WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University

Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Master basic radio theory
Understand IMT-2000 spectrum planning
Master principles of Spread Spectrum
Communication

Content
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Duplex mode

TDD modeSame frequency

between uplink and downlink
z Adaptable to any frequency
TDD ( Time division duplexing
band
Such as TD-SCDMA)
z Suitable for both
asymmetric and symmetric
DUDDDDDD
services between uplink
and downlink
FDD modeFrequency
pairing between uplink and
FDDFrequency division duplexing
downlink
Such as WCDMA and CDMA2000
z Paired frequency band
D DDDDDD
needed
z Suitable for symmetric
services between uplink
U
and downlink

Multiple Access Technologies

9Multiple access technologies enable various users access public

communication line but without interference.
9Three methods are frequently used: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

FDMA
z

Traffic channels are assigned to different users at

different frequency band, such as TACS, AMPS.

Users are using

different frequency
Time
FDMA

Frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

TDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to different users at
different time, such as GSM, DAMPS.

Time

Users are using

different time slot
TDMA

Frequency

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time,
same frequency band, but with different code.

Time

Users are using different

orthogonal code sequence
CDMA
Code

Frequency

CDMA Application

Users are distinguished by code

Self-interference system
CDMA is a system subject to interference (GSM is a
system subject to frequency)

BS2

Code A

Freq. 1
Code D
Co

de

Freq. 1

de
Co

Co
de
C

BS1

Frequency Reuse

GSM900/1800:

3G (WCDMA):

Wireless Transmission TechnologyRTT

Requirements

Data
z
z
z

Voice
z

144 kbps High speed and driving

384 kbps Modest speed and walking
2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s

Information transmission at variable rate according

to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different business

3G services
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements

Delay

3G services
Categories

Real-time

Actual Service

Delay (One-way)

Bearer Speed

Voice

<150ms

12.2kbps

Video Call

<150ms

64kbps

VoIP

<150ms

15.3~39.6kbps

Interaction
Game

<250ms

N/A

Real-time Voice
Streaming

<2s

4.7~25kbps

Streaming

Interaction

Background

Real-time Video <2s

Streaming

64kbps~2Mbps

Web Browsing

<4s

N/A

WAP Browsing

<4s

N/A

E-commerce

<4s

N/A

FTP

No strict

N/A

E-mail

No strict

N/A

Contents
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation

1850

1900

1950

ITU

2000
2050
2010 MHz
MSS

IMT 2000
1885 MHz

1965
1970
1975

1945

IMT 2000

MSS

1850

D B

EF C

1900

2170 MHz

UMTS

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

A D B EF C

1950

2165 MHz

1990 MHz

PCS
A

MSS

1980

1960

1945

1920
1910

1885
1890

PHS
1865
1870

USA

2200

FDD
WLL
CDMA

FDD
WLL
GSM
TDD
CDMA
WLL
1800

Japan

2110 MHz

MSS

UMTS

1865

China

GSM 1800 DECT

2150

IMT 2000
2025 MHz

1930

Europe

2100

MSS

2000

Broadcast auxiliary

2050

2100

Reserve

2150

MSS

2200

3G Spectrum Allocation in ChinaNov, 2002

1850

1900

ITU

1950

IMT 2000
1885 MHz

1880 MHz
TDD

2050

2100

MSS

2150

2200

IMT 2000
2025 MHz

1920 MHz

China

2000

2250

MSS

2170 MHz

2110 MHz

2010 MHz
1980 MHz

FDD

MSS
MSS TDD

MSS

FDD

2170 MHz

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

3G Spectrum Allocation in China

1755 1785

1850 1880

1920

Satellite

30
MHz

60 MHz

FDD

2110

1980 2010 2025

Empty

40
MHz

2170 2200 2300

Satellite

15
MHz

TDD

100 MHz

155MHz

2400

3G Spectrum Planning in China

Main Operating Frequency Band

z FDD mode1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz
z TDD mode1880-1920MHz2010-2025 MHz
Supplementary Operating Frequency Band
z FDD mode1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz
z TDD mode2300-2400MHz
Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System
z 1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz
The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 915 MHz / 930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850
MHz, which are currently allocated to public mobile
communication system are also allocated to expanded
frequency bands of 3G public communication system, but
frequency using mode remains the same for both uplink and
downlink.

