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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Abstract:
This study has shown that image analysis has great potential to provide reliable measurements for detecting
defects in knitted fabrics. Using the principles of image analysis, an automatic fabric evaluation system, which
enables automatic computerised defect detection -(analysis of knitted fabrics) was developed. On-line fabric
defect detection was tested automatically by analysing fabric images captured by a digital camera. The results
of the automatic fabric defect detection correspond well with the experimental values. Therefore, it is shown that
the developed image capturing and analysis system is capable of on-line detection of fabric defects and full
control in the knitting machine (for example, by stopping the circular knitting machine as soon as a defect is
acquired by the digital camera).
Keywords:
Fabric defect detection, control, circular knitting machine
and so on. The solutions to these problems are, for the first
category, a careful selection and management of the yarn,
and for the second, the correction or substitution of the
defective elements. In order to deal with these problems,
various studies have been conducted and some specialised
systems were developed which can detect abnormalities in
the yarn being fed, defects in the knitted fabric and defects in
the knitting elements [4,5].
1. Introduction
Any variation to the knitting process needs to be investigated
and corrected. Defects fall into this category. As soon as they
appear, repair is needed; this is time-consuming and
sometimes results in the fabrics rejection. Fabric defect
detection has been a long-felt need in the textile and apparel
industry. Surveys carried out as early as 1975 [1] show that
inadequate or inaccurate inspection of fabrics has led to fabric
defects being missed, which in turn has had great effects on
the quality and subsequent costs of the fabric finishing and
garment manufacturing processes.
2. Experimental work
2.1. Sample and tested defects
In this study, we used two types of fabric structure, such as
plain single jersey and rib, with different densities. With
respect to the tested fabrics, four kinds of common defects
were chosen and created in these fabrics. These defects are
needle line, dropped stitch, hole and oil spots. From each of
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x ..............(1)
i
i =1
f 2 = StandardDeviation= =
1
N
f 3 = Variance = 2 =
1
N
( x
i =1
(x
) 2 ..............(2)
) 2 ..............(3)
i =1
1
N
1
f 7 = Kurtosis =
N
xi
..............(6)
i =1
N
xi
..............(7)
i =1
N
1
N
f 1 = Mean = =
24
S1
S2
S3
D1
D2
D3
3. Results
The performance of the described inspection system was
evaluated in seven stages using the simulated circular knitting
machine. In the first stage, the camera-carrier was moved in
a reciprocating motion along the height of the simulated
cylinder of the circular knitting machine with a slow speed (10
mm/minute). At the same time, the simulated cylinder was
rotated at the speed of 15 rpm as an operator introduced
defects into the knitting process. The second stage of testing
involved isolating the mounting components from the
considerable vibration produced during the circular knitting
machines operation. The third stage is defect acquisition,
and its rapid analysis at a rate of 10 images per second with
a high-quality image analyser. The fourth stage is the
identification of defect type. The fifth is stopping the simulated
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Sample No.
Average
Standard
deviation
Variance
Skewness
218.24
26.43
698.78
-0.8
213.29
28.08
788.6
-0.8
215.77
26.46
699.98
- 1.59
217.24
24
575.95
- 0.75
210.57
34.86
1214.98
208.55
32.56
214.46
8
9
Kurtosis
Moment
CV
-14778
8.26
4.24
-17719.7
7.6
10.13
-29441.8
8.16
4.94
-10366.5
9.05
- 1.65
6.77
-70022.9
6.04
1059.89
- 1.25
6.18
-43289.5
6.41
25.18
633.92
- 0.43
2.52
-6856.46
8.52
215.53
24.51
600.78
- 0.52
3.5
-7589.85
8. 79
206.4
30.29
917.37
- 1.02
5.9
-28360.6
6.81
10
212.57
27.25
742.53
- 1.22
7.69
-24632.6
7.8
11
214.87
29.22
853.86
- 1.16
5.96
-28983.3
7.35
12
217.39
23.13
534.85
- 0.34
2.61
-4197.85
9.4
13
209.45
33.15
1098.65
- 1.27
5.61
-46421.6
6.32
14
216.28
2 4.21
586.34
- 0.71
5.31
-10139.7
8.93
15
210.93
35.24
1241.87
- 1.78
7.21
-78093.5
5.99
16
216.62
23.02
529.9
- 0.29
2.6
-3542.84
9.41
17
219.73
21.32
454.75
- 0.61
4.58
-5910.13
10.3
18
207.08
24.86
617.98
- 1.06
6.34
-16344.7
8.33
19
215.09
28.67
822.11
- 1.62
9.69
-38259.1
7.5
20
213.61
28.84
831.79
- 1.37
7.34
-32974.2
7.41
Average
Standard
deviation
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Moment
211.23
32.52
1057.58
-1.43
8.49
-49295.7
6.5
210.3
34.29
1175.97
-1.36
7.47
-54685.5
6.13
214.64
23.88
570.37
-0.98
7.2
-13338.1
8.99
208.67
31.72
1005.87
-1.34
8.43
-42618.9
6.58
213.47
26.4
696.9 8
-1.71
11.13
-31389.1
8.09
212.3
31.86
1014.8
-1.59
9.16
-51424.4
6.66
208.71
31.72
1006.12
-1.72
9.87
-54729.8
6.58
211.55
35.28
1244.76
-1.88
9.34
-82479
CV
213.34
26.17
684.97
-0.32
2.73
-5806.94
8.15
10
212.98
25.42
646.36
-2.28
14.82
-374 70.9
8.38
11
212.97
30.59
935.9
-1.4
7.48
-40033.1
6.96
12
215.41
27.96
781.51
-1.48
8.29
-32275.6
7.71
13
210.38
29.6
876.28
-1.19
7.06
-30826.4
7.11
14
216.27
21.84
476.79
-0.47
-4940.44
9.9
15
212.79
25.46
648.11
-1.18
8.64
-19469.4
8.36
16
208. 58
31.48
991.08
-1.06
6.14
-33135.2
6.63
17
211.46
24.15
583.09
-0.23
2.63
-3186.7
8.76
18
210.55
26.3
691.92
-0.35
2.78
-6425.52
19
209.01
25.75
663.01
-1.75
11.21
-29842.7
8.12
20
210.62
21.88
478.81
-1.91
13.24
-19981.6
9.63
26
Area
Major Axis
Length
Minor Axis
Length
Eccentricity
Direction
Filled Area
Elongation
2.43
24.91
13.44
0.84
89.77
2.43
1.93
1.06
15.46
9.25
0.8
5.04
1.06
0.6
0.12
4.62
3.46
0.66
90
0.12
1.33
1 .03
13.46
10.85
0.59
81.34
1.03
1.36
2.25
25.02
11.76
0.88
3.31
2.25
0.48
0.91
14.01
8.37
0.8
100.29
0.91
1.63
0.07
4.31
2.23
0.86
98.35
0.07
1.32
14.97
11.72
0.62
24.29
1.32
0.86
3.31
26.49
16.11
0.79
1.15
3.31
0.62
10
0.2
6.83
4.27
0.78
75.91
0.2
1.75
11
1.97
20.47
12.92
0.78
84.79
1.97
1.54
12
2.02
16.89
16.06
0.31
114.64
2.02
13
1.3
13.76
12.28
0.45
12.9
1.3
14
1.18
18.02
8.99
0.87
17.27
1.18
0.63
15
1.29
15.54
10.84
0.72
96.78
1.29
1.36
16
0.7
12.02
7.85
0.76
7.9
0.7
0.67
17
1.48
16.52
11.92
0.69
103.8
1.48
1.33
18
0.64
11.34
7.5
0.75
5.85
0.64
0.58
19
0.36
7.53
6.38
0.53
121.14
0.36
Area
Major
Axis
Length
Minor
Axis
Length
Eccentricity
Direction
Filled Area
Elongation
0.79
16.92
6.25
0.93
99.23
0.81
2.29
2.58
24.67
13.59
0.83
98.1
2.6
1.79
2.46
23.47
13.67
0.81
95.76
2.48
1.71
0.6
14.47
5.67
0.92
95.17
0.62
2.14
2.69
25.42
13.8
0.84
93.46
2.71
1.93
1.52
25.84
7.7
0.95
96.17
1.54
3.25
1.48
16.72
11.63
0.72
92.94
1.5
1.42
1.29
22.83
7.34
0.95
94.35
1.31
3.14
1.47
15.37
13.01
0.53
-6.5
1.49
0.8
10
2.91
27.39
13.88
0.86
88.8
2.93
2.07
11
1.32
15.63
11.02
0.71
82.39
1.34
1.45
12
1.1
16.16
8.79
0.84
102.3
1.12
1.67
13
2.31
20.03
16.66
0.56
25.18
2.33
1.05
14
14.98
8.75
0.81
104.99
1.02
1.67
15
1.22
16.2
9.84
0.79
123.79
1.24
1.25
16
2.01
19.38
14.89
0.64
22.45
2.03
17
1.35
15.14
11.9
0.62
89.88
1.37
1.38
18
3.22
22.53
19.86
0.47
55.16
3.24
1.2
19
1.82
17.79
13.52
0.65
87.85
1.84
1.43
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Network Output
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
O6
Average
Desired
Error
NET Classification
Human
Classification
-0.01
-4.99
-2.02
0.21
4.27
-3.93
-1.08
0.00
1.08
Hole
Hole
37.28
37.24
46.14
43.02
37.60
46.49
41.29
40.00
1.29
Needle Line
Needle Line
61.77
61.21
59.66
61.07
61.55
61.08
61.06
0.00
61.06
Oil Spot
Hole
62.21
58.80
60.00
58.09
58.58
60.10
59.63
60.00
0.37
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
45.40
39.65
43.15
43.08
42.47
43.62
