Structural

Chapter 10
STEELSTRUCTURES
10.1 GeneralProvisionsforStructuralSteelBuildingsandStructures
This section states the scope of the Specification, summarizes referenced specification, code, and standard
documents,andprovidesrequirementsformaterialsandcontractdocuments.
10.1.1 Scope
Thespecificationcontainedinchapter10ofPart6ofthiscodesetsforthcriteriaforthedesign,fabrication,and
erection of structural steel buildings and other structures, where other steelstructures are defined as those
structuresdesigned,fabricated,anderectedinamannersimilartosteelbuildings,withbuildinglikeverticaland
lateralloadresistingelements.Whereconditionsarenotcoveredbythisspecification,designsarepermittedto
bebasedontestsoranalysis,subjecttotheapprovaloftheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.Alternatemethodsof
analysis and design shall be permitted, provided such alternate methods or criteria are acceptable to the
authorityhavingjurisdiction.
10.1.1.1 LowSeismic Applications: When the seismic response modification coefficient, R, (as specified in
Chapter2ofPart6)istakenequaltoorlessthan3,thedesign,fabrication,anderectionofstructural
steelframedbuildingsandothersteelstructuresshallcomplywiththisspecificationexceptthatsuch
structuresneednottocomplywiththespecificationssetforthinSection10.20SeismicProvisions.
10.1.1.2 HighSeismic Applications: When the seismic response modification coefficient, R, (as specified in
Chapter2ofPart6)istakengreaterthan3,thedesign,fabricationanderectionofstructuralsteel
framed buildings and other structures shall comply with the requirements in the Section 10.20
Seismic Provisions, in addition to the provisions of other sections (whichever applicable) this
specification.
10.1.2 ReferencedSpecifications,CodesandStandards
Thefollowingspecifications,codesandstandardsarereferencedinthisSpecification:
ACIInternational(ACI)
ACI31802BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary
ACI318M02MetricBuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary
AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,Inc.(AISC)
AISC30305CodeofStandardPracticeforSteelBuildingsandBridges
ANSI/AISC34105SeismicProvisionsforStructuralSteelBuildings
ANSI/AISC N6901994(R2004) Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Steel SafetyRelated
StructuresforNuclearFacilities,includingSupplementNo.2
ANSI/AISC N690L03 Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Steel SafetyRelated Structures for
NuclearFacilities
AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)
SEI/ASCE702MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures
ASCE/SFPE2999StandardCalculationMethodsforStructuralFireProtection
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)
ASMEB18.2.696FastenersforUseinStructuralApplications
ASMEB46.195SurfaceTexture,SurfaceRoughness,Waviness,andLay
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AmericanIronandSteelInstitute(AISI)
NorthAmericanSpecificationfortheDesignofColdFormedSteelStructuralMembers(AISI/COS/NASPEC2001).
CodeofStandardPracticeforColdFormedSteelStructuralFraming,2005
ASTMInternational(ASTM)
A6/A6M04a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes,
andSheetPiling
A36/A36M04StandardSpecificationforCarbonStructuralSteel
A53/A53M02StandardSpecificationforPipe,Steel,BlackandHotDipped,ZincCoated,WeldedandSeamless
A193/A193M04a Standard Specification for AlloySteel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High
TemperatureService
A194/A194M04 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High
TemperatureService,orBoth
A216/A216M93(2003)StandardSpecificationforSteelCastings,Carbon,SuitableforFusionWelding,forHigh
TemperatureService
A242/A242M04StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteel
A283/A283M03StandardSpecificationforLowandIntermediateTensileStrengthCarbonSteelPlates
A30703StandardSpecificationforCarbonSteelBoltsandStuds,60,000PSITensileStrength
A32504StandardSpecificationforStructuralBolts,Steel,HeatTreated,120/105ksiMinimumTensileStrength
A325M04StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthBoltsforStructuralSteelJoints(Metric)
A35403a Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally
ThreadedFasteners
A37003aStandardTestMethodsandDefinitionsforMechanicalTestingofSteelProducts
A44904StandardSpecificationforQuenchedandTemperedSteelBoltsandStuds
A49004StandardSpecificationforHeatTreatedSteelStructuralBolts,150ksiMinimumTensileStrength
A490M04 Standard Specification for HighStrength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel
Joints(Metric)
A50003a Standard Specification for ColdFormed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in
RoundsandShapes
A50101StandardSpecificationforHotFormedWeldedandSeamlessCarbonSteelStructuralTubing
A50203StandardSpecificationforSteelStructuralRivets
A514/A514M00a Standard Specification for HighYield Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate,
SuitableforWelding
A529/A529M04StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthCarbonManganeseSteelofStructuralQuality
A56304StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNuts
A563M03StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNuts[Metric]
A568/A568M03StandardSpecificationforSteel,Sheet,Carbon,andHighStrength,LowAlloy,HotRolledand
ColdRolled,GeneralRequirementsfor
A572/A572M04Standard
Steel
Specification
for HighStrength LowAlloy ColumbiumVanadium Structural
A588/A588M04 Standard Specification for HighStrength LowAlloy Structural Steel with 345 MPa Minimum
YieldPointto100mmThick
A60604StandardSpecificationforSteel,SheetandStrip,HighStrength,LowAlloy,HotRolledandColdRolled,
withImprovedAtmosphericCorrosionResistance
A618/A618M04 Standard Specification for HotFormed Welded and Seamless HighStrength LowAlloy
StructuralTubing
A673/A673M04StandardSpecificationforSamplingProcedureforImpactTestingofStructuralSteel
A668/A668M04StandardSpecificationforSteelForgings,CarbonandAlloy,forGeneralIndustrialUse
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A709/A709M04StandardSpecificationforCarbonandHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteelShapes,Plates,
andBarsandQuenchedandTemperedAlloyStructuralSteelPlatesforBridges
A75101StandardTestMethods,Practices,andTerminologyforChemicalAnalysisofSteelProducts
A84799a(2003) Standard Specification for ColdFormed Welded and Seamless HighStrength, LowAlloy
StructuralTubingwithImprovedAtmosphericCorrosionResistance
A852/A852M03 Standard Specificationfor Quenched and TemperedLowAlloy Structural SteelPlatewith485
MPaMinimumYieldStrengthto100mmThick
A913/A913M04StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloySteelShapesofStructuralQuality,Produced
byQuenchingandSelfTemperingProcess(QST)
A992/A992M04StandardSpecificationforStructuralSteelShapes
A1011/A1011M04 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, HotRolled, Carbon, Structural, High
StrengthLowAlloyandHighStrengthLowAlloywithImprovedFormability
C3303StandardSpecificationforConcreteAggregates
C33004StandardSpecificationforLightweightAggregatesforStructuralConcrete
E11900aStandardTestMethodsforFireTestsofBuildingConstructionand
Materials
E70901StandardGuideforMagneticParticleExamination
F43603StandardSpecificationforHardenedSteelWashers
F95902StandardSpecificationforCompressibleWasherTypeDirectTensionIndicatorsforUsewithStructural
Fasteners
F155499StandardSpecificationforAnchorBolts,Steel,36,55,and105ksiYieldStrength
F185204 Standard Specification for TwistOff Type Tension Control Structural Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies,
Steel,HeatTreated,120/105ksiMinimumTensileStrength
AmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)
AWSD1.1/D1.1M2004StructuralWeldingCodeSteel
AWSA5.12004SpecificationforCarbonSteelElectrodesforShieldedMetalArcWelding
AWSA5.596SpecificationforLowAlloySteelElectrodesforShieldedMetalArcWelding
AWSA5.17/A5.17M97SpecificationforCarbonSteelElectrodesandFluxesforSubmergedArcWelding
AWSA5.18:2001SpecificationforCarbonSteelElectrodesandRodsforGasShieldedArcWelding
AWSA5.2095SpecificationforCarbonSteelElectrodesforFluxCoredArcWelding
AWSA5.23/A5.23M97SpecificationforLowAlloySteelElectrodesandFluxesforSubmergedArcWelding
AWS A5.25/A5.25M97 Specification for Carbon and LowAlloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Electroslag
Welding
AWSA5.26/A5.26M97SpecificationforCarbonandLowAlloySteelElectrodesforElectrogasWelding
AWSA5.2896SpecificationforLowAlloySteelElectrodesandRodsforGasShieldedArcWelding
AWSA5.29:1998SpecificationforLowAlloySteelElectrodesforFluxCoredArcWelding
ResearchCouncilonStructuralConnections(RCSC)
SpecificationforStructuralJointsUsingASTMA325orA490Bolts,2004
BangladeshStandardsandTestingInstitute(BangladeshStandardsorBDS)
10.1.3 Material
10.1.3.1 StructuralSteelMaterials
a) Regular Structural Steel: Material test reports from an acceptable testing laboratory shall constitute
sufficientevidenceofconformitywithoneoftheabovelistedASTMstandards.Forhotrolledstructural
shapes,plates,andbars,suchtestsshallbemadeinaccordancewithASTMA6/A6M;forsheets,such
tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM A568/A568M; for tubing and pipe, such tests shall be
made in accordance with the requirements of the applicable ASTM standards listed above for those
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product forms. If requested, the fabricator shall provide an affidavit stating that the structural steel
furnishedmeetstherequirementsofthegradespecified.
Structural steel material conforming to one of the following specifications is approved for use under this
Specification:
(i)Hotrolledstructuralshapes
ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A529/A529M, ASTM A572/A572M, ASTM A588/A588M, ASTM
A709/A709M,ASTMA913/A913M,ASTMA992/A992M
(ii)Structuraltubing
ASTMA500,ASTMA501,ASTMA618,ASTMA847,BDS1031:2006
(iii)Pipe
ASTMA53/A53M,Gr.B,BDS1031:2006
(iv)Plates
ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A242/A242M, ASTM A283/A283M, ASTM A514/A514M, ASTM
A529/A529M, ASTM A572/A572M,ASTMA588/A588M,ASTM A709/A709M, ASTM A852/A852M,
ASTMA1011/A1011M,BDS1122:1987Reaffirmed2007
(v)Bars
ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A529/A529M, ASTM A572/A572M, ASTM A709/A709M, BDS ISO 6935
1:2006,BDSISO69352:2006
(vi)Sheets
ASTMA606,A1011/A1011MSS,HSLAS,ANDHSLASF,BDS1122:1987Reaffirmed2007
b) UnidentifiedSteel:Unidentifiedsteelfreeofinjuriousdefectsispermittedtobeusedforunimportant
membersordetails,wheretheprecisephysicalpropertiesandweldabilityofthesteelwouldnotaffect
thestrengthofthestructure.
c) RolledHeavyShapes:ASTMA6/A6Mhotrolledshapeswithaflangethicknessexceeding50mm,used
as members subject to primary (computed) tensile forces due to tension or flexure and spliced using
completejointpenetration groove welds that fuse through the thickness of the member, shall be
specifiedasfollows.ThecontractdocumentsshallrequirethatsuchshapesbesuppliedwithCharpyV
Notch (CVN) impact test results in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M, SupplementaryRequirement S30,
CharpyVNotchImpactTestforStructuralShapesAlternateCoreLocation.Theimpacttestshallmeet
aminimumaveragevalueof27Jabsorbedenergyat+210C.
The above requirements do not apply if the splices and connections are made by bolting. The above
requirements do not apply to hotrolled shapes with a flange thickness exceeding 50 mm that have
shapes with flange or web elements less than 50 mm thick welded with completejointpenetration
grooveweldstothefaceoftheshapeswiththickerelements.
d) BuiltUpHeavyShapes:Builtupcrosssectionsconsistingofplateswithathicknessexceeding50mm,
usedasmemberssubjecttoprimary(computed)tensileforcesduetotensionorflexureandsplicedor
connected to other members using completejoint penetration groove welds that fuse through the
thicknessoftheplates,shallbespecifiedasfollows.Thecontractdocumentsshallrequirethatthesteel
besuppliedwithCharpyVNotchimpacttestresultsinaccordancewithASTMA6/A6M,Supplementary
RequirementS5,CharpyVNotch ImpactTest. The impact test shallbeconductedinaccordance with
ASTMA673/A673M,FrequencyP,andshallmeetaminimumaveragevalueof27Jabsorbedenergyat
+210C.
Theaboverequirementsalsoapplytobuiltupcrosssectionsconsistingofplatesexceeding50mmthat
areweldedwithcompletejointpenetrationgrooveweldstothefaceofothersections.
e) ColdFormSections:Specificationsforcoldformshapesregardingtheiruseasstructuralmembersisnot
covered in Section 10. For such type of structural steel, AISI standard (AISI/COS/NASPEC 2001) or
equivalentmaybefollowed.
10.1.3.2 Steel Castings and Forgings: Cast steel shall conform to ASTM A216/A216M, Gr. WCB with
Supplementary Requirement S11. Steel forgings shall conform to ASTM A668/A668M. Test reports
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produced in accordance with the above reference standards shall constitute sufficient evidence of
conformitywithsuchstandards.
10.1.3.3 Bolts, Washers and Nuts: Bolt, washer, and nut material conforming to one of the following ASTM
specificationsisapprovedforuseunderthisSpecification:
(1)Bolts:ASTMA307,ASTMA325,ASTMA325M,ASTMA449,ASTMA490,ASTMA490M,ASTMF1852
(2)Nuts:ASTMA194/A194M,ASTMA563,ASTMA563M
(3)Washers:ASTMF436,ASTMF436M
(4)CompressibleWasherTypeDirectTensionIndicators:ASTMF959,ASTMF959M
10.1.3.4 Anchor rods and Threaded rods: Anchor rod and threaded rod material conforming to one of the
followingASTMspecificationsisapprovedforuseunderthisSpecification:
ASTMA36/A36M,ASTMA193/A193M,ASTMA354,ASTMA449,ASTMA572/A572M,ASTMA588/A588M,
ASTMF1554
A449materialisacceptableforhighstrengthanchorrodsandthreadedrodsofanydiameter.
Threads on anchor rods and threaded rods shall conform to the Unified Standard Series of ASME
B18.2.6andshallhaveClass2Atolerances.
10.1.3.5 Filler metal and Flux for Welding: Filler metals and fluxes shall conform to one of the following
specifications of the American Welding Society: AWS A5.1, AWS A5.5, AWS A5.17/A5.17M, AWS
A5.18, AWS A5.20, AWS A5.23/A5.23M,AWS A5.25/A5.25M, AWS A5.26/A5.26M, AWS A5.28, AWS
A5.29,AWSA5.32/A5.32M
10.1.3.6 StudShearConnectors:SteelstudshearconnectorsshallconformtotherequirementsofStructural
WeldingCodeSteel,AWSD1.1.
10.1.4 StructuralDesignDrawingsandSpecifications
Thedesigndrawingsandspecificationsshallmeettherequirementsspecifiedinthisspecification(Sections10.1
through10.20)andshallbepreparedandpresentedinaninternationallyapprovedstandardinaccordancewith
the provisions of Section 10.13, except for deviations specifically identified in the design drawings and/or
specificationsandapprovedbyanappropriateauthority.
10.2
GeneralDesignRequirements
Thegeneralrequirementsfortheanalysisanddesignofsteelbuildingsandstructuresthatareapplicabletoall
sectionsofChapter10ofPart6aregiveninthissection.
10.2.1 GeneralProvisions
Thedesignofmembersandconnectionsshallbeconsistentwiththeintendedbehavioroftheframingsystem
and the assumptions made in the structural analysis. Unless restricted by the applicable code, lateral load
resistanceandstabilitymaybeprovidedbyanycombinationofmembersandconnections.
10.2.2 LoadsandLoadCombinations
TheloadsandloadcombinationsshallbeasstipulatedinChapter2ofPart6ofthiscode.Fordesignpurposes,
thenominalloadsshallbetakenastheloadsstipulatedintheChapter2
10.2.3 DesignBasis
Designs shall be made according to the provisions for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or to the
provisionsforAllowableStrengthDesign(ASD).
10.2.3.1 RequiredStrength:Therequiredstrengthofstructuralmembersandconnectionsshallbedetermined
by structural analysis for the appropriate load combinations as stipulated in Chapter 2 of Part 6.
Designbyelastic,inelasticorplasticanalysisispermitted.Provisionsforinelasticandplasticanalysis
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are as stipulated in Section 10.15, Inelastic Analysis and Design. The provisions for moment
redistributionincontinuousbeamsinSection10.15.3arepermittedforelasticanalysisonly.
10.2.3.2 LimitStates:Designshallbebasedontheprinciplethatnoapplicablestrengthorserviceabilitylimit
stateshallbeexceededwhenthestructureissubjectedtoallappropriateloadcombinations.
10.2.3.3 Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): Design according to the
provisions for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) satisfies the requirements of this
Specificationwhenthedesignstrengthofeachstructuralcomponentequalsorexceedstherequired
strengthdeterminedonthebasisoftheLRFDloadcombinationsasspecifiedinChapter2ofPart6.All
provisionsofthisSpecification,exceptforthoseinSection10.2.3.4,shallapply.
DesignshallbeperformedinaccordancewithEquation10.2.1:
(10.2.1)
where
=requiredstrength(LRFD)
=nominalstrength,specifiedinSections10.2through10.20
=resistancefactor,specifiedinSections10.2through10.20
=designstrength
10.2.3.4 DesignforStrengthUsingAllowableStrengthDesign(ASD):Designaccordingtotheprovisionsfor
AllowableStrengthDesign(ASD)satisfiestherequirementsofthisSpecificationwhentheallowable
strength of each structural component equals or exceeds the required strength determined on the
basis of the ASD load combinations as specified in Chapter 2 of Part 6. All provisions of this
Specification,exceptthoseofSection10.2.3.3,shallapply.
DesignshallbeperformedinaccordancewithEquation10.2.2:

(10.2.2)
where
=requiredstrength(ASD)
=nominalstrength,specifiedinSections10.2through10.20
=safetyfactor,specifiedinSections10.2through10.20
=allowablestrength
10.2.3.5 DesignforStability:Stabilityofthestructureanditselementsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith
Section10.3.
10.2.3.6 Design forConnection: Connection elements shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of
Section 10.10 and 10.11. The forces and deformations used in design shall be consistent with the
intendedperformanceoftheconnectionandtheassumptionsusedinthestructuralanalysis.
10.2.3.6.1 Simple Connection: A simple connection transmits a negligible moment across the
connection. In the analysis of the structure, simple connections may be assumed to allow
unrestrainedrelativerotation between the framing elementsbeing connected.A simple connection
shall have sufficient rotation capacity to accommodate the required rotation determined by the
analysisofthestructure.Inelasticrotationoftheconnectionispermitted.
10.2.3.6.2MomentConnection:Amomentconnectiontransmitsmomentacrosstheconnection.Two
typesofmomentconnections,FRandPR,arepermitted,asspecifiedbelow.
a) FullyRestrained(FR)MomentConnections:Afullyrestrained(FR)momentconnectiontransfers
moment with a negligible relative rotation between the connected members. In the analysis of
the structure, the connection may be assumed to allow no relative rotation. An FR connection
shall have sufficient strength and stiffness to maintain the angle between the connected
membersatthestrengthlimitstates.
b) PartiallyRestrained (PR) Moment Connections: Partiallyrestrained (PR) moment connections
transfermoments,buttherelativerotationbetweenconnectedmembersisnotnegligible.Inthe
analysisofthestructure,theforcedeformationresponsecharacteristicsofthe connectionshall
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beincluded.TheresponsecharacteristicsofaPRconnectionshallbedocumentedinthetechnical
literatureorestablishedbyanalyticalorexperimental means.ThecomponentelementsofaPR
connectionshallhavesufficientstrength,stiffness,anddeformationcapacityatthestrengthlimit
states.
10.2.3.7 DesignforConnection:Theoverallstructureandtheindividualmembers,connectionsandconnectors
shall be checked for serviceability. Performance requirements for serviceability design are given in
Section10.12.
10.2.3.8 Design for Ponding: The roof system shall be investigated through structural analysis to assure
adequatestrengthandstabilityunderpondingconditions,unlesstheroofsurfaceisprovidedwitha
slope of 20 mm per meter or greater toward points of free drainage or an adequate system of
drainageisprovidedtopreventtheaccumulationofwater.Methodsofcheckingpondingaregivenin
section10.16.
10.2.3.9 DesignforFatigue:FatigueshallbeconsideredinaccordancewithSection10.17,DesignforFatigue,
formembersandtheirconnectionssubjecttorepeatedloading.Fatigueneednotbeconsideredfor
seismiceffectsorfortheeffectsofwindloadingonnormalbuildinglateralloadresistingsystemsand
buildingenclosurecomponents.
10.2.3.10 DesignforFireConditions:TwomethodsofdesignforfireconditionsareprovidedinSection10.18,
StructuralDesignforFireConditions:QualificationTestingandEngineeringAnalysis.Compliancewith
thefireprotectionrequirementsinPart4ofthiscodeshallberequiredinadditiontosatisfyingthe
requirementsofSection10.18.
10.2.3.11 DesignforCorrosionEffects:Wherecorrosionmayimpairthestrengthorserviceabilityofastructure,
structuralcomponentsshallbedesignedtotoleratecorrosionorshallbeprotectedagainstcorrosion.
10.2.3.12 DesignWallThicknessforHSS:Thedesignwallthickness,t,shallbeusedincalculationsinvolvingthe
wallthicknessofhollowstructuralsections(HSS).Thedesignwallthickness,t,shallbetakenequalto
0.93 times the nominal wall thickness for electricresistancewelded (ERW) HSS and equal to the
nominalthicknessforsubmergedarcwelded(SAW)HSS.
10.2.3.13 GrossandNetAreaDetermination
10.2.3.13.1GrossArea:Thegrossarea, ,ofamemberisthetotalcrosssectionalarea.
10.2.3.13.2 Net Area: The net area, of a member is the sum of the products of the thickness and the net
widthofeachelementcomputedasfollows:
Incomputingnetareafortensionandshear,thewidthofaboltholeshallbetakenas2mmgreaterthanthe
nominaldimensionofthehole.
For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be
obtainedbydeductingfromthegrosswidththesumofthediametersorslotdimensionsasprovidedinSection
2
10.10.3.2,ofallholesinthechain,andadding,foreachgagespaceinthechain,thequantitys /(4g)
where
s=longitudinalcentertocenterspacing(pitch)ofanytwoconsecutiveholes,mm.
g=transversecentertocenterspacing(gage)betweenfastenergagelines,mm.
Forangles,thegageforholesinoppositeadjacentlegsshallbethesumofthegagesfromthebackoftheangles
lessthethickness.
ForslottedHSSweldedtoagussetplate,thenetarea, ,isthegrossareatheproductofthethicknessandthe
totalwidthofmaterialthatisremovedtoformtheslot.
Indeterminingthenetareaacrossplugorslotwelds,theweldmetalshallnotbeconsideredasaddingtothe
netarea.
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10.2.4 ClassificationofSectionsforLocalBuckling
Sectionsareclassifiedascompact,noncompact,orslenderelementsections.Forasectiontoqualifyascompact
its flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs and the widththickness ratios of its
compressionelementsmustnotexceedthelimitingwidththicknessratios fromTable10.2.1.Ifthewidth
thicknessratioofoneormorecompressionelementsexceeds ,butdoesnotexceed fromTable10.2.1,
thesectionisnoncompact.Ifthewidththicknessratioofanyelementexceeds ,thesectionisreferredtoasa
slenderelementsection.
10.2.4.1 Unstiffened Elements: For unstiffened elements supported along only one edge parallel to the
directionofthecompressionforce,thewidthshallbetakenasfollows:
(a)ForflangesofIshapedmembersandtees,thewidthbisonehalfthefullflangewidth, .
(b)Forlegsofanglesandflangesofchannelsandzees,thewidthbisthefullnominaldimension.
(c)Forplates,thewidthbisthedistancefromthefreeedgetothefirstrowoffastenersorlineof
welds.
(d)Forstemsoftees,distakenasthefullnominaldepthofthesection.
10.2.4.2 StiffenedElements:Forstiffenedelementssupportedalongtwoedgesparalleltothedirectionofthe
compressionforce,thewidthshallbetakenasfollows:
a) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between flanges less the fillet or
cornerradiusateachflange;hc istwicethedistancefromthecentroidtotheinsidefaceofthe
compressionflangelessthefilletorcornerradius.
b) Forwebsofbuiltupsections,histhedistancebetweenadjacentlinesoffastenersortheclear
distancebetweenflangeswhenweldsareused,andhcistwicethedistancefromthecentroidto
the nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the compression
flangewhenweldsareused;hpistwicethedistancefromtheplasticneutralaxistothenearest
line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the compression flange when
weldsareused.
c) Forflangeordiaphragmplatesinbuiltupsections,thewidthbisthedistancebetweenadjacent
linesoffastenersorlinesofwelds.
d) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections (HSS), the width b is the clear distance
between webs less the inside corner radius on each side. For websof rectangular HSS, h is the
cleardistancebetweentheflangeslesstheinsidecornerradiusoneachside.Ifthecornerradius
isnotknown,bandhshallbetakenasthecorrespondingoutsidedimensionminusthreetimes
thethickness.Thethickness,t,shallbetakenasthedesignwallthickness,perSection10.2.3.12.
e) For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value halfway between the
freeedgeandthecorrespondingfaceoftheweb.
10.2.5 Fabrication,ErectionandQuality
Shopdrawings,fabrication,shoppainting,erection,andqualitycontrolshallmeettherequirementsstipulated
inSection10.13,Fabrication,Erection,andQualityControl.
10.3
StabilityAnalysisandDesign
Thissectionaddressesgeneralrequirementsforthestabilityanalysisanddesignofmembersandframesofsteel
buildingsandstructures.
10.3.1 StabilityDesignRequirements
GeneralRequirements:Stabilityshallbeprovidedforthestructureasawholeandforeachofitselements.Any
methodthatconsiderstheinfluenceofsecondordereffects(includingPandPeffects),flexural,shearand
axial deformations, geometric imperfections, and member stiffness reduction due to residual stresses on the
stability of the structure and its elements is permitted. The methods prescribed in this Section and Section
10.14: Direct Analysis Method, satisfy these requirements. All component and connection deformations that
contributetothelateraldisplacementsshallbeconsideredinthestabilityanalysis.
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Instructuresdesignedbyelasticanalysis,individualmemberstabilityandstabilityofthestructureasawhole
areprovidedjointlyby:
a) Calculationoftherequiredstrengthsformembers,connectionsandotherelementsusingoneof
themethodsspecifiedinSection10.3.2.2,and
f) Satisfactionofthememberandconnectiondesignrequirementsinthisspecificationbasedupon
thoserequiredstrengths.
Instructuresdesignedbyinelasticanalysis,theprovisionsofSection10.15shallbesatisfied.
10.3.1.1 Member Stability Design Requirements: Individual member stability is provided by satisfying the
provisions of Section 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.10 and 10.11 etc. Where elements are designed to
functionasbracestodefinetheunbracedlengthofcolumnsandbeams,thebracingsystemshallhave
sufficient stiffness and strength to control member movement at the braced points. Methods of
satisfyingthisrequirementareprovidedinSection10.19.
10.3.1.2 SystemStabilityDesignRequirements
Lateral stability shall be provided by moment frames, braced frames, shear walls, and/or other equivalent
lateral load resisting systems. The overturning effects of drift and the destabilizing influence of gravity loads
shall be considered. Force transfer and load sharing between elements of the framing systems shall be
considered. Bracedframe and shearwall systems, moment frames, gravity framing systems, and combined
systemsshallsatisfythefollowingspecificrequirements:
10.3.1.3.1 BracedFrame and ShearWall Systems: In structures where lateral stability is provided solely by
diagonalbracing,shearwalls,orequivalentmeans,theeffectivelengthfactor,K,forcompressionmembersshall
betakenas1.0,unlessstructuralanalysisindicatesthatasmallervalueisappropriate.Inbracedframesystems,
it is permitted to design the columns, beams, and diagonal members as a vertically cantilevered, simply
connectedtruss.
10.3.1.3.2 Moment Frame Systems: In frames where lateral stability is provided by the flexural stiffness of
connected beams and columns, the effective length factor K or elastic critical buckling stress, , for columns
andbeamcolumnsshallbedeterminedasspecifiedinSection10.3.2.
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10.3.1.3.3GravityFramingSystems:Columnsingravityframingsystemsshallbedesignedbasedontheiractual
length(K=1.0)unlessanalysisshowsthatasmallervaluemaybeused.Thelateralstabilityofgravityframing
systemsshallbeprovidedbymomentframes,bracedframes,shearwalls,and/orotherequivalentlateralload
resistingsystems.Peffectsduetoloadonthegravitycolumnsshallbetransferredtothelateralloadresisting
systemsandshallbeconsideredinthecalculationoftherequiredstrengthsofthelateralloadresistingsystems.
10.3.1.3.4CombinedSystems:Theanalysisanddesignofmembers,connectionsandotherelementsincombined
systemsofmomentframes,bracedframes,and/orshearwallsandgravityframesshallmeettherequirementsof
theirrespectivesystems.
10.3.2 CalculationofRequiredStrengths
ExceptaspermittedinSection10.3.2.2.2,requiredstrengthsshallbedeterminedusingasecondorderanalysis
as specified in Section 10.3.2.1. Design by either second order or firstorder analysis shall meet the
requirementsspecifiedinSection10.3.2.2.
10.3.2.1 MethodsofSecondorderAnalysis:Secondorderanalysisshallconformtotherequirementsinthis
Section.
10.3.2.1.1GeneralSecondOrderElasticAnalysis
AnysecondorderelasticanalysismethodthatconsidersbothPandPeffectsmaybeused.TheAmplified
FirstOrderElasticAnalysisMethoddefinedinSection10.3.2.1.2isanacceptedmethodforsecondorderelastic
analysisofbraced,moment,andcombinedframingsystems.
10.3.2.1.2SecondOrderAnalysisbyAmplifiedfirstOrderElasticAnalysis
Thefollowingisanapproximatesecondorderanalysisprocedureforcalculatingtherequiredflexuralandaxial
strengths in members of lateral load resisting systems. The required secondorder flexural strength, Mr , and
axialstrength,Pr,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
Mr = B1Mnt + B2 M lt
(10.3.2.1a)
Pr = Pnt + B 2 Plt
(10.3.2.1b)
Where,
B1 =
Cm
1
1 Pr Pe1
(10.3.2.2)
Formemberssubjectedtoaxialcompression,B1maybecalculatedbasedonthefirstorderestimatePr=Pnt +
Plt.
FormembersinwhichB11.05,itisconservativetoamplifythesumofthenonswayandswaymoments(as
obtained,forinstance,byafirstorderelasticanalysis)bytheB2amplifier,inotherwords,Mr=B2(Mnt+Mlt).
1
B2 =
1
Pnt
Pe2
(10.3.2.3)
And
1.00(LRFD)
1.60(ASD)
Mr=requiredsecondorderflexuralstrengthusingLRFDorASDloadcombinations,Nmm
Mnt =firstordermomentusingLRFDorASDloadcombinations,assumingthereisnolateraltranslationofthe
frame,Nmm
Mlt =firstordermomentusingLRFDorASDloadcombinationscausedbylateraltranslationoftheframeonly,
Nmm
Pr=requiredsecondorderaxialstrengthusingLRFDorASDloadcombinations,N
Pnt=firstorderaxialforceusingLRFDorASDloadcombinations,assumingthereisnolateraltranslationofthe
frame,N
=totalverticalloadsupportedbythestoryusingLRFDorASDloadcombinations,includinggravitycolumn
loads,N
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Plt =firstorderaxialforceusingLRFDorASDloadcombinationscausedbylateraltranslationoftheframeonly,
N
Cm=acoefficientassumingnolateraltranslationoftheframewhosevalueshallbetakenasfollows:
Forbeamcolumnsnotsubjecttotransverseloadingbetweensupportsintheplaneofbending,
C m = 0.6 0.4(M1 M 2 )
(10.3.2.4)
whereM1andM2,calculatedfromafirstorderanalysis,arethesmallerandlargermoments,respectively,at
the ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M1 / M2 is
positivewhenthememberisbentinreversecurvature,negativewhenbentinsinglecurvature.
For beamcolumnssubjected to transverse loading between supports, the value of Cm shall be determined
eitherbyanalysisorconservativelytakenas1.0forallcases.
Pe1 = elastic critical buckling resistance of the member in the plane of bending, calculated based on the
assumptionofzerosidesway,N
Pe1 =
2 EI
(K1L)2
(10.3.2.5)
=elasticcriticalbucklingresistanceforthestorydeterminedbysidewaybucklinganalysis,N
Formomentframes,wheresideswaybucklingeffectivelengthfactorsK2aredeterminedforthecolumns,itis
permittedtocalculatetheelasticstorysideswaybucklingresistanceas
2 EI
Pe 2 = (K L)2
2
(10.3.2.6a)
Foralltypesoflateralloadresistingsystems,itispermittedtouse
Pe 2 = RM
HL
(10.3.2.6b)
where
E=modulusofelasticityofsteel=200000MPa
RM=1.0forbracedframesystems;
=0.85formomentframeandcombinedsystems,unlessalargervalueisjustifiedbyanalysis
I=momentofinertiaintheplaneofbending,mm4
L=storyheight,mm
K1=effectivelengthfactorintheplaneofbending,calculatedbasedontheassumptionofnolateraltranslation,
setequalto1.0unlessanalysisindicatesthatasmallervaluemaybeused
K2=effectivelengthfactorintheplaneofbending,calculatedbasedonasidewaybucklinganalysis
H=firstorderinterstorydriftduetolateralforces,mm.WhereHvariesovertheplanareaofthestructure,
Hshallbetheaveragedriftweightedinproportiontoverticalloador,alternatively,themaximumdrift.
=storyshearproducedbythelateralforcesusedtocomputeH,N
10.3.2.2DesignRequirements
Theserequirementsapplytoalltypesofbraced,moment,andcombinedframingsystems.Wheretheratioof
secondorderdrifttofirstorderdriftisequaltoorlessthan1.5,therequiredstrengthsofmembers,connections
andotherelementsshallbedeterminedbyoneofthemethodsspecifiedinSections10.3.2.2.1or10.3.2.2.2,or
by the Direct Analysis Method of Section 10.14. Where the ratio of secondorder drift to firstorder drift is
greaterthan1.5,therequiredstrengthsshallbedeterminedbytheDirectAnalysisMethodofSection10.14.
ForthemethodsspecifiedinSections10.3.2.2.1or10.3.2.2.2:
Analyses shall be conducted according to the design and loading requirements specified in either Section
10.2.3.3(LRFD)orSection10.2.3.4(ASD).
Thestructureshallbeanalyzedusingthenominalgeometryandthenominalelasticstiffnessforallelements.
10.3.2.2.1DesignBySecondOrderAnalysis
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Whererequiredstrengthsaredeterminedbyasecondorderanalysis:
TheprovisionsofSection10.3.2.1shallbesatisfied.
FordesignbyASD,analysesshallbecarriedoutunder1.6timestheASDloadcombinationsandtheresultsshall
bedividedby1.6toobtaintherequiredstrengths.
Allgravityonlyloadcombinationsshallincludeaminimumlateralloadappliedateachlevelofthestructureof
0.002Yi , where Yi is the design gravity load applied at level i. This minimum lateral load shall be considered
independentlyintwoorthogonaldirections.
Wheretheratioofsecondorderdrifttofirstorderdriftislessthanorequalto1.1,membersarepermittedto
bedesignedusingK=1.0.Otherwise,columnsandbeamcolumnsinmomentframesshallbedesignedusingaK
factor or column bucklingstress, Fe , determined from a sidesway buckling analysis of the structure. Stiffness
reductionadjustment duetocolumninelasticity ispermitted inthe determination of the K factor.For braced
frames, K for compression members shall be taken as 1.0, unless structural analysis indicates a smaller value
maybeused.
10.3.2.2.2DesignRequirements
Requiredstrengthsarepermittedtobedeterminedbyafirstorderanalysis,withallmembersdesignedusingK
=1.0,providedthat
Therequiredcompressivestrengthsofallmemberswhoseflexuralstiffnessesareconsideredtocontributeto
thelateralstabilityofthestructuresatisfythefollowinglimitation:
Pr 0.5P y
(10.3.2.7)
Where,
1.0(LRFD)
1.6(ASD)
Pr=requiredaxialcompressivestrengthunderLRFDorASDloadcombinations
Py=memberyieldstrength(=AFy),N.
All load combinations include an additional lateral load, Ni , applied in combination with other loads at each
levelofthestructure,where
N i = 2.1( L) Yi 0.0042Yi
(10.3.2.8)
Yi=gravityloadfromtheLRFDloadcombinationor1.6timestheASDloadcombinationappliedatleveli,N
/L=themaximumratiooftoLforallstoriesinthestructure
=firstorderinterstorydriftduetothedesignloads,mm.Wherevariesovertheplanareaofthestructure,
shallbetheaveragedriftweightedinproportiontoverticalloador,alternatively,themaximumdrift.
L=storyheight,mm
Thisadditionallateralloadshallbeconsideredindependentlyintwoorthogonaldirections.
The nonsway amplification of beamcolumn moments is considered by applying the B1 amplifier of Section
10.3.2.1tothetotalmembermoments.
10.4
DesignofMembersforTension
ThisSectionappliestosteelmemberssubjecttoaxialtension caused bystaticforcesactingthroughthecentroidal

axis.
10.4.1 SlendernessLimitations
The maximum slenderness (KL/r) limit for design of structural members (except cables and hanger rods) in
tension shall be 300 unless it is justified by a comprehensive dynamic analysis (including 2nd order effects if
applicable)thatahigherslendernessratioissatisfactory.
Here,
L=laterallyunbracedlengthofthemember,mm
r=governingradiusofgyration,mm
K=theeffectivelengthfactordeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.3.2.
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10.4.2 TensileStrength
Thedesigntensilestrength,
,andtheallowabletensilestrength, ,oftensionmembers,shallbethe
lowervalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesoftensileyieldinginthegrosssectionandtensilerupturein
thenetsection.
a) Fortensileyieldinginthegrosssection:
Pn=FyAg
(10.4.2.1)
=0.90(LRFD) t=1.67(ASD)
g) Fortensileruptureinthenetsection:
Pn=FuAe
(10.4.2.2)
t=0.75(LRFD) t=2.00(ASD)
where
Ae=effectivenetarea,mm2
Ag=grossareaofmember,mm2
Fy=specifiedminimumyieldstressofthetypeofsteelbeingused,MPa
Fu=specifiedminimumtensilestrengthofthetypeofsteelbeingused,MPa
Whenmemberswithoutholesarefullyconnectedbywelds,theeffectivenetareausedinEquation
10.4.2.2 shall be as defined in Section 10.4.3. When holes are present in a member with welded
endconnections,or at the weldedconnection in the caseofplug orslot welds,the effective net
areathroughtheholesshallbeusedinEquation10.4.2.2.
10.4.3 AreaDetermination
10.4.3.1 GrossArea:Thegrossarea,Ag,ofamemberisthetotalcrosssectionalarea.
10.4.3.2 NetArea:Thenetarea,An,ofamemberisthesumoftheproductsofthethicknessandthenetwidth
ofeachelementcomputedasfollows:
Incomputingnetareafortensionandshear,thewidthofaboltholeshallbetakenas2mmgreater
thanthenominaldimensionofthehole.
Forachainofholesextendingacrossapartinanydiagonalorzigzagline,thenetwidthofthepart
shallbeobtainedbydeductingfromthegrosswidththesumofthediametersorslotdimensionsas
providedinSection10.10.3.2,ofallholesinthechain,andadding,foreachgagespaceinthechain,
thequantitys2/(4g)
where
s=longitudinalcentertocenterspacing(pitch)ofanytwoconsecutiveholes,mm.
g=transversecentertocenterspacing(gage)betweenfastenergagelines,mm.
Forangles,thegageforholesinoppositeadjacentlegsshallbethesumofthegagesfromthebackof
theangleslessthethickness.
ForslottedHSSweldedtoagussetplate,thenetarea,An,isthegrossareaminustheproductofthe
thicknessandthetotalwidthofmaterialthatisremovedtoformtheslot.
Indeterminingthenetareaacrossplugorslotwelds,theweldmetalshallnotbeconsideredasadding
tothenetarea.
10.4.3.3 EffectiveNetArea:Theeffectiveareaoftensionmembersshallbedeterminedasfollows:
Ae=AnU
(10.4.3.1)
whereU,theshearlagfactor,isdeterminedasshowninTable10.4.3.1.
Memberssuchassingleangles,doubleanglesandWTsectionsshallhaveconnectionsproportioned
such that U is equal to or greater than 0.60. Alternatively, a lesser value of U is permitted if these
tensionmembersaredesignedfortheeffectofeccentricityinaccordancewithSections10.8.1.2or
10.8.2.
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10.4.4 BuiltUpMembers
Forlimitationsonthelongitudinalspacingofconnectorsbetweenelementsincontinuouscontactconsistingof
aplateandashapeortwoplates,seeSection10.10.3.5.
Eitherperforatedcoverplatesortieplateswithoutlacingarepermittedtobeusedontheopensidesofbuiltup
tensionmembers.Tieplatesshallhavealengthnotlessthantwothirdsthedistancebetweenthelinesofwelds
orfastenersconnectingthemtothecomponentsofthemember.Thethicknessofsuchtieplatesshallnotbe
less than onefiftieth of the distance between these lines. The longitudinal spacing of intermittent welds or
fastenersattieplatesshallnotexceed150mm.
10.4.5 PinConnectedMembers
10.4.5.1 TensileStrength:Thedesigntensilestrength,
andtheallowabletensilestrength, ,ofpin
connectedmembers,shallbethelowervalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesoftensilerupture,
shearrupture,bearing,andyielding.
a) Fortensileruptureontheneteffectivearea:
Pn=2tbeffFu
t=0.75(LRFD)
(10.4.5.1)
t=2.00(ASD)
h) Forshearruptureontheeffectivearea:
Pn=0.6FuAsf
sf=0.75(LRFD)
(10.4.5.2)
sf=2.00(ASD)
where
Asf=2t(a+d/2),mm2
a=shortestdistancefromedgeofthepinholetotheedgeofthemembermeasuredparallel
tothedirectionoftheforce,mm
beff =2t+ 16,mmbut not more thanthe actual distancefromthe edge of the hole to the
edgeofthepartmeasuredinthedirectionnormaltotheappliedforce
d=pindiameter,mm
t=thicknessofplate,mm
i)
j)
Forbearingontheprojectedareaofthepin,seeSection10.10.7.
Foryieldingonthegrosssection,useEquation10.4.2.1.
10.4.5.2 DimensionalRequirements:Thepinholeshallbelocatedmidwaybetweentheedgesofthemember
in the direction normal to the applied force. When the pin is expected to provide for relative
movementbetweenconnectedpartswhileunderfullload,thediameterofthepinholeshallnotbe
morethan1mmgreaterthanthediameterofthepin.
Thewidthoftheplateatthepinholeshallnotbelessthan2beff+dandtheminimumextension,a,
beyondthebearingendofthepinhole,paralleltotheaxisofthemember,shallnotbelessthan1.33
beff.
Thecornersbeyondthepinholearepermittedtobecutat450totheaxisofthemember,provided
thenetareabeyondthepinhole,onaplaneperpendiculartothecut,isnotlessthanthatrequired
beyondthepinholeparalleltotheaxisofthemember.
10.4.6 Eyebars
10.4.6.1 Tensile Strength: The available tensile strength of eyebars shall be determined in accordance with
Section10.4.2,withAgtakenasthecrosssectionalareaofthebody.
For calculation purposes, the width of the body of the eyebars shall not exceed eight times its
thickness.
10.4.6.2 DimensionalRequirements:Eyebarsshallbeofuniformthickness,withoutreinforcementatthepin
holes,andhavecircularheadswiththeperipheryconcentricwiththepinhole.
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Theradiusoftransitionbetweenthecircularheadandtheeyebarbodyshallnotbelessthanthehead
diameter.
Thepindiametershallnotbelessthanseveneighthstimestheeyebarbodywidth,andthepinhole
diametershallnotbemorethan1mmgreaterthanthepindiameter.
For steels having Fy greater than 485 MPa, the hole diameter shall not exceed five times the plate
thicknessandthewidthoftheeyebarbodyshallbereducedaccordingly.
Athicknessoflessthan13mmispermissibleonlyifexternalnutsareprovidedtotightenpinplatesand
filler plates into snug contact. The width from the hole edge to the plate edge perpendicular to the
directionofappliedloadshallbegreaterthantwothirdsand,forthepurposeofcalculation,notmorethan
threefourthstimestheeyebarbodywidth.
10.5
DesignofMembersforCompression
ThisSectionaddressesmemberssubjecttoaxialcompressionthroughthecentroidalaxis.
The design compressive strength, c Pn, and the allowable compressive strength, Pn /c , are determined as
follows:
The nominal compressive strength, Pn , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
flexuralbuckling,torsionalbucklingandflexuraltorsionalbuckling.
Fordoublysymmetricandsinglysymmetricmembersthelimitstateofflexuralbucklingisapplicable.
Forsinglysymmetricandunsymmetricmembers,andcertaindoublysymmetricmembers,suchascruciformor
builtupcolumns,thelimitstatesoftorsionalorflexuraltorsionalbucklingarealsoapplicable.
c=0.90(LRFD)c=1.67(ASD)
10.5.2 SlendernessLimitationsandeffectiveLength
Theeffectivelengthfactor,K,forcalculation ofcolumnslenderness,KL/r,shallbedeterminedinaccordance
withSection10.3,
where
L=laterallyunbracedlengthofthemember,mm
r=governingradiusofgyration,mm
K=theeffectivelengthfactordeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.3.2.
Themaximumlimitofslenderness,KL/r,forcompressionmembersshallbe150unlessacomprehensiveanalysis
includingsecondordereffects(includingdynamiceffectsifany)showsthatahighervalueisjustified.
10.5.3 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender

elements
This section applies to compression members with compact and noncompact sections, as defined in Section
10.2.4,foruniformlycompressedelements.
Thenominalcompressivestrength,Pn,shallbedeterminedbasedonthelimitstateofflexuralbuckling.
Pn=FcrAg
(10.5.3.1)
Theflexuralbucklingstress,Fcr,isdeterminedasfollows:
4.71
(a)When
(orFe0.44Fy)
0.658
4.71
(b)When
(10.5.3.2)
(orFe 0.44Fy)
0.877
(10.5.3.3)
where
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Fe=elasticcriticalbucklingstressdeterminedaccordingtoEquation10.5.3.4,Section10.5.4,ortheprovisions
ofSection10.3.2,asapplicable,
2
(10.5.3.4)
10.5.4 Compressive Strength for Torsional and FlexuralTorsional Buckling of

MemberswithoutSlenderelements
This section applies to singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and certain doubly symmetric members,
suchascruciformorbuiltupcolumnswithcompactandnoncompactsections,asdefinedinSection10.2.4for
uniformly compressed elements. These provisions are not required for single angles, which are covered in
Section10.5.5.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit states of flexuraltorsional and
torsionalbuckling,asfollows:
Pn=FcrAg
(10.5.4.1)
Fordoubleangleandteeshapedcompressionmembers:

(10.5.4.2)
whereFcryistakenasFcrfromEquation10.5.3.2or10.5.3.3,forflexuralbuckling
abouttheyaxisofsymmetryand
20
,and
(10.5.4.3)
For all other cases, Fcr shall be determined according to Equation 10.5.3.2 or 10.5.3.3, using the torsional or
flexuraltorsionalelasticbucklingstress,Fe,determinedasfollows:
Fordoublysymmetricmembers:
2

2
(10.5.4.4)
Forsinglysymmetricmemberswhereyistheaxisofsymmetry:

(10.5.4.5)
Forunsymmetricmembers,Feisthelowestrootofthecubicequation:
0 2
0
0 2
0
(10.5.4.6)
where
Ag =grossareaofmember,mm2
Cw =warpingconstant,mm6
2
20
0
2 2
0
0
2
1
2
(10.5.4.7)
(10.5.4.8)
(10.5.4.9)
(10.5.4.10)
2

2
(10.5.4.11)
G =shearmodulusofelasticityofsteel=77200MPa
Ix,Iy=momentofinertiaabouttheprincipalaxes,mm4
J
=torsionalconstant,mm4
Kz=effectivelengthfactorfortorsionalbuckling
xo,yo=coordinatesofshearcenterwithrespecttothecentroid,mm
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=polarradiusofgyrationabouttheshearcenter,mm
ry =radiusofgyrationaboutyaxis,mm
10.5.5 SingleAngleCompressionMembers
Thenominalcompressivestrength,Pn,ofsingleanglemembersshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection
10.5.3orSection10.5.7,asappropriate,foraxiallyloadedmembers,aswellasthosesubjecttotheslenderness
modificationofSection10.5.5(a)or10.5.5(b),providedthemembersmeetthecriteriaimposed.
The effects of eccentricity on single angle members are permitted to be neglected when the members are
evaluatedasaxiallyloadedcompressionmembersusingoneoftheeffectiveslendernessratiosspecifiedbelow,
providedthat:(1)membersareloadedattheendsincompressionthroughthesameoneleg;(2)membersare
attachedbyweldingorbyminimumtwoboltconnections;and(3)therearenointermediatetransverseloads.
a) Forequalleganglesorunequalleganglesconnectedthroughthelongerlegthatareindividual
membersorarewebmembersofplanartrusseswithadjacentwebmembersattachedtothe
samesideofthegussetplateorchord:
80
(i)When0
72
0.75
80
(ii)When
32
(10.5.5.1)
1.25
200
(10.5.5.2)
Forunequallegangleswithleglengthratioslessthan1.7andconnectedthroughtheshorter
leg,KL/rfromEquations10.5.5.1and10.5.5.2shallbeincreasedbyadding4[(bl/bs)21],but
KL/rofthemembersshallnotbelessthan0.95L/rz.
k) Forequalleganglesorunequalleganglesconnectedthroughthelongerlegthatareweb
membersofboxorspacetrusseswithadjacentwebmembersattachedtothesamesideofthe
gussetplateorchord:
75
(i)When0
60
0.8
75
(ii)When
45
(10.5.5.3)
200
(10.5.5.4)
Forunequallegangleswithleglengthratioslessthan1.7andconnectedthroughtheshorter
leg,KL/rfromEquations10.5.5.3and10.5.5.4shallbeincreasedbyadding6[(bl/bs)21],but
KL/rofthemembersshallnotbelessthan0.82L/rz.
where
L=lengthofmemberbetweenworkpointsattrusschordcenterlines,mm
bl=longerlegofangle,mm
bs=shorterlegofangle,mm
rx=radiusofgyrationaboutgeometricaxisparalleltoconnectedleg,mm
rz=radiusofgyrationfortheminorprincipalaxis,mm
SingleanglememberswithdifferentendconditionsfromthosedescribedinSection10.5.5(a)
or(b),withleglengthratiosgreaterthan1.7,orwithtransverseloadingshallbeevaluatedfor
combined axial load and flexure using the provisions of Section 10.8. End connection to
differentlegsoneachendortobothlegs,theuseofsingleboltsortheattachmentofadjacent
web members to opposite sides of the gusset plate or chord shall constitute different end
conditionsrequiringtheuseofSection10.8provisions.
10.5.6 BuiltupMembers
10.5.6.1 CompressiveStrength
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a) Thenominalcompressivestrengthofbuiltupmemberscomposedoftwoormoreshapesthatare
interconnectedbyboltsorweldsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections10.5.3,10.5.4,
or10.5.7subjecttothefollowingmodification.Inlieuofmoreaccurateanalysis,ifthebuckling
modeinvolvesrelativedeformationsthatproduceshearforcesintheconnectorsbetween
individualshapes,KL/risreplacedby(KL/r)mdeterminedasfollows:
(i)Forintermediateconnectorsthataresnugtightbolted:
(10.5.6.1)
(ii)Forintermediateconnectorsthatareweldedorpretensionedbolted:
0.82
1 2
(10.5.6.2)
Where
=modifiedcolumnslendernessofbuiltupmember
= column slenderness of builtup member acting as a unit in the buckling direction being
considered
a=distancebetweenconnectors,mm
ri=minimumradiusofgyrationofindividualcomponent,mm
rib=radiusofgyrationofindividualcomponentrelativetoitscentroidalaxisparalleltomember
axisofbuckling,mm
=separationratio=h/2rib
h = distance between centroids of individual components perpendicular to the member axis of
buckling,mm
l)
Thenominalcompressivestrengthofbuiltupmemberscomposedoftwoormoreshapesor
plateswithatleastoneopensideinterconnectedbyperforatedcoverplatesorlacingwithtie
platesshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections10.5.3,10.5.4,or10.5.7subjecttothe
modificationgiveninSection10.5.6.1(a).
10.5.6.2 DimensionalRequirements
Individualcomponentsofcompressionmemberscomposedoftwoormoreshapesshallbeconnectedtoone
another at intervals, a, such that the effective slenderness ratio Ka/ri of each of the component shapes,
between the fasteners, does not exceed threefourths times the governing slenderness ratio of the builtup
member.Theleastradiusofgyration,ri,shallbeusedincomputingtheslendernessratioofeachcomponent
part.TheendconnectionshallbeweldedorpretensionedboltedwithClassAorBfayingsurfaces.
At the ends of builtup compression members bearing on base plates or milled surfaces, all components in
contactwithoneanothershallbeconnectedbyaweldhavingalengthnotlessthanthemaximumwidthofthe
memberorbyboltsspacedlongitudinallynotmorethanfourdiametersapartforadistanceequalto1 times
themaximumwidthofthemember.
Alongthelengthofbuiltupcompressionmembersbetweentheendconnectionsrequiredabove,longitudinal
spacingforintermittentweldsorboltsshallbeadequatetoprovideforthetransferoftherequiredforces.For
limitationsonthelongitudinalspacingoffastenersbetweenelementsincontinuouscontactconsistingofaplate
and a shape or two plates, see Section 10.10.3.5. Where a component of a builtup compression member
consistsofanoutsideplate,themaximumspacingshallnotexceedthethicknessofthethinneroutsideplate
times0.75 ,nor305mm,whenintermittentweldsareprovidedalongtheedgesofthecomponentsor
when fasteners are provided on all gage lines at each section. When fasteners are staggered, the maximum
spacingoneachgagelineshallnotexceedthethicknessofthethinneroutsideplatetimes1.12 nor460
mm.
Open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shall be provided with continuous cover
platesperforatedwithasuccessionofaccessholes.Theunsupportedwidthofsuchplatesataccessholes,as
defined in Section 10.2.4, is assumed to contribute to the available strength provided the following
requirementsaremet:
6507
Part6
StructuralDesign
ThewidththicknessratioshallconformtothelimitationsofSection10.2.4.
Theratiooflength(indirectionofstress)towidthofholeshallnotexceedtwo.
The clear distance between holes in the direction of stress shall be not less than the transverse distance
betweennearestlinesofconnectingfastenersorwelds.
Theperipheryoftheholesatallpointsshallhaveaminimumradiusof38mm.
Asanalternativetoperforatedcoverplates,lacingwithtieplatesispermittedateachendandatintermediate
points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends as practicable. In members providing
available strength, the end tie plates shall have a length of not less than the distance between the lines of
fasteners or welds connecting them to the components of the member. Intermediate tie plates shall have a
lengthnotlessthanonehalfofthisdistance.Thethicknessoftieplatesshallbenotlessthanonefiftiethofthe
distance between lines of welds or fasteners connecting them to the segments of the members. In welded
construction,theweldingoneachlineconnectingatieplateshalltotalnotlessthanonethirdthelengthofthe
plate. In bolted construction, the spacing in the direction of stress in tie plates shall be not more than six
diametersandthetieplatesshallbeconnectedtoeachsegmentbyatleastthreefasteners.
Lacing,includingflatbars,angles,channels,orothershapesemployedaslacing,shallbesospacedthattheL/r
ratio of the flange included between their connections shall not exceed threefourths times the governing
slenderness ratio for the member as a whole. Lacing shall be proportioned to provide a shearing strength
normaltotheaxisofthememberequalto2percentoftheavailablecompressivestrengthofthemember.The
L/r ratio for lacing bars arranged in single systemsshall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not
exceed200.Doublelacingbarsshallbejoinedattheintersections.Forlacingbarsincompression,Lispermitted
to be taken as the unsupported length of the lacing bar between welds or fasteners connecting it to the
componentsofthebuiltupmemberforsinglelacing,and70percentofthatdistancefordoublelacing.
Foradditionalspacingrequirements,seeSection10.10.3.5.
10.5.7 MemberswithSlenderElements
Thissectionappliestocompressionmemberswithslendersections,asdefinedinSection10.2.4foruniformly
compressedelements.
Thenominalcompressivestrength,Pn,shallbedeterminedbasedonthelimitstatesofflexural,torsionaland
flexuraltorsionalbuckling.
Pn=FcrAg
a) When
4.71
0.44
(or
0.658
m) When
(10.5.7.1)
(10.5.7.2)
4.71
0.44
(or
0.877
(10.5.7.3)
Where
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress, calculated using Equations 10.5.3.4 and 10.5.4.4 for doubly symmetric
members, Equations 10.5.3.4 and 10.5.4.5 for singly symmetric members, and Equation 10.5.4.6 for
unsymmetricmembers,exceptforsingleangleswhereFeiscalculatedusingEquation10.5.3.4.
Q = 1.0 for members with compact and noncompact sections, as defined in Section 10.2.4, for uniformly
compressedelements
= Qs Qa for members with slenderelement sections, as defined in Section 10.2.4, for uniformly compressed
elements.
10.5.7.1 SlenderUnstiffenedElements,
ThereductionfactorQsforslenderunstiffenedelementsisdefinedasfollows:
Forflanges,angles,andplatesprojectingfromrolledcolumnsorothercompressionmembers:
When
0.56
6508
1.0
(10.5.7.4)
Vol.2
SteelStructures
Chapter10
When0.56
1.415
When
1.03
0.74
(10.5.7.5)
1.03
0.69
(10.5.7.6)
Forflanges,angles,andplatesprojectingfrombuiltupcolumnsorothercompressionmembers:
0.64
When
1.0
(10.5.7.7)
When0.64
1.415
when
1.17
Where
1.17
0.65
(10.5.7.8)
0.90
2
(10.5.7.9)
,andshallnotbetakenlessthan0.35norgreaterthan0.76forcalculationpurposes.
Forsingleangles
When
0.45
When0.45
When
1.0
(10.5.7.10)
1.34
0.76
(10.5.7.11)
0.91
0.91
0.53
2

(10.5.7.12)
Where
b=fullwidthoflongestangleleg,mm
Forstemsoftees
When
0.75
1.0
(10.5.7.13)
When0.75
When
1.908
1.03
1.03
1.22
(10.5.7.14)
0.69
2

(10.5.7.15)
Where
b=widthofunstiffenedcompressionelement,asdefinedinSection10.2.4,mm
d=thefullnominaldepthoftee,mm
t=thicknessofelement,mm
6509
Part6
StructuralDesign
10.5.7.2 SlenderUnstiffenedElements,
Thereductionfactor,Qa,forslenderstiffenedelementsisdefinedasfollows:
(10.5.7.16)
A =totalcrosssectionalareaofmember,mm2
Aeff=summationoftheeffectiveareasofthecrosssectionbasedonthereducedeffectivewidth,
be,mm2
Thereducedeffectivewidth,be,isdeterminedasfollows:
1.49
Foruniformlycompressed slenderelements,with
, exceptflangesofsquareandrectangular
sectionsofuniformthickness:
1.92
0.34
(10.5.7.17)
Where
fistakenasFcrwithFcrcalculatedbasedonQ=1.0.
Forflangesofsquareandrectangularslenderelementsectionsofuniformthicknesswith
Where
1.92
0.38
1.40
(10.5.7.18)
Foraxiallyloadedcircularsections:
0.45
When0.11
0.038

2
3
(10.5.7.19)
Where
D=outsidediameter,mm
t=wallthickness,mm
10.6
DesignofMembersforFlexure
This section applies to members subject to simple bending about one principal axis. For simple bending, the
member is loaded in a plane parallel to a principal axis that passes through the shear center or is restrained
againsttwistingatloadpointsandsupports.
Thedesignflexuralstrength,
,andtheallowableflexuralstrength,
,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
a) ForallprovisionsinthisSection10.6
b=0.90(LRFD)b=1.67(ASD)
and the nominal flexural strength, Mn , shall be determined according to Sections 10.6.2
through10.6.12.
n) Theprovisionsinthischapterarebasedontheassumptionthatpointsofsupportforbeamsand
girdersarerestrainedagainstrotationabouttheirlongitudinalaxis.
6510
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Thefollowingtermsarecommontotheequationsinthischapterexceptwherenoted:
Cb = lateraltorsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams when
bothendsoftheunsupportedsegmentarebraced
2.5
12.5
3
3.0
(10.6.1.1)
Where
Mmax=absolutevalueofmaximummomentintheunbracedsegment,Nmm
MA =absolutevalueofmomentatquarterpointoftheunbracedsegment,Nmm
6511
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StructuralDesign
MB =absolutevalueofmomentatcenterlineoftheunbracedsegment,Nmm
MC =absolutevalueofmomentatthreequarterpointoftheunbracedsegment,Nmm
Rm =crosssectionmonosymmetryparameter
=1.0,doublysymmetricmembers
=1.0,singlysymmetricmemberssubjectedtosinglecurvaturebending
0.5
,singlysymmetricmemberssubjectedtoreversecurvaturebending
Iy =momentofinertiaabouttheprincipalyaxis,mm4
Iyc = moment of inertia about yaxis referred to the compression flange, or if reverse
curvaturebending,referredtothesmallerflange,mm4
In singly symmetric members subjected to reverse curvature bending, the lateral torsional
buckling strength shall be checked for both flanges. The available flexural strength shall be
greaterthanorequaltothemaximumrequiredmomentcausingcompressionwithintheflange
underconsideration.
Cb is permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0 for all cases. For cantilevers or overhangs
wherethefreeendisunbraced,Cb=1.0.
10.6.2 Doubly Symmetric Compact IShaped Members and Channels Bent about Their
MajorAxis
ThissectionappliestodoublysymmetricIshapedmembersandchannelsbentabout theirmajoraxis,having
compactwebsandcompactflangesasdefinedinSection10.2.4.
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding
(plasticmoment)andlateraltorsionalbuckling.
10.6.2.1Yielding
Mn=Mp=FyZx
(10.6.2.1)
where
Fy=specifiedminimumyieldstressofthetypeofsteelbeingused,MPa
Zx=plasticsectionmodulusaboutthexaxis,mm3
10.6.2.2LateralTorsionalBuckling
a) WhenLbLp,thelimitstateoflateraltorsionalbucklingdoesnotapply.
o) WhenLp<LbLr
0.7
p)
(10.6.2.2)
WhenLb>Lr
(10.6.2.3)
Where
Lb=lengthbetweenpointsthatareeitherbracedagainstlateraldisplacementofcompressionflangeorbraced
againsttwistofthecrosssection,mm
1
0.078
(10.6.2.4)
andwhere
E=modulusofelasticityofsteel=200000MPa
J=torsionalconstant,mm4
Sx=elasticsectionmodulustakenaboutthexaxis,mm3
ThelimitinglengthsLpandLraredeterminedasfollows:
6512
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1.76
1.95
(10.6.2.5)
0.7
6.76
0.7
(10.6.2.6)
where
(10.6.2.7)
and
ForadoublysymmetricIshape:c=1
Forachannel:
(10.6.2.8a)
(10.6.2.8b)
Where
ho=distancebetweentheflangecentroids,mm
10.6.3 Doubly Symmetric IShaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or
SlenderFlangesBentaboutTheirMajorAxis
ThissectionappliestodoublysymmetricIshapedmembersbentabouttheirmajoraxishavingcompactwebs
andnoncompactorslenderflangesasdefinedinSection10.2.4.
The nominal flexural strength, Mn , shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of lateral
torsionalbucklingandcompressionflangelocalbuckling.
Forlateraltorsionalbuckling,theprovisionsofSection10.6.2.2shallapply.
10.6.3.2CompressionFlangeLocalBuckling
a) Forsectionswithnoncompactflanges
0.7
(10.6.3.1)
q) Forsectionswithslenderflanges
0.9
(10.6.3.2)
Where
2
isthelimitingslendernessforacompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
isthelimitingslendernessforanoncompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
andshallnotbetakenlessthan0.35norgreaterthan0.76forcalculationpurposes
10.6.4 Other IShaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent about Their
MajorAxis
Thissectionappliesto:(a)doublysymmetricIshapedmembersbentabouttheirmajoraxiswithnoncompact
webs; and (b) singly symmetric Ishaped members with webs attached to the midwidth of the flanges, bent
abouttheirmajoraxis,withcompactornoncompactwebs,asdefinedinSectionB4.
6513
Part6
StructuralDesign
The nominal flexural strength, Mn , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
compression flange yielding, lateraltorsional buckling, compression flange local buckling and tension flange
yielding.
10.6.4.1CompressionFlangeYielding
(10.6.4.1)
r) WhenLp<LbLr
(10.6.4.2)
s)
WhenLb>Lr
(10.6.4.3)
Where
(10.6.4.4)
1
For
0.078
(10.6.4.5)
0.23,Jshallbetakenaszero.
Thestress,FL,isdeterminedasfollows:
For
0.7
0.7
For
(10.6.4.6a)
0.7
(10.6.4.6b)
0.5
Thelimitinglaterallyunbracedlengthforthelimitstateofyielding,
1.1
is,
(10.6.4.7)
Thelimitingunbracedlengthforthelimitstateofinelasticlateraltorsionalbuckling,Lr,is
1.95
6.76
(10.6.4.8)
Thewebplastificationfactor,Rpc,isdeterminedasfollows:
For
For
(10.6.4.9a)
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(10.6.4.9b)
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SteelStructures
Chapter10
Where
1.6
elasticsectionmodulusreferredtotensionandcompressionflanges,respectively,mm3
limitingslendernessforacompactweb,Table10.2.4.1
limitingslendernessforanoncompactweb,Table10.2.4.1
Theeffectiveradiusofgyrationforlateraltorsionalbuckling,rt,isdeterminedasfollows:
ForIshapeswitharectangularcompressionflange:
1
6
12
(10.6.4.10)
Where
(10.6.4.11)
=compressionflangewidth,mm
=compressionflangethickness,mm
ForIshapeswithchannelcapsorcoverplatesattachedtothecompressionflange:
rt = radius of gyration of the flange components in flexural compression plus onethird of the web area in
compressionduetoapplicationofmajoraxisbendingmomentalone,mm
aw=theratiooftwotimesthewebareaincompressionduetoapplicationofmajoraxisbendingmomentalone
totheareaofthecompressionflangecomponents.
10.6.4.1 CompressionFlangeLocalBuckling
a) Forsectionswithcompactflanges,thelimitstateoflocalbucklingdoesnotapply.
t) Forsectionswithnoncompactflanges
(10.6.4.12)
u) Forsectionswithslenderflanges
0.9
(10.6.4.13)
Where
isdefinedinEquations10.6.4.6aand10.6.4.6b
isthewebplastificationfactor,determinedbyEquations10.6.4.9
limitingslendernessforacompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
limitingslendernessforanoncompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
10.6.4.4TensionFlangeYielding
a) WhenSxtSxc,thelimitstateoftensionflangeyieldingdoesnotapply.
v) WhenSxt<Sxc
(10.6.4.14)
Where
6515
Part6
StructuralDesign
The web plastification factor corresponding to the tension flange yielding limit state, Rpt , is determined as
follows:
For
For
(10.6.4.15a)
(10.6.4.15b)
Where
,thelimitingslendernessforacompactweb,definedinTable10.2.4.1
,thelimitingslendernessforanoncompactweb,definedinTable10.2.4.1
10.6.5 DoublySymmetricandSinglySymmetricIShapedMemberswithSlenderWebs
BentaboutTheirMajorAxis
ThissectionappliestodoublysymmetricandsinglysymmetricIshapedmemberswithslenderwebsattachedto
themidwidthoftheflanges,bentabouttheirmajoraxis,asdefinedinSection10.2.4.
The nominal flexural strength, Mn , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
compression flange yielding, lateraltorsional buckling, compression flange local buckling and tension flange
yielding.
10.6.5.1CompressionFlangeYielding
(10.6.5.1)
(10.6.5.2)
WhenLp<LbLr
w)
0.3
x)
(10.6.5.3)
WhenLb>Lr
(10.6.5.4)
where
LpisdefinedbyEquation10.6.4.7
(10.6.5.5)
0.7
Rpgisthebendingstrengthreductionfactor:
(10.6.5.6)
1
1200
300
5.7
1.0
awisdefinedbyEquation10.6.4.11butshallnotexceed10and
rtistheeffectiveradiusofgyrationforlateralbucklingasdefinedinSection10.6.4.
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10.6.5.3CompressionFlangeLocalBuckling
(10.6.5.7)
a) Forsectionswithcompactflanges,thelimitstateofcompressionflangelocalbucklingdoesnot
apply.
y) Forsectionswithnoncompactflanges
0.3
z)
(10.6.5.8)
Forsectionswithslenderflanges
0.9
(10.6.5.9)
2
Where
,thelimitingslendernessforacompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
,thelimitingslendernessforanoncompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
10.6.5.4TensionFlangeYielding
(a)WhenSxtSxc,thelimitstateoftensionflangeyieldingdoesnotapply.
(b)WhenSxt<Sxc
Mn=FySxt
(10.6.5.10)
10.6.6 IShapedMembersandChannelsBentaboutTheirMinorAxis
ThissectionappliestoIshapedmembersandchannelsbentabouttheirminoraxis.
Thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,shallbethelowervalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding(
plasticmoment)andflangelocalbuckling.
10.6.6.1 Yielding
Mn=Mp=FyZy1.6FySy
(10.6.6.1)
10.6.6.2 FlangeLocalBuckling
a) Forsectionswithcompactflangesthelimitstateofyieldingshallapply.
aa) Forsectionswithnoncompactflanges
0.7
(10.6.6.2)
bb) Forsectionswithslenderflanges
Mn=FcrSy
(10.6.6.3)
where
0.69
(10.6.6.4)
,thelimitingslendernessforacompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
,thelimitingslendernessforanoncompactflange,Table10.2.4.1
6517
Part6
StructuralDesign
Syforachannelshallbetakenastheminimumsectionmodulus
10.6.7 SquareandRectangularHSSandBoxShapedMembers
This section applies to square and rectangular HSS, and doubly symmetric boxshaped members bent about
either axis, having compact or noncompact webs and compact, noncompact or slender flanges as defined in
Section10.2.4.
Thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,shallbethelowestvalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding
(plasticmoment),flangelocalbucklingandweblocalbucklingunderpureflexure.
10.6.7.1 Yielding
Mn=Mp=FyZ
(10.6.7.1)
Where
Z=plasticsectionmodulusabouttheaxisofbending,mm3
10.6.7.2 FlangeLocalBuckling
a) Forcompactsections,thelimitstateofflangelocalbucklingdoesnotapply.(b)Forsectionswith
noncompactflanges
(10.6.7.2)
3.57
4.0
cc) Forsectionswithslenderflanges
Mn=FySeff
(10.6.7.3)
where
Seffistheeffectivesectionmodulusdeterminedwiththeeffectivewidthofthecompressionflangetakenas:
1.92
(10.6.7.4)
0.38
10.6.7.3 WebLocalBuckling
a) Forcompactsections,thelimitstateofweblocalbucklingdoesnotapply.
dd) Forsectionswithnoncompactwebs
0.305
0.738
(10.6.7.5)
10.6.8 RoundHSS
ThissectionappliestoroundHSShavingD/tratiosoflessthan
The nominal flexural strength, Mn ,shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding
(plasticmoment)andlocalbuckling.
10.6.8.1Yielding
Mn=Mp=FyZ
(10.6.8.1)
10.6.8.2LocalBuckling
a) Forcompactsections,thelimitstateofflangelocalbucklingdoesnotapply.(b)Fornoncompact
sections
0.021
6518
(10.6.8.2)
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ee) Forsectionswithslenderwalls
Mn=FcrS
(10.6.8.3)
where
0.33
(10.6.8.4)
S=elasticsectionmodulus,mm3
10.6.9 TeesandDoubleAnglesLoadedinthePlaneofSymmetry
Thissectionappliestoteesanddoubleanglesloadedintheplaneofsymmetry.Thenominalflexuralstrength,
Mn,shallbethelowestvalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding(plasticmoment),lateraltorsional
bucklingandflangelocalbuckling.
10.6.9.1 Yielding
Mn=Mp
(10.6.9.1)
Mp=FyZx1.6Myforstemsintension
(10.6.9.2)
Myforstemsincompression
(10.6.9.3)
Where
10.6.9.2 LateralTorsionalBuckling
1
(10.6.9.4)
Where
(10.6.9.5)
2.3
The plus sign for B applies when the stem is in tension and the minus sign applies when the stem is in
compression.Ifthetipofthestemisincompressionanywherealongtheunbracedlength,thenegativevalueof
Bshallbeused.
10.6.9.3 FlangeLocalBucklingofTees
Mn=FcrSxc
(10.6.9.6)
Sxcistheelasticsectionmodulusreferredtothecompressionflange.
Fcrisdeterminedasfollows:
Forcompactsections,thelimitstateofflangelocalbucklingdoesnotapply.
Fornoncompactsections
(10.6.9.7)
1.19
0.50
Forslendersections
0.69
(10.6.9.8)
10.6.10
SingleAngle
Thissectionappliestosingleangleswithandwithoutcontinuouslateralrestraintalongtheirlength.
6519
Part6
StructuralDesign
Singleangleswithcontinuouslateraltorsionalrestraintalongthelengthshallbepermittedtobedesignedon
thebasisofgeometricaxis(x,y)bending.Singleangleswithoutcontinuouslateraltorsionalrestraintalongthe
lengthshallbedesignedusingtheprovisionsforprincipalaxisbendingexceptwheretheprovisionforbending
aboutageometricaxisispermitted.
Thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,shallbethelowestvalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding
(plasticmoment),lateraltorsionalbucklingandleglocalbuckling.
10.6.10.1 Yielding
Mn=1.5My
(10.6.10.1)
where
My=yieldmomentabouttheaxisofbending,Nmm
Forsingleangleswithoutcontinuouslateraltorsionalrestraintalongthelength
WhenMeMy
0.92
0.17
(10.6.10.2)
WhenMe>My
(10.6.10.3)
1.92
1.17
1.5
Where
Me,theelasticlateraltorsionalbucklingmoment,isdeterminedasfollows:
Forbendingaboutoneofthegeometricaxesofanequalleganglewithnolateraltorsionalrestraint
Withmaximumcompressionatthetoe
(10.6.10.4a)
0.66
0.78
0.78
Withmaximumtensionatthetoe
(10.6.10.4b)
0.66
Myshallbetakenas0.80timestheyieldmomentcalculatedusingthegeometricsectionmodulus.
Forbendingaboutoneofthegeometricaxesofanequalleganglewithlateraltorsionalrestraintatthepointof
maximummomentonly
Meshallbetakenas1.25timesMecomputedusingEquation10.6.10.4aor10.6.10.4b.
Myshallbetakenastheyieldmomentcalculatedusingthegeometricsectionmodulus.
Forbendingaboutthemajorprincipalaxisofequallegangles:
0.46
(10.6.10.5)
Forbendingaboutthemajorprincipalaxisofunequallegangles:
4.9
(10.6.10.6)
0.052
Where
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CbiscomputedusingEquation10.6.1.1withamaximumvalueof1.5.
L=laterallyunbracedlengthofamember,mm
Iz=minorprincipalaxismomentofinertia,mm4
rz=radiusofgyrationfortheminorprincipalaxis,mm
t
=anglelegthickness,mm
=asectionpropertyforunequallegangles,positiveforshortlegsincompressionandnegativeforlonglegs
in compression. If the long leg is in compression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member, the
negativevalueofwshallbeused.
10.6.10.3 LegLocalBuckling
Thelimitstateofleglocalbucklingapplieswhenthetoeofthelegisincompression.
a) Forcompactsections,thelimitstateofleglocalbucklingdoesnotapply.
ff) Forsectionswithnoncompactlegs
(10.6.10.7)
2.43
1.72
Forsectionswithslenderlegs
(10.6.10.8)
Where
0.71
(10.6.10.9)
b=outsidewidthoflegincompression,mm
Sc=elasticsectionmodulustothetoeincompressionrelativetotheaxisofbending,mm3.Forbendingabout
one of the geometric axes of an equalleg angle with no lateraltorsional restraint, Sc shall be 0.80 of the
geometricaxissectionmodulus.
10.6.11
RectangularBarsandRounds
Thissectionappliestorectangularbarsbentabouteithergeometricaxisandrounds.
Thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,shallbethelowervalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding(
plasticmoment)andlateraltorsionalbuckling,asrequired.
10.6.11.1 Yielding
.
Forrectangularbarswith
bentabouttheirmajoraxis,rectangularbarsbentabouttheirminoraxis
androunds:
1.6
(10.6.11.1)
a) Forrectangularbarswith
1.52
0.274
gg) Forrectangularbarswith
bentabouttheirmajoraxis:
(10.6.11.2)
bentabouttheirmajoraxis:
(10.6.11.3)
Where
6521
Part6
StructuralDesign
1.9
(10.6.11.4)
t=widthofrectangularbarparalleltoaxisofbending,mm
d=depthofrectangularbar,mm
Lb=lengthbetweenpointsthatareeitherbracedagainstlateraldisplacementofthecompressionregionor
bracedagainsttwistofthecrosssection,mm
(c)Forroundsandrectangularbarsbentabouttheirminoraxis,thelimitstateoflateraltorsionalbucklingneed
notbeconsidered.
10.6.12
UnsymmetricalShapes
Thissectionappliestoallunsymmetricalshapes,exceptsingleangles.
Thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn ,shallbethelowestvalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofyielding
(yieldmoment),lateraltorsionalbucklingandlocalbucklingwhere
(10.6.12.1)
Where
S=lowestelasticsectionmodulusrelativetotheaxisofbending,mm3
10.6.12.1Yielding
(10.6.12.2)
(10.6.12.3)
Where
Fcr=bucklingstressforthesectionasdeterminedbyanalysis,MPa
10.6.12.3LocalBuckling
(10.6.12.4)
Where
10.6.13
ProportionsofBeamsandGirders
10.6.13.1 Holereductions
This section applies to rolled or builtup shapes, and coverplated beams with holes, proportioned on the basis of
flexuralstrengthofthegrosssection.
InadditiontothelimitstatesspecifiedinothersectionsofthisChapter,thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,shallbe
limitedaccordingtothelimitstateoftensileruptureofthetensionflange.
ForFuAfnYtFyAfg,thelimitstateoftensilerupturedoesnotapply.
ForFuAfn<YtFyAfg ,thenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,atthelocationoftheholesinthetensionflangeshallnotbe
takengreaterthan:
(10.6.13.1)
Where
Afg=grosstensionflangearea,calculatedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSection10.4.3.1,mm2
Afn=nettensionflangearea,calculatedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSection10.4.3.2,mm2
Yt=1.0forFy/Fu0.8
=1.1otherwise
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10.6.13.2 ProportioningLimitsforIShapedMembers
SinglysymmetricIshapedmembersshallsatisfythefollowinglimit:
0.1
(10.6.13.2)
0.9
Ishapedmemberswithslenderwebsshallalsosatisfythefollowinglimits:
For
1.5
(10.6.13.3)
11.7
For
1.5
0.42
(10.3.13.4)
Where
a=cleardistancebetweentransversestiffeners,mm
Inunstiffenedgirdersh/twshallnotexceed260.Theratioofthewebareatothecompressionflangeareashallnot
exceed10.
10.6.13.3 CoverPlates
Flangesofweldedbeamsorgirdersmaybevariedinthicknessorwidthbysplicingaseriesofplatesorbythe
useofcoverplates.
Thetotalcrosssectionalareaofcoverplatesofboltedgirdersshallnotexceed70percentofthetotalflange
area.
Highstrengthboltsorweldsconnectingflangetoweb,orcoverplatetoflange,shallbeproportionedtoresist
thetotalhorizontalshearresultingfromthebendingforcesonthegirder.Thelongitudinaldistributionofthese
boltsorintermittentweldsshallbeinproportiontotheintensityoftheshear.
However, the longitudinal spacing shall not exceed the maximum permitted for compression or tension
members in Section 10.5.6 or 10.4.4, respectively. Bolts or welds connecting flange to web shall also be
proportioned to transmit to the web any loads applied directly to the flange, unless provision is made to
transmitsuchloadsbydirectbearing.
Partiallengthcoverplatesshallbeextendedbeyondthetheoreticalcutoffpointandtheextendedportionshall
be attached to the beam or girder by highstrength bolts in a slipcritical connection or fillet welds. The
attachmentshallbeadequate,at theapplicablestrengthgiveninSections10.10.2.2,10.10.3.8,or10.2.3.9to
developthecoverplatesportionoftheflexuralstrengthinthebeamorgirderatthetheoreticalcutoffpoint.
For welded cover plates, the welds connecting the cover plate termination to the beam or girder shall have
continuousweldsalongbothedgesofthecoverplateinthelengtha,definedbelow,andshallbeadequateto
developthecoverplatesportionofthestrengthofthebeamorgirderatthedistanceafromtheendofthe
coverplate.
Whenthereisacontinuousweldequaltoorlargerthanthreefourthsoftheplatethicknessacrosstheendof
theplate
(10.6.13.5)
Where
w=widthofcoverplate,mm.
Whenthereisacontinuousweldsmallerthanthreefourthsoftheplatethicknessacrosstheendoftheplate
1.5
(10.6.13.6)
Whenthereisnoweldacrosstheendoftheplate
(10.6.13.7)
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10.6.13.4 BuiltUpBeams
Where two or more beams or channels are used sidebyside to form a flexural member, they shall be
connectedtogetherincompliancewithSection10.5.6.2.Whenconcentratedloadsarecarriedfromonebeam
toanother,ordistributedbetweenthebeams,diaphragmshavingsufficientstiffnesstodistributetheloadshall
beweldedorboltedbetweenthebeams.
10.7
DesignofMembersforShear
Thissectionaddresseswebsofsinglyordoublysymmetricmemberssubjecttoshearintheplaneoftheweb,
singleanglesandHSSsections,andshearintheweakdirectionofsinglyordoublysymmetricshapes.
Twomethodsofcalculatingshearstrengtharepresentedbelow.ThemethodpresentedinSection10.7.2does
not utilize the post buckling strength of the member (tension field action). The method presented in Section
10.7.3utilizestensionfieldaction.
andtheallowableshearstrength, ,shallbedeterminedasfollows.
Thedesignshearstrength,
ForallprovisionsinthissectionexceptSection10.7.2.1a:
1.67(ASD)
0.90(LRFD)
10.7.2 MemberswithUnstiffenedorStiffenedWebs
10.7.2.1 NominalShearStrength
Thissectionappliestowebsofsinglyordoublysymmetricmembersandchannelssubjecttoshearintheplane
oftheweb.
Thenominalshearstrength,Vn,ofunstiffenedorstiffenedwebs,accordingtothelimitstatesofshearyielding
andshearbuckling,is
0.6
(10.7.2.1)
ForwebsofrolledIshapedmemberswith
2.24
1.50(ASD)
1.00(LRFD)
And
1.0
(10.7.2.2)
Forwebsofallotherdoublysymmetricshapesandsinglysymmetricshapesandchannels,exceptroundHSS,
thewebshearcoefficient,Cv,isdeterminedasfollows:
For
1.10
1.0
For1.10
(10.7.2.3)
1.37
1.10
For
1.37
1.51
(10.7.2.4)
(10.7.2.5)
Where
Aw=theoveralldepthtimesthewebthickness,dtw,mm2
Thewebplatebucklingcoefficient,kv,isdeterminedasfollows:
260,
5exceptforthestemofteeshapeswherekv=1.2.
Forunstiffenedwebswith
Forstiffenedwebs,
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5when
3.0or
Where
a=cleardistancebetweentransversestiffeners,mm
h=forrolledshapes,thecleardistancebetweenflangeslessthefilletorcornerradii,mm
=forbuiltupweldedsections,thecleardistancebetweenflanges,mm
=forbuiltupboltedsections,thedistancebetweenfastenerlines,mm
=fortees,theoveralldepth,mm.
10.7.2.2 TransverseStiffeners
Transversestiffenersarenotrequiredwhere
2.46 ,orwheretherequiredshearstrengthisless
thanorequaltotheavailableshearstrengthprovidedinaccordancewithSection10.7.2.1forkv=5.
Transverse stiffeners used to develop the available web shear strength, as provided in Section 10.7.2.1, shall
haveamomentofinertiaaboutanaxisinthewebcenterforstiffenerpairsoraboutthefaceincontactwiththe
,where
webplateforsinglestiffeners,whichshallnotbelessthan
2.5
0.5
(10.7.2.6)
Transversestiffenersarepermittedtobestoppedshortofthetensionflange,providedbearingisnotneededto
transmitaconcentratedloadorreaction.Theweldbywhichtransversestiffenersareattachedtothewebshall
beterminatednotlessthanfourtimesnormorethansixtimesthewebthicknessfromtheneartoetotheweb
toflangeweld.Whensinglestiffenersareused,theyshallbeattachedtothecompressionflange,ifitconsistsof
arectangularplate,toresistanyuplifttendencyduetotorsionintheflange.Whenlateralbracingisattachedto
a stiffener, or a pair of stiffeners, these, in turn, shall be connected to the compression flange to transmit 1
percentofthetotalflangeforce,unlesstheflangeiscomposedonlyofangles.
Boltsconnectingstiffenerstothegirderwebshallbespacednotmorethan305mmoncenter.Ifintermittent
filletweldsareused,thecleardistancebetweenweldsshallnotbemorethan16timesthewebthicknessnor
morethan250mm.
10.7.3 TensionFieldAction
10.7.3.1 LimitsontheUseofTensionFieldAction
Considerationoftensionfieldactionispermittedforflangedmemberswhenthewebplateissupportedonallfour
sidesbyflangesorstiffeners.Considerationoftensionfieldactionisnotpermittedfor:
endpanelsinallmemberswithtransversestiffeners;
;
memberswhena/hexceeds3.0or 260
2
2.5; or
or
6.0
where
Afc=areaofcompressionflange,mm2
Aft=areaoftensionflange,mm2
bfc=widthofcompressionflange,mm
bft=widthoftensionflange,mm
Inthesecases,thenominalshearstrength,Vn,shallbedeterminedaccordingtotheprovisionsofSection10.7.2.
10.7.3.2 NominalShearStrengthwithTensionFieldAction
When tension field action is permitted according to Section 10.7.3.1, the nominal shear strength, Vn , with tension
fieldaction,accordingtothelimitstateoftensionfieldyielding,shallbe
For
1.10
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0.6
For
1.10
(10.7.3.1)
0.6
1.15 1
(10.7.3.2)
Where
kvandCvareasdefinedinSection10.7.2.1.
10.7.3.3 TransverseStiffeners
TransversestiffenerssubjecttotensionfieldactionshallmeettherequirementsofSection10.7.2.2andthefollowing
limitations:
0.15
18
0.56
(10.7.3.3)
Where
(b/t)st=thewidththicknessratioofthestiffener
Fyst =specifiedminimumyieldstressofthestiffenermaterial,MPa
Cv =coefficientdefinedinSection10.7.2.1
Ds =1.0forstiffenersinpairs
=1.8forsingleanglestiffeners
=2.4forsingleplatestiffeners
Vr =requiredshearstrengthatthelocationofthestiffener,N
Vc =availableshearstrength; , (LRFD)or (ASD)withVnasdefinedinSection10.7.3.2,N
10.7.4 SingleAngles
Thenominalshearstrength,Vn,ofasingleanglelegshallbedeterminedusingEquation10.7.2.1withCv=1.0,
Aw=btwhereb=widthofthelegresistingtheshearforce,mmandkv=1.2.
10.7.5 RectangularHSSandBoxMembers
Thenominalshearstrength,Vn ,ofrectangularHSSandboxmembersshallbedeterminedusingtheprovisions
ofSection 10.7.2.1 with Aw = 2ht whereh for the widthresistingthe shearforce shallbetakenas theclear
distancebetweentheflangeslesstheinsidecornerradiusoneachsideandtw=tandkv=5.Ifthecorner
radiusisnotknown,hshallbetakenasthecorrespondingoutsidedimensionminusthreetimesthethickness.
10.7.6 RoundHSS
Thenominalshearstrength,Vn,ofroundHSS,accordingtothelimitstatesof
shearyieldingandshearbuckling,is
/2
(10.7.6.1)
Where
shallbethelargerof
1.60
(10.7.6.2a)
and
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0.78
(10.7.6.2b)
butshallnotexceed0.6Fy
Ag=grossareaofsectionbasedondesignwallthickness,mm2
Lv=thedistancefrommaximumtozeroshearforce,mm
T=designwallthickness,equalto0.93timesthenominalwallthicknessforERWHSSandequaltothenominal
thicknessforSAWHSS,mm
10.7.7 WeakAxisShearinSinglyandDoublySymmetricShapes
Forsinglyanddoublysymmetricshapesloadedintheweakaxiswithouttorsion,thenominalshearstrength,Vn
,foreachshearresistingelementshallbedeterminedusingEquation10.7.2.1andSection10.7.2.1bwithAw=
bftfandkv=1.2.
10.7.8 BeamsandgirderswithWebOpenings
Theeffectofallwebopeningsonthenominalshearstrengthofsteelandcompositebeamsshallbedetermined.
Adequate reinforcement shall be provided when the required strength exceeds the available strength of the
memberattheopening.
10.8
DesignofMembersforCombinedForcesandTorsion
This section addresses members subject to axial force and flexure about one or both axes, with or without
torsion,andtomemberssubjecttotorsiononly.
10.8.1 DoublyandSinglySymmetricMembersSubjecttoFlexureandAxialForce
10.8.1.1 DoublyandSinglySymmetricMembersinFlexureandCompression
The interaction of flexure and compression indoubly symmetricmembers and singlysymmetric members for
which0.1(Iyc/Iy)0.9,thatareconstrainedtobendaboutageometricaxis(xand/ory)shallbelimitedby
Equations 10.8.1.1a and 10.8.1.1b, where Iyc is the moment of inertia about the yaxis referred to the
compressionflange,mm4.
For
0.2
8
9
For
(10.8.1.1a)
1.0
0.2
2
(10.8.1.1b)
1.0
Where
Pr=requiredaxialcompressivestrength,N
Pc=availableaxialcompressivestrength,N
Mr=requiredflexuralstrength,Nmm
Mc=availableflexuralstrength,Nmm
x
=subscriptrelatingsymboltostrongaxisbending
=subscriptrelatingsymboltoweakaxisbending
FordesignaccordingtoSection10.2.3.3(LRFD)
Pr=requiredaxialcompressivestrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,N
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Pc=cPn=designaxialcompressivestrength,determinedinaccordancewithSection10.5,N
Mr=requiredflexuralstrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,Nmm
Mc=bMn=designflexuralstrengthdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
c=resistancefactorforcompression=0.90
b=resistancefactorforflexure=0.90
FordesignaccordingtoSection10.2.3.4(ASD)
Pr=requiredaxialcompressivestrengthusingASDloadcombinations,N
Pc=Pn/c=allowableaxialcompressivestrength,determinedinaccordancewithSection10.5,N
Mr=requiredflexuralstrengthusingASDloadcombinations,Nmm
Mc=Mn/b=allowableflexuralstrengthdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
c=safetyfactorforcompression=1.67
b=safetyfactorforflexure=1.67
10.8.1.2 DoublyandSinglySymmetricMembersinFlexureandTension
The interaction of flexure and tension in doubly symmetric members and singly symmetric members
constrainedtobendaboutageometricaxis(xand/ory)shallbelimitedbyEquations10.8.1.1aand10.8.1.1b,
Where
Pr=requiredtensilestrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,N
Pc=tPn=designtensilestrength,determinedinaccordancewithSection10.4.2,N
Mc=bMn=designflexuralstrengthdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
t=resistancefactorfortension(seeSection10.4.2)
b=resistancefactorforflexure=0.90
For doubly symmetric members, Cb in Section 10.6 may be increased by 1
for axial tension that acts
concurrentlywithflexure,
Where
Pr=requiredtensilestrengthusingASDloadcombinations,N
Pc=Pn/t=allowabletensilestrength,determinedinaccordancewithSection10.4.2,N
Mr=requiredflexuralstrengthusingASDloadcombinations,Nmm
Mc=Mn/b=allowableflexuralstrengthdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
t=safetyfactorfortension(seeSection10.4.2)
b=safetyfactorforflexure=1.67
Fordoublysymmetricmembers,CbinSection10.6maybeincreasedby 1
foraxialtensionthatacts
concurrentlywithflexure
Where
AmoredetailedanalysisoftheinteractionofflexureandtensionispermittedinlieuofEquations10.8.1.1aand
10.8.1.1b.
10.8.1.3 DoublySymmetricMembersinSingleAxisFlexureandCompression
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For doubly symmetric members in flexure and compression with moments primarily in one plane, it is
permissible to consider the two independent limit states, inplane instability and outofplane buckling or
flexuraltorsionalbuckling,separatelyinlieuofthecombinedapproachprovidedinSection10.8.1.1.
a) Forthelimitstateofinplaneinstability,Equations10.8.1.1shallbeusedwithPc,Mr,andMc
determinedintheplaneofbending.
hh) Forthelimitstateofoutofplanebuckling
(10.8.1.2)
1.0
Where
=availablecompressivestrengthoutoftheplaneofbending,N
=availableflexuraltorsionalstrengthforstrongaxisflexuredeterminedfromSection10.6,Nmm
Ifbendingoccursonlyabouttheweakaxis,themomentratioinEquation10.8.1.2shallbeneglected.
For members with significant biaxial moments (Mr/Mc 0.05 in both directions), the provisions of Section
10.8.1.1shallbefollowed.
10.8.2 UnsymmetricandOtherMembersSubjecttoFlexureandAxialForce
ThissectionaddressestheinteractionofflexureandaxialstressforshapesnotcoveredinSection10.8.1.Itis
permittedtousetheprovisionsofthisSectionforanyshapeinlieuoftheprovisionsofSection10.8.1.
(10.8.2.1)
1.0
Where
fa =requiredaxialstressatthepointofconsideration,MPa
Fa =availableaxialstressatthepointofconsideration,MPa
fbw,fbz=requiredflexuralstressatthepointofconsideration,MPa
Fbw,Fbz=availableflexuralstressatthepointofconsideration,MPa
w =subscriptrelatingsymboltomajorprincipalaxisbending
z
=subscriptrelatingsymboltominorprincipalaxisbending
fa =requiredaxialstressusingLRFDloadcombinations,MPa
Fa =cFcr=designaxialstress,determinedinaccordancewithSection10.5forcompressionorSection10.4.2
fortension,MPa
fbw,fbz=requiredflexuralstressatthespecificlocationinthecrosssectionusingLRFDloadcombinations,MPa
,
design flexural stress determined in accordance with Section 10.6, MPa. Use the section
modulusforthespecificlocationinthecrosssectionandconsiderthesignofthestress.
c =resistancefactorforcompression=0.90
t =resistancefactorfortension(Section10.4.2)
b =resistancefactorforflexure=0.90
fa=requiredaxialstressusingASDloadcombinations,MPa
=allowableaxialstressdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.5forcompression,orSection10.4.2
fortension,MPa
fbw,fbz=requiredflexuralstressatthespecificlocationinthecrosssectionusingASDloadcombinations,MPa
,
allowable flexural stress determined in accordance with Section 10.6, MPa. Use the section
modulusforthespecificlocationinthecrosssectionandconsiderthesignofthestress.
c =safetyfactorforcompression=1.67
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t =safetyfactorfortension(Section10.4.2)
b =safetyfactorforflexure=1.67
Equation10.8.2.1shallbeevaluatedusing theprincipal bending axes by considering thesense of the flexural
stressesatthecriticalpointsofthecrosssection.Theflexuraltermsareeitheraddedtoorsubtractedfromthe
axialtermasappropriate.Whentheaxialforceiscompression,secondordereffectsshallbeincludedaccording
totheprovisionsofSection10.3.
AmoredetailedanalysisoftheinteractionofflexureandtensionispermittedinlieuofEquation10.8.2.1.
10.8.3 Members under Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial
Force
10.8.3.1 TorsionalStrengthofRoundandRectangularHSS
Thedesign torsional strength,
andthe allowable torsionalstrength,
HSSshallbedeterminedasfollows:
0.90(LRFD)
, forround andrectangular
1.67(ASD)
Thenominaltorsionalstrength,Tn,accordingtothelimitstatesoftorsionalyieldingandtorsionalbucklingis:
(10.8.3.1)
Where
CistheHSStorsionalconstant
Fcrshallbedeterminedasfollows:
ForroundHSS,Fcrshallbethelargerof
1.23
(10.8.3.2a)
and
0.60
(10.8.3.2b)
butshallnotexceed0.6Fy,
where
L=lengthofthemember,mm
ForrectangularHSS
For
2.45

0.6
For2.45
For3.07
(10.8.3.3)
3.07
0.6
2.45
260
0.458
(10.8.3.4)
(10.8.3.5)
10.8.3.2 HSSSubjecttoCombinedTorsion,Shear,FlexureandAxialForce
Whentherequiredtorsionalstrength,Tr,islessthanorequalto20percentoftheavailabletorsionalstrength,
Tc,theinteractionoftorsion,shear,flexureand/oraxialforceforHSSshallbedeterminedbySection10.8.1and
thetorsionaleffectsshallbeneglected.WhenTrexceeds20percentofTc,theinteractionoftorsion,shear,
flexureand/oraxialforceshallbelimitedby
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(10.8.3.6)
1.0
Where
Pr=requiredaxialstrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,N
Pc=
,designtensileorcompressivestrengthinaccordancewithSection10.4or10.5,N
Mc=
,designflexuralstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
Vr=requiredshearstrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,N
Vc=
,designshearstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.7,N
Tr=requiredtorsionalstrengthusingLRFDloadcombinations,Nmm
Tc=
,designtorsionalstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.8.3.1,Nmm
Pr=requiredaxialstrengthusingASDloadcombinations,N
Pc=Pn/,allowabletensileorcompressivestrengthinaccordancewithSection10.4or10.5,N
Mr =requiredflexuralstrengthusingASDloadcombinationsdeterminedinaccordancewithSection10.2.5,N
mm
Mc=Mn/ ,allowableflexuralstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.6,Nmm
Vr=requiredshearstrengthusingASDloadcombinations,N
Vc=Vn/ ,allowableshearstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.7,N
Tr=requiredtorsionalstrengthusingASDloadcombinations,Nmm
Tc=Tn/ ,allowabletorsionalstrengthinaccordancewithSection10.8.3.1,Nmm
10.8.3.3StrengthofNonHSSMembersunderTorsionandCombinedStress
,andtheallowabletorsionalstrength, ,fornonHSSmembersshallbe
Thedesigntorsionalstrength,
the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of yielding under normal stress, shear yielding under
shearstress,orbuckling,determinedasfollows:
=0.90(LRFD)
=1.67(ASD)
a) Forthelimitstateofyieldingundernormalstress
Fn=Fy
(10.8.3.7)
ii) Forthelimitstateofshearyieldingundershearstress
Fn=0.6Fy
(10.8.3.8)
jj) Forthelimitstateofbuckling
Fn=Fcr
(10.8.3.9)
where
Someconstrainedlocalyieldingispermittedadjacenttoareasthatremainelastic.
10.9 EVALUATIONOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES
Thissectionappliestotheevaluationofthestrengthandstiffnessunderstaticvertical(gravity)loadsofexisting
structuresbystructuralanalysis,byloadtests,orbyacombination of structuralanalysisand load tests when
specifiedbytheengineerofrecordorinthecontractdocuments.Forsuchevaluation,thesteelgradesarenot
limited to those listedinSection10.1.3.1.Thissectiondoesnotaddressloadtestingfortheeffects ofseismic
loadsormovingloads(vibrations).
10.9.1 GENERALPROVISIONS
These provisions shall be applicable when the evaluation of an existing steel structure is specified for (a)
verificationof a specificset of design loadings or(b)determinationoftheavailablestrengthofaloadresisting
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member or system. The evaluation shall be performed by structural analysis (Section 10.9.3), by load tests
(Section 10.9.4), or by a combination of structural analysis and load tests, as specified in the contract
documents.Where load tests are used, the engineerofrecordshallfirstanalyzethestructure,prepareatesting
plan,anddevelopawritten procedure to prevent excessive permanent deformation or catastrophic collapse
duringtesting.
10.9.2 MATERIALPROPERTIES
Determinationof Required Tests: The engineer of record shall determine the specific tests that are required
fromSection10.9.2.2through10.9.2.6andspecifythelocationswheretheyarerequired.Whereavailable,the
useofapplicableprojectrecordsshallbepermittedtoreduceoreliminatetheneedfortesting.
10.9.2.1 TensileProperties
Tensilepropertiesofmembersshallbe consideredin evaluation by structuralanalysis (Section10.9.3)orload

tests (Section 10.9.4). Such properties shall include the yield stress, tensile strength and percent elongation.
Whereavailable,certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing
laboratory in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M or A568/A568M, as applicable, shall be permitted for this
purpose. Otherwise, tensile tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM A370 from samples cut from
componentsofthestructure.
10.9.2.2 ChemicalComposition
Whereweldingis anticipatedfor repairor modificationof existing structures,thechemicalcompositionofthe

steelshallbedeterminedforuseinpreparingaweldingprocedurespecification(WPS).Whereavailable,results
from certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing laboratory in
accordancewithASTMproceduresshallbepermittedforthispurpose.Otherwise,analysesshallbeconductedin
accordancewithASTMA751fromthesamplesusedtodeterminetensileproperties,orfromsamplestakenfrom
thesamelocations.
10.9.2.3 BaseMetalNotchToughness
Where welded tension splices in heavy shapes and plates as defined in Section 10.1.3.1d are criticalto the
performance of the structure, the Charpy VNotch toughness shall be determined in accordance with the
provisions of Section 10.1.3.1d. If thenotchtoughnesssodetermineddoesnotmeettheprovisionsofSection
10.1.3.1d,theengineerofrecordshalldetermineifremedialactionsarerequired.
10.9.2.4 WeldMetal
Wherestructuralperformanceisdependentonexistingweldedconnections,representativesamplesofweldmetal
shall be obtained. Chemical analysis and mechanical tests shall be made to characterize the weld metal. A
determinationshallbemadeofthemagnitudeandconsequencesofimperfections.IftherequirementsofAWS
D1.1arenotmet,theengineerofrecordshalldetermineifremedialactionsarerequired.
10.9.2.5 BoltsandRivets
Representative samples of bolts shall be inspected to determine markings and classifications. Where bolts
cannotbeproperlyidentifiedvisually,representativesamplesshallberemovedandtestedtodeterminetensile
strength in accordance with ASTMF606 or ASTMF606Mand the bolt classifiedaccordingly.Alternatively, the
assumptionthattheboltsareASTMA307shallbepermitted.RivetsshallbeassumedtobeASTMA502,Grade1,
unlessahighergradeisestablishedthroughdocumentationortesting.
10.9.3 EVALUATIONBYSTRUCTURALANALYSIS
10.9.3.1 DimensionalData
Alldimensionsusedintheevaluation,suchasspans,columnheights,memberspacings,bracinglocations,cross
sectiondimensions,thicknessesandconnection details, shall be determined from a fieldsurvey. Alternatively,
when available, it shall be permitted to determine such dimensions from applicable project design or shop
drawingswithfieldverificationofcriticalvalues.
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10.9.3.2 StrengthEvaluation
Forces (load effects) in membersand connectionsshall be determinedby structuralanalysisapplicabletothe
typeofstructureevaluated.Theloadeffectsshallbe determinedfortheloadsandfactoredloadcombinations
stipulatedinSection10.2.2.
TheavailablestrengthofmembersandconnectionsshallbedeterminedfromapplicableprovisionsofSections
10.2through10.19ofthisSpecification.
10.9.3.3 ServiceabilityEvaluation
Whererequired,thedeformationsatserviceloadsshallbecalculatedandreported.
10.9.4 EVALUATIONBYLOADTESTS
10.9.4.1 DeterminationofLoadRatingbyTesting
To determine the load rating of an existing floor or roof structure by testing, a test load shall be applied
incrementally in accordance with the engineer of records plan. The structure shall be visually inspected for
signsofdistressorimminentfailureateachloadlevel.Appropriatemeasuresshallbetakeniftheseoranyother
unusualconditionsareencountered.
Thetestedstrengthofthestructureshallbetakenasthemaximumappliedtestloadplustheinsitudeadload.
The live load ratingof a floorstructureshall bedetermined by setting the tested strength equal to 1.2D+
1.6L, where D isthe nominal dead load and L is the nominal live load rating for the structure.Thenominal
liveloadratingofthefloorstructureshallnotexceedthatwhichcanbecalculatedusingapplicableprovisionsof
thespecification.Forroofstructures,Lr , S, or R as definedin the Symbols, shall be substituted for L. More
severeloadcombinationsshallbeusedifrequiredbyspecificationsofChapter2ofPart6.
Periodic unloading shall be considered once the service load level is attained and after the onsetof inelastic
structuralbehaviorisidentifiedtodocumenttheamount of permanentset and the magnitudeof the inelastic
deformations. Deformations of the structure, such as member deflections, shall be monitored at critical
locations during the test, referenced to the initial position before loading. It shall be demonstrated, while
maintainingmaximumtestloadforonehourthatthedeformation ofthestructuredoesnotincreasebymore
than10percentabovethatatthe beginning of the holdingperiod.It is permissibleto repeatthe sequenceif
necessarytodemonstratecompliance.
Deformationsofthestructureshallalsoberecorded24hoursafterthetestloadingisremovedtodeterminethe
amountofpermanentset.Becausetheamountofacceptablepermanentdeformationdependsonthespecific
structure,no limit is specifiedforpermanentdeformationatmaximumloading.Whereitisnotfeasibleto load
test the entire structure, a segment or zone of not less than one complete bay, representative of the most
criticalconditions,shallbeselected.
10.9.4.2 ServiceabilityEvaluation
When load tests are prescribed, the structure shall be loaded incrementally to the service load level.
Deformations shall be monitored for a period of one hour. The structure shall then be unloaded and the
deformationrecorded.
10.9.5 EVALUATIONREPORT
Aftertheevaluationofanexistingstructurehasbeencompleted,theengineerofrecordshallprepareareport
documenting the evaluation. The report shall indicate whether the evaluation was performed by structural
analysis,byloadtestingorbyacombinationofstructuralanalysisandloadtesting.Furthermore,whentestingis
performed,thereportshallincludetheloadsandloadcombination used and the loaddeformationand time
deformationrelationshipsobserved.Allrelevantinformationobtainedfromdesigndrawings,milltestreportsand
auxiliarymaterialtestingshallalsobereported.Finally,thereportshallindicatewhetherthestructure,including
allmembersandconnections,isadequatetowithstandtheloadeffects.
10.10
Connections
Thissectionaddressesconnectingelements,connectors,andtheaffectedelementsoftheconnectedmembers
notsubjecttofatigueloads.
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10.10.1
GeneralProvisions
10.10.1.1 DesignBasis
Thedesignstrength, Rn,andtheallowablestrengthRn/,ofconnectionsshallbedeterminedinaccordance
withtheprovisionsofthissectionandtheprovisionsofSection10.2.
The required strength of the connections shall be determined by structural analysis for the specified design
loads,consistentwiththetypeofconstructionspecified,orshallbeaproportionoftherequiredstrengthofthe
connectedmemberswhensospecifiedherein.
Where the gravity axes of intersecting axially loaded members do not intersect at one point, the effects of
eccentricityshallbeconsidered.
10.10.1.2 SimpleConnection
Simple connections of beams, girders, or trusses shall be designed as flexible and are permitted to be
proportioned for the reaction shears only, except as otherwise indicated in the design documents. Flexible
beam connections shall accommodate end rotations of simple beams. Some inelastic, but selflimiting
deformationintheconnectionispermittedtoaccommodatetheendrotationofasimplebeam.
10.10.1.3 MomentConnection
End connections of restrainedbeams,girders,andtrusses shallbe designedfor thecombined effectofforces
resulting from moment and shear induced by the rigidity of the connections. Response criteria for moment
connectionsareprovidedinSection10.2.6.3.2.
10.10.1.4 CompressionMemberswithBearingJoints
a) Whencolumnsbearonbearingplatesorarefinishedtobearatsplices,thereshallbesufficient
connectorstoholdallpartssecurelyinplace.
b) Whencompressionmembersotherthancolumnsarefinishedtobear,thesplicematerialandits
connectorsshallbearrangedtoholdallpartsinlineandshallbeproportionedforeither(i)or(ii)
below.Itispermissibletousethelesssevereofthetwoconditions:
(i)Anaxialtensileforceof50percentoftherequiredcompressivestrengthofthemember;or
(ii)Themomentandshearresultingfromatransverseloadequalto2percentoftherequired
compressive strength of the member. The transverse load shall be applied at the location of
the splice exclusive of other loads that act on the member. The member shall be taken as
pinnedforthedeterminationoftheshearsandmomentsatthesplice.
10.10.1.5 SplicesinHeavySections
Whentensileforcesduetoappliedtensionorflexurearetobetransmittedthroughsplicesinheavysections,as
definedinSection10.1.3.1cand10.1.3.1d,bycompletejointpenetrationgroove(CJP)welds,materialnotch
toughnessrequirementsasgiveninSection10.1.3.1cand10.1.3.1d,weldaccessholedetailsasgiveninSection
10.10.1.6 and thermal cut surface preparation and inspection requirements as given in 10.1.3.2.2 shall apply.
The foregoing provision is not applicable to splices of elements of builtup shapes that are welded prior to
assemblingtheshape.
10.10.1.6 BeamCopesandWeldAccessHoles
All weld access holes required to facilitate welding operations shall have a length from the toe of the weld
preparation not lessthan 1 times the thickness of thematerial in whichthe hole is made.Theheightofthe
accessholeshallbe1 timesthethicknessofthematerialwiththeaccesshole,tw,butnotlessthan25mmnor
doesitneedtoexceed50mm.Theaccessholeshallbedetailedtoprovideroomforweldbackingasneeded.
Forsectionsthatarerolledorweldedpriortocutting,theedgeofthewebshallbeslopedorcurvedfromthe
surfaceoftheflangetothereentrantsurfaceoftheaccesshole.Inhotrolledshapes,andbuiltupshapeswith
CJPgrooveweldsthatjointhewebtoflange,allbeamcopesandweldaccessholesshallbefreeofnotchesand
sharpreentrantcorners.Noarcoftheweldaccessholeshallhavearadiuslessthan10mm.
In builtup shapes with fillet or partialjointpenetration groove welds that join the webtoflange, all beam
copes and weld access holes shall be free of notches and sharp reentrant corners. The access hole shall be
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permittedtoterminateperpendiculartotheflange,providingtheweldisterminatedatleastadistanceequalto
theweldsizeawayfromtheaccesshole.
For heavy sections as defined in 10.1.3.1c and 10.1.3.1d, the thermally cut surfaces of beam copes and weld
access holes shall be ground to bright metal and inspected by either magnetic particle or dye penetrant
methods prior to deposition of splice welds. If the curved transition portion of weld access holes and beam
copes are formed by predrilled or sawed holes, that portion of the access hole or cope need not be ground.
Weld access holes and beam copes in other shapes need not be ground nor inspected by dye penetrant or
magneticparticlemethods.
10.10.1.7 PlacementofWeldsandBolts
Groupsofweldsorboltsattheendsofanymemberwhichtransmitaxialforceintothatmembershallbesized
sothatthecenterofgravityofthegroupcoincideswiththecenterofgravityofthemember,unlessprovisionis
madefortheeccentricity.Theforegoingprovisionisnotapplicabletoendconnectionsofstaticallyloadedsingle
angle,doubleangle,andsimilarmembers.
10.10.1.8 BoltsinCombinationwithWelds
Boltsshallnotbeconsideredassharingtheloadincombinationwithwelds,exceptthatshearconnectionswith
any grade of bolts permitted by Section 10.1.3.3 installed in standard holes or short slots transverse to the
directionoftheloadarepermittedtobeconsideredtosharetheloadwithlongitudinallyloadedfilletwelds.In
such connections the available strength of the bolts shall not be taken as greater than 50 percent of the
availablestrengthofbearingtypeboltsintheconnection.
Inmakingweldedalterationstostructures,existingrivetsandhighstrengthboltstightenedtotherequirements
forslipcriticalconnectionsarepermittedtobeutilizedforcarryingloadspresentatthetimeofalterationand
theweldingneedonlyprovidetheadditionalrequiredstrength.
10.10.1.9 HighStrengthBoltsinCombinationwithRivets
In both new work and alterations, in connections designed as slipcritical connections in accordance with the
provisions of Section 10.10.3, highstrength bolts are permitted to be considered as sharing the load with
existingrivets.
10.10.1.10 LimitationsonBoltedandWeldedConnections
Pretensionedjoints,slipcriticaljointsorweldsshallbeusedforthefollowingconnections:
Columnsplicesinallmultistorystructuresover38minheight
Connections of all beams and girders to columns and any other beams and girders on which the bracing of
columnsisdependentinstructuresover38minheight
Inallstructurescarryingcranesofover50kNcapacity:rooftrusssplicesandconnectionsoftrussestocolumns,
columnsplices,columnbracing,kneebraces,andcranesupports
Connectionsforthesupportofmachineryandotherliveloadsthatproduceimpactorreversalofload
SnugtightenedjointsorjointswithASTMA307boltsshallbepermittedexceptwhereotherwisespecified.
10.10.2
Welds
All provisions of AWS D1.1apply under this Specification, with the exception that the provisions of the listed
sectionsapplyunderthisspecificationinlieuofthecitedAWSprovisionsasfollows:
Section10.10.1.6inlieuofAWSD1.1Section5.17.1
Section10.10.2.2.1inlieuofAWSD1.1Section2.3.2
Table10.10.2.2inlieuofAWSD1.1Table2.1
Section10.2.3.9andSection10.17inlieuofAWSD1.1Section2,PartC
Section10.13.2.2inlieuofAWSD1.1Sections5.15.4.3and5.15.4.4
10.10.2.1 GrooveWelds
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10.10.2.1.1EffectiveArea
The effective area of groove welds shall be considered as the length of the weld times the effective throat
thickness.
The effective throat thickness of a completejointpenetration (CJP) groove weld shall be the thickness of the
thinnerpartjoined.
Table10.10.2.1:EffectiveThroatofPartialJointPenetrationGrooveWelds
WeldingProcess
WeldingPositionF(flat),H
(horiz.),V(vert.),OH
GrooveType(AWS
D1.1,Figure3.3)
EffectiveThroat
All
JorUGroove
All
60 V
DepthofGroove
JorUGroove
(overhead)
ShieldedMetalArc(SMAW)
GasMetalArc(GMAW)
FluxCoredArc(FCAW)
SubmergedArc(SAW)
60 BevelorV
GasMetalArc(GMAW)
DepthofGroove
45 Bevel
DepthofGroove
450Bevel
DepthofGroove
F,H
45 Bevel
ShieldedMetalArc(SMAW)
All
GasMetalArc(GMAW)
V,OH
FluxCoredArc(FCAW)
Minus3mm
FluxCoredArc(FCAW)
Minus3mm
The effective throat thickness of a partialjointpenetration (PJP) groove weld shall be as shown in Table
10.10.2.1.
Theeffectiveweldsizeforflaregroovewelds,whenfilledflushtothesurfaceofaroundbar,a900bendina
formed section, or rectangular HSS shall be as shown in Table 10.10.2.2, unless other effective throats are
demonstratedbytests.TheeffectivesizeofflaregrooveweldsfilledlessthanflushshallbeasshowninTable
10.10.2.2,lessthegreatestperpendiculardimensionmeasuredfromalineflushtothebasemetalsurfacetothe
weldsurface.
TABLE10.10.2.2:EffectiveWeldSizesofFlareGrooveWelds
WeldingProcess
FlareBevelGroove[a]
FlareVGroove
GMAWandFCAWG
5/8R
3/4R
SMAWandFCAWS
SAW
5/16 R
5/8 R
5/16R
1/2R
[a]ForFlareBevelGroovewithR<10mmuseonlyreinforcingfilletweldonfilledflushjoint.GeneralNote:R=radius
ofjointsurface(canbeassumedtobe2tforHSS),mm
Larger effective throat thicknesses than those in Table 10.10.2.2 are permitted, provided the fabricator can
establishbyqualificationtheconsistentproductionofsuchlargereffectivethroatthicknesses.Qualificationshall
consistofsectioningtheweldnormaltoitsaxis,atmidlengthandterminalends.Suchsectioningshallbemade
onanumberofcombinationsofmaterialsizesrepresentativeoftherangetobeusedinthefabrication.
10.10.2.1.2Limitations
Theminimumeffectivethroatthicknessofapartialjointpenetrationgrooveweldshallnotbelessthanthesize
requiredtotransmitcalculatedforcesnorthesizeshowninTable10.10.2.3.Minimumweldsizeisdetermined
bythethinnerofthetwopartsjoined.
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TABLE10.10.2.3:MinimumEffectiveThroatThicknessofPartialJointPenetrationGrooveWelds
MaterialThicknessofThinnerPartJoined,mm
MinimumEffectiveThroatThickness,[a]mm
To6inclusive
Over6to13
Over13to19
Over19to38
Over38to57
10
Over57to150
13
[a]SeeTable10.10.2.1.
10.10.2.2 FilletWelds
Theeffectiveareaofafilletweldshallbetheeffectivelengthmultipliedbytheeffectivethroat.Theeffective
throat of a fillet weld shall be the shortest distance from the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld. An
increaseineffectivethroatispermittedifconsistentpenetrationbeyondtherootofthediagrammaticweldis
demonstratedbytestsusingtheproductionprocessandprocedurevariables.
Forfilletweldsinholesandslots,theeffectivelengthshallbethelengthofthecenterlineoftheweldalongthe
centeroftheplanethroughthethroat.Inthecaseofoverlappingfillets,theeffectiveareashallnotexceedthe
nominalcrosssectionalareaoftheholeorslot,intheplaneofthefayingsurface.
Theminimumsizeoffilletweldsshallbenotlessthanthesizerequiredtotransmitcalculatedforcesnorthesize
asshowninTable10.10.2.4.Theseprovisionsdonotapplytofilletweldreinforcementsofpartialorcomplete
jointpenetrationgroovewelds.
TABLE10.10.2.4:MinimumSizeofFilletWelds
MaterialThicknessofThinner
d
MinimumSizeofFillet
ld [a]
Over6to13
Over13to19
To6inclusive
[a]Legdimensionoffilletwelds.Singlepassweldsmustbeused.
Themaximumsizeoffilletweldsofconnectedpartsshallbe:
Alongedgesofmateriallessthan6mmthick,notgreaterthanthethicknessofthematerial.
Alongedgesofmaterial6mmormoreinthickness,notgreaterthanthethicknessofthematerialminus2mm,
unlesstheweldisespeciallydesignatedonthedrawingstobebuiltouttoobtainfullthroatthickness.Intheas
weldedcondition,thedistancebetweentheedgeofthebasemetalandthetoeoftheweldispermittedtobe
lessthan2mmprovidedtheweldsizeisclearlyverifiable.
Theminimumeffectivelengthoffilletweldsdesignedonthebasisofstrengthshallbenotlessthanfourtimes
the nominal size,or else thesizeofthe weldshall be considered not to exceed 1 /4ofits effective length.If
longitudinalfilletweldsareusedaloneinendconnectionsofflatbartensionmembers,thelengthofeachfillet
weldshallbenotlessthantheperpendiculardistancebetweenthem.Fortheeffectoflongitudinalfilletweld
lengthinendconnectionsupontheeffectiveareaoftheconnectedmember,seeSection10.4.3.3.
Forendloadedfilletweldswithalengthupto100timesthelegdimension,itispermittedtotaketheeffective
length equal to the actual length. When the length of the endloaded fillet weld exceeds 100 times the weld
size,theeffectivelengthshallbedeterminedbymultiplyingtheactuallengthbythereductionfactor,,
1.2
0.002
1.0
(10.10.2.1)
where
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=actuallengthofendloadedweld,mm
=weldlegsize,mm
Whenthelengthoftheweldexceeds300timesthelegsize,thevalueof shallbetakenas0.60.
Intermittentfilletweldsarepermittedtobeusedtotransfercalculatedstressacrossajointorfayingsurfaces
whentherequiredstrengthislessthanthatdevelopedbyacontinuousfilletweldofthesmallestpermittedsize,
andtojoincomponentsofbuiltupmembers.Theeffectivelengthofanysegmentofintermittentfilletwelding
shallbenotlessthanfourtimestheweldsize,withaminimumof38mm.
Inlapjoints,theminimumamountoflapshallbefivetimesthethicknessofthethinnerpartjoined,butnotless
than25mm.Lapjointsjoiningplatesorbarssubjectedtoaxialstressthatutilizetransversefilletweldsonlyshall
be fillet welded along the end of both lapped parts, except where the deflection of the lapped parts is
sufficientlyrestrainedtopreventopeningofthejointundermaximumloading.
Filletweldterminationsarepermittedtobestoppedshortorextendtotheendsorsidesofpartsorbeboxed
exceptaslimitedbythefollowing:
Forlapjointsinwhichoneconnectedpartextendsbeyondanedgeofanotherconnectedpartthatissubjectto
calculatedtensilestress,filletweldsshallterminatenotlessthanthesizeoftheweldfromthatedge.
Forconnectionswhereflexibilityoftheoutstandingelementsisrequired,whenendreturnsareused,thelength
ofthereturnshallnotexceedfourtimesthenominalsizeoftheweldnorhalfthewidthofthepart.
Fillet welds joining transverse stiffeners to plate girder webs 19 mm thick or less shall end not less than four
timesnormorethansixtimesthethicknessofthewebfromthewebtoeofthewebtoflangewelds,