Contents
Radio Basics
3G Spectrum Planning
Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Transceiver Data Processing

Handset Data

Encoding
Interleaving

Baseband
Modulation

Spectrum
Spreading

Scramblin
g

Radio Frequency
Modulation

Radio Channel

Handset Data

Decoding
Deinterleaving

Baseband
Demodulation

Desprea
ding

Descrambling

Radio Frequency
Demodulation

Channel Encoding

Encoding PurposeTo add redundancy information into the

original data flow, which enables the receiver to detect and
correct signal errors due to transmission media, and meanwhile,
to increase data transmission speed.
No ECCBER<10-1 ~ 10-2
Convolution Code
BER<10-3
Turbo CodeBER<10-6

Cannot meet communication needs

Cannot meet voice communication needs

Meet data communication needs

High performance channel code was used in WCDMA, which improved

system performance
Coding & Decoding greatly reduced signal-noise ratio at operating point,
which is frequently used in wireless transmission.
Turbo code can make the transmission signal noise ratio close to
Shannon limit

Principles of Channel Encoding

Channel Encoding
z

Channel encoding is to add redundancy information to

original data, and thus gain error correcting capability
Currently, convolution code and Turbo code are
mostly used.1/2, 1/3
Encoding increased invalid load and transmission
time.
Suitable to correct a small amount of non-continuous
error.

Interleaving Technology

InterleavingDisrupt the original data arrangement

role, and reorder according to certain sequence.
FunctionReduce the effects by fast fading of the
channel.
Input
Output
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21

A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x2 x7

x22

x3 x8

x23

x4 x9

x24

x5 x10

x25

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

Disadvantages
z
z

Additional delay caused

In specific circumstance, several independent random
errors might intertwined to burst error.

The Use of Channel Encoding and

Interleaving

Encode

Interleave

Decode

Deinterleave

Interleaving Technology

Interleaving Disrupt the original data arrangement role, and

reorder according to certain sequence.
Funtion Reduce the effects by fast fading of the channel.
Advantages:
z Interleaving is to change the data flow transmission
sequence, and randomize burst errors.
z Improve the effectiveness of error-correcting codes.
Disadvantages
z Due to the transmission sequence change of data flow,
error correcting can only be performed after the whole data
package is received, which increased delay time.
Therefore, different interleaving depth should be chosen in
accordance with different service requirements.
z In specific circumstance, several independent random
errors might intertwined to burst error.

Transceiver Data Processing

Handset
Data

Encoding
Interleaving

Baseband
Modulation

Spectrum
Spreading

Scramb
ling

Radio
Frequency
Modulation

Radio
Channel

Handset
Data

Decoding
Deinterleav
ing

Baseband
Demodulati
on

Despre
ading

Descrambli
ng

Radio Frequency
Demodulation

Definition of Spread Spectrum

Communication

Spread SpectrumSS: Spread Spectrum) Communication is

referred as SS Communication.
SS Communication: To modulate at sending terminal with
spread spectrum code, and make the occupied frequency
bandwidth of the signal is more larger than the essential
bandwidth; while at the receiving terminal, same spread
spectrum code will be used to demodulate and despread, thus
to recover the information and data that been transferred.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
z CDMA uses a direct sequence spread spectrum, which is to
directly mix the signals that need to transfer with pseudorandom sequence code (spreading code) whose speed is
much higher than information speed. This way, the
spectrum bandwidth of the modulated signal becomes
much bigger than the original one.
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Time Hopping (TH)

Several Forms of CDMA

DS-CDMA:
z Multiple users are taking the same frequency resource at exactly
the same time and same place;
FH-CDMASingle user is taking a narrow spectrum bandwidth at
single moment; the occupied frequency changes over time according
to certain rules, which was determined by the address code.
TH-CDMASingle user is taking a wide spectrum time to time; the
occupied time changes according to certain rules, which was
determined by the address code.

Spread Spectrum Communication Basics

Spread Spectrum Communication is a technology to transmit

signal after its spectrum was expanded.
Its theoretical foundation is Shannon theorem

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
CChannel Capacity, Unit b/s
BSignal BandwidthUnit Hz
SAverage Signal PowerUnit W
NAverage Noise PowerUnit W
ConclusionWhen channel capacity C keeps the same, signal
bandwidth B and S/N ratio can definitely be exchanged, which
means, a satisfactory transmission quality can be gained by
increasing transmission system bandwidth at a low S/N ratio.

Direct Spread Spectrum Communication

Spread-spectrum signal

Low speed signal

Demodulated signal

TX

RX

High speed spread-spectrum sequences High speed spread-spectrum sequences

Speed
Speed of
of spread-spectrum
spread-spectrum code3.84Mc/s
code3.84Mc/s
Spread-spectrum
Spread-spectrum code
code OVSF
OVSF code
code

The Orthogonality of Code Sequences

Orthogonality of Code
Sequences
Accumulation of 0 indicates
orthogonality

WCDMA System Spreading Code

(Channelization Code)

WCDMA spreading code is generated by Walsh

function, which is called OVSF code (Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor code), OVSF codes
becomes zero when cross-correlating with each
other, and they are completely orthogonal.
Walsh function is a non-sinusoidal but completely
orthogonal function system, which can be
constituted through recurrence relations of
Hadamard matrix H. Because its possible values
can only be +1 and -1 (or 0 and 1), thus makes it
suitable to express and process digital signals.
Walsh function is of the ideal cross-correlation
properties. In Walsh function, the cross-correlation
function of each two is 0, which means they are
orthogonal for each other.

OVSF- Orthogonal variable spreading factor

OVSFOrthogonal variable spreading factor

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C

= (1,1)
ch,2,0
C

= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,1

= (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,2

= (1,-1,-1,1)
ch,4,3

= (1)
ch,1,0

SF = 1

= (1,-1)
ch,2,1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Spread Spectrum of WCDMA System

Data
Symbol

Spread
Spectrum
Chip

OVSF Code

Scrambling
Code

Symbol Speed Spreading

FactorChip Speed
SF for uplink channel code4~256
SF for downlink channel code4~512

WCDMA Spread Spectrum Illustration

1

User data
-1+1-1-1+1-1

1
Spread spectrum
1

SS code
+1-1-1+1-1+1+1-1

1
1

SS signal
User dataSS code

1
Despread
1
1

Despread data
User dataSS code

1
1

WCDMA Despread

Despread method

Input signal

Despread output

Ts
(*)dt
0

Judge at the time when T=Ts

Integration
Local PN code

Example of Spread/Despread Process

-1 1

Spread

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Despread

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1

1 1 1 1

Integration

-4

Judge

-1

Different users are using different spread

spectrum code

Example of Spread/Despread
S1xC1

S1

Spread
W

S2

Air Interface

S2XC2

S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1=S1
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1=S1
N

Despread
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2=S2
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2=S2

Orthogonality of C1
and C2C1xC2=0

Quality Factor of Spread Spectrum Eb/No

PG=Wc/R
Wc is chip rate
R is information
rate

PG

Signals from other users

Eb/No

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG

Eb =

Signal Power
Bit Rate

S
R

E/t
B/t

Noise Power

N0 =

Bandwidth

N
W

Signal to Noise

Eb
=
N0

S
R

=
N
W

S
R

W
N

S
N

W
R
Processing Gain

The more the expansion multiples, the higher the

processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming
capability

SS Communication Illstration
Sf

Sf

Signal
Signal
f0

f
Signal spectrum before spreading

Sf

f0

f
Signal spectrum after spreading

Sf

Interference noise

Signal
Interference noise

Signal
f0

Signal spectrum before despreading

Signal

f0

f
Signal spectrum after despreading

Narrow-band interference

Broad-band interference

Features of SS Communication

Strong anti-jamming capability

High privacy
Low emission power
Easy practice of larger-capacity and multi-access
communication
Broad frequency band

Transceiver Data Processing

Encoding
Interleaving
Handset
Data

Baseband
Modulation

Spectrum
Spreading

Scramb
ling

Radio
Frequency
Modulation

Radio
Channel
Hands
et
Data

Baseband
Demodulation
Decoding
Deinterleav
ing

Despre
ading

Descrambli
ng

Radio Frequency
Demodulation

Introduction to Scrambling
Data
Bit

Chip after
spreading

OVSF
code

Scrambling

Scrambling make user information pseudo-randomized, which

raised information privacy
WCDMA scrambling is a Gold code sequence generated from
the superimposition of two m sequences (the maximum-length
linear shift register sequences)
Scrambling is made up of uplink scrambling and downlink
scrambling, with different functions respectively

Scrambling in WCDMA System

Scrambling
Scramblingin
inWCDMA
WCDMAsystem
systemis
isaakind
kindof
ofpseudo-random
pseudo-random
sequence
sequence(PN
(PNcode)
code)
z
z

ItIthas
hasthe
theproperties
propertiessimilar
similarto
tonoise
noisesequence,
sequence,apparently
apparently
random
randombut
butactually
actuallyaabinary
binarysequence
sequencewith
withregular
regular
periodic
periodicmanner.
manner.By
Byscrambling,
scrambling,user
userdata
dataare
arefurther
further
randomized,
randomized,which
whichstrengthened
strengthenedprivacy,
privacy,and
andmeanwhile,
meanwhile,
made
mademultiple
multipleaccess
accesscommunication
communicationmore
moreconvenient.
convenient.

WCDMA
WCDMAScrambling
Scramblingcode
codeisisSequence
Sequencegenerated
generatedby
byGOLD
GOLD
Gold
Goldsequence
sequenceisisof
ofwonderful
wonderfulauto-correlating
auto-correlatingproperty,
property,and
andits
its
sub-sequences
sub-sequencesare
areof
ofsmall
smallcorrelation,
correlation,which
whichisisused
usedininCDMA
CDMA
for
fordistinguishing
distinguishingcells
cellsand
andusers
usersto
toconduct
conductmultiple
multipleaccess
access

Functions of Uplink/Downlink Scrambling

Uplink scrambling contains 224 codes, which are

used to distinguish different users in same cell.
z

There are long scrambling codes and short

scrambling codes, in which, short scrambling codes
are used for multiple user detection.

Downlink scrambling contains 218-1 codes, which

are used to distinguish different cells.
z

The frequently used scrambling codes are 01

8191made up of totally 512 collections, and each
collection contains one primary scrambling code and
15 secondary scrambling codes.
512 primary scrambling codes make 64 scrambling
code groups, and each group contains 8 primary
scrambling codes.

Numbering Rule of Downlink Scrambling Code

Downlink scrambling code
18

totals 2 -1 (0..262142)
No. 63 scrambling code cluster

No. 511 scrambling code group

No.0 scrambling code cluster
8176
8176 : primary scrambling code
No. 7 scrambling
code
group
group
8177 No. 510
8177scrambling
: secondary
scrambling
code
8191

8176:
primarycode
scrambling code
8160
8160112
: primary
scrambling
8191
: secondary
scrambling
code code
No.group
1 scrambling
group code
113
8177:
secondary
scrambling
No. 504
scrambling
8161
8161
: secondary
scrambling
code

16 : primary scrambling

16
code
8064
8064 : primary scrambling code
819117
: secondary
scrambling
code
8175 80658175127
:8065
secondary
scrambling
No. 0code
scrambling
group
: secondary
scrambling
code
:17
secondary
scrambling
code code

8079

0
0 : primary scrambling code
31 : secondary
code
8079 :31
secondary
scrambling
1
1scrambling
: code
secondary
scrambling code

15

15 : secondary scrambling code

Transceiver Data Processing

Spectrum
Spreading
Handset
Data

Encoding
Interleaving

Baseband
Modulation

Scramb
ling

Radio
Frequency
Modulation

Radio
Channel
Hands
et
Data

Baseband
Demodulation
Decoding
Deinterleavi
ng

Despre
ading

Descrambli
ng

Radio Frequency
Demodulation

WCDMA Modulation

Uplink Modulation BPSK

Downlink Modulation QPSK (16QAM modulation
was introduced in HSDPA stage)

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum

Modulation Process-Downlink
Serial-Parallel Switch
Downlink physical
channel 1

I+jQ

Sdl,n

Cch,SF,m
G1

P-SCH
S-SCH

Downlink physical
Cch,SF,m
channel 2
Serial-Parallel Switch

I+jQ

Sdl,n

G2

Re(T)

Pulse
Forming
Separation of real parts and imaginary parts
Pulse
Im(T)
Forming

Gp
Gp
cos(wt)

-sin(wt)

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum

Modulation Process-Uplink
DPDCH1

cc

DPDCH2
DPDCH4
DPDCH6
DPCCH

Cd,3

DPDCH3
DPDCH5

Cd,1

cc

Cd,5

d
I+jQ

Cd,2

Cd,4

Cd,6

Cc

Q
Q
j

Re(S)

Pulse
Forming

cos(wt)

Separation of real parts and imaginary parts

Im(S)
Pulse
Forming

-sin(wt)

Sdpch,n

Questions

1Channel, Multiple Access and Multiplexing

2 Functions of Encoding and Interleaving
3 Principles of Spread Spectrum
4 Realization of Spread Spectrum in WCDMA