42.89
40.00
2.89
Needle Line
Needle Line
24.37
23.59
23.93
21.05
17.81
18.39
21.52
20.00
1.52
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
1.93
3.17
1.52
-0.74
1.58
3.92
1.90
0.00
1.90
Hole
Hole
41.38
36.67
41.09
35.73
44.98
37.50
39.56
40.00
0.44
Needle Line
Needle Line
61.61
58.05
59.23
62.60
62.48
61.30
60.88
60.00
0.88
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
10
18.80
24.71
18.67
19.52
17.13
19.49
19.72
20.00
0.28
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
11
37.91
46.09
35.93
46.89
45.45
36.88
41.53
40.00
1.53
Needle Line
Needle Line
12
62.23
61.93
60.46
59.41
61.65
61.93
61.27
60.00
1.27
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
13
60.32
58.80
58.56
60.13
62.85
59.23
59.98
60.00
0.02
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
14
0.26
3.76
1.48
-4.65
-0.85
-0.13
-0.02
0.00
0.02
Hole
Hole
15
-1.45
2.68
-2.74
4.13
-4.19
-4.52
-1.02
60.00
61.02
Hole
Oil Spot
16
59.72
59.62
59.72
58.87
59.01
58.42
59.23
60.00
0.77
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
17
21.82
20.92
21.35
17.33
19.02
19.88
20.05
20.00
0.05
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
18
60.74
59.54
60.58
59.38
59.70
60.41
60.06
60.00
0.06
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
19
1.42
-4.16
2.00
-2.52
-3.02
-3.43
-1.62
0.00
1.62
Hole
Hole
Table 6. Classification results for the training patterns for rib structure
Sample
No.
Average
Network Output
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
Desired
Error
NET Classification
Human
Classification
O6
4.13
0.29
1.76
4.67
-0.09
-4.04
1.12
0.00
1.12
Hole
Hole
19.09
18.13
19.97
20.87
19.44
18.35
19.31
20.00
0.69
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
3.03
-2.05
4.61
2.31
3.11
0.12
1.85
60.00
58.15
Hole
Oil Spot
20.40
19.16
22.99
22.90
19.48
21.34
21.05
20.00
1.05
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
61.52
58.21
58.47
60.77
59.25
59.86
59.68
60.00
0.32
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
3.34
3.98
4.16
0.00
-4.11
2.04
1.57
0.00
1.57
Hole
Hole
21.84
18.28
22.13
19.48
21.27
22.57
20.93
20.00
0.93
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
61.94
61.43
58.57
61.17
60.70
62.96
61.13
60.00
1.13
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
Needle Line
18.99
18.86
21.64
19.20
21.44
19.55
19.95
40.00
20.05
Droped Stitch
10
20.21
18.05
19.83
21.47
20.49
19.77
19.97
20.00
0.03
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
11
4.82
-0.41
2.60
1.27
1.94
1.86
2.01
0.00
2.01
Hole
Hole
12
-0.30
0.94
-4.74
1.12
-2.26
-1.41
-1.11
0.00
1.11
Hole
Hole
13
61.71
62.14
60.48
59.99
62.01
58.28
60.77
60.00
0.77
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
14
22.20
19.02
20.19
19.57
20.27
20.24
20.25
20.00
0.25
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
15
58.13
60.81
62.67
58.33
62.58
58.42
60.16
60.00
0.16
Oil Spot
Oil Spot
16
22.50
22.41
20.76
18.52
21.40
22.11
21.29
20.00
1.29
Droped Stitch
Droped Stitch
17
1.71
4.06
2.09
-1.89
3.14
2.62
1.96
0.00
1.96
Hole
Hole
18
41.69
41.63
40.19
40.12
36.66
37.87
39.69
40.00
0.31
Needle Line
Needle Line
19
1.79
-3.58
-3.03
2.57
3.03
2.06
0.47
0.00
0.47
Hole
Hole
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4. Conclusion
References:
1. Knell, A. L., Automatic Fabric Inspection, Textile Institute
and Industry, January, 1975.
2. Dorrity J. L., Vachtsevanos G. and Jasper W., Real-time
Fabric Defect Detection and Control in Weaving
Processes, National Textile Center Annual Report,
November, (1996).
3. Les Defaults des Tricots, Centre DEtude et de Recherche
de la Maille, ITF Maille, Troys.
4. De Araujo, M. D., Manual de Engenharia Textil Vol. 1 (1986)
Lisboa: Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian.
5. Reglage Rationnel des Metiers Circulaires, ENSITM,
Universite de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse.
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