2000

700
1000

650
600

0
50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Water Rate [STB/D]

Fig. 29. Water Phase IPR against pressure.

850

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mg1

Pressure [psi]

4000

550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
500

900 1300 1700 2100 2500 2900 3300 3700 4100 4500 4900 5300 5700
Pressure [psi]

Fig.A-2 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.38a]

[T = 200]

SPE 76752

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

800

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

600

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
Rpwg = 8000
SCF/STB
API = 45
Pb = 1000 psi
d = 0.5 cp
W ater Salinity
15%
T = 250 F

550

15

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

575

750

600

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mg1

550

500

450

400

500
475
450
425
400
375
350

650

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
Rpwg = 8000
SCF/STB
API = 45
Pb = 1000 psi
d = 0.5 cp
W ater Salinity
15%
T = 350 F

525

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mg1

700

350

300

325
300
275
250
225
200

250
175
150

200

125
150
100
75

100

50
50
25
0
500

900 1300 1700 2100 2500 2900 3300 3700 4100 4500 4900 5300 5700
Pressure [psi]

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

700
675
650

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
Rpwg = 8000
SCF/STB
API = 45
Pb = 1000 psi
d = 0.5 cp
W ater Salinity
15%
T = 300 F

625
600
575
550
525
500
475

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mg1

450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
225

900 1300 1700 2100 2500 2900 3300 3700 4100 4500 4900 5300 5700
Pressure [psi]

Fig.A-5 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.38a]

[T = 350]
Region-2 and Region-3 [Eq. 40 and 41]
500

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

490
480

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 150 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

470
460
450
440
430
420
410
400

Fig.A-3 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.38a]

[T = 250]

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

0
500

390
380
370
360
350
340

200

330

175

320

150
310

125

300

100
75

290

50

280

25

270

0
500

900 1300 1700 2100 2500 2900 3300 3700 4100 4500 4900 5300 5700
Pressure [psi]

Fig.A-4 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.38a]

[T = 300]

260
250
6000

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

Fig.A-6 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[T = 150]

16

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

500

460
450
440
430
420
410
400
/cp]

390
2

380
370
360
350
340
330
320

430

410
400
390
380
370
360

310

350
340
330
320
310
300
290

300

280

290

270

280
270

260

260

250

250

240

240

230

230

220

220

210

210
200
6000

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 300 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

420

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 200 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

470

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

440

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

480

Pseudopressure [MMpsi

450

Gas Gr avity
From TopBottom

490

SPE 76752

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pr e s s ure [ps i]

8800

9200

9600

200
6000

10000

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

Fig.A-9 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[T = 300]

Fig.A-7. Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[T = 200]

400
450

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 250 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

420
410
400
390
380
370

350

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

360

340
330
320
310

380

360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250

300

240

290

230

280

220

270

210

260

200

250

190

240

180

230

170

220

160

210

150
6000

200
6000

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

Fig.A-8 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[T = 250 ]

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 350 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

370

430

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

440

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

390

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

Fig.A-10 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[T = 350 ]
Effect of Rp

ESTABLISHING GAS PHASE WELL PERFORMANCE FOR GAS

CONDENSATE WELLS PRODUCING UNDER THREE-PHASE CONDITIONS

SPE 76752

500

460
450
440
430
420
410

400
390
380
370
360
350

480

460
450
440
430
420
410

390
380
370
360
350
340

330

330

320

320

310

310

300

300

290

290

280

280

270

270

260

260

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

250
6000

10000

Fig.A-11 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[Rp= 6,000]
500

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 7000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 350 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

470
460
450
440
430
420
410

400
390
380
370
360
350

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

500

Gas Gravity

490

FromTop-Bottom

480
0.60
0.65

460

0.70

450

0.75

440

0.80

430

0.85

420

0.90
0.95

410

1.00

400

1.05

390

1.10

380

Rpgo = 5000

370

SFC/STB

360

Rpgw=9000
SCF/STB

350

Rpow= 0.5

340

T = 150 F

330

340

API= 45

320

330

d= 0.5 cp

310

320

300

310

290

300

280

290

270

280

260

270

250
6000

260
250
6000

6800

470

Pseudopressure [MMpsi2/cp]

480

6400

Fig.A-13 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[Rpgw = 8,000]

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

490

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

400

340

250
6000

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 5000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =8000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 350 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

470

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rpgo = 6000
SFC/STB
Rpgw =5000
SCF/STB
Rpow = 0.5
T = 350 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp

470

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

490

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

480

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]

500

Gas Gravity
From TopBottom

490

17

6400

6800

7200

7600

8000

8400

8800

9200

9600

10000

Pressure [psi]

6400

6800

7200

7600
8000
8400
Pressure [psi]

8800

9200

9600

10000

Fig.A-12 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[Rp = 7,000]
Effect of Rpgw

Fig.A-14 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Eq.43]

[Rpgw = 9,000]

18

S. A. JOKHIO, D. TIAB, AND A. ANWAR

440

Temp.[F]

430

From Top-

420

Bottom

410
400
390
380

400

370
360

350

350

300

Pseudopressure [MMpsi2/cp]/Mw2

340

250

330

200

320
310

150

300

SG = 0.6

290

Rpgo = 5000

280

SFC/STB

270

Rpgw =7500

260
250

SCF/STB

240

T = 150 F

230

API =45

220

d= 0.5 cp

210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
6000

6 400

6800

7200

7600

8000

8400

8800

9200

9600

10000

Pressure [psi]

Fig.A-15 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-2 and 3[Rpgw =

7.500 Eq.43]

SPE 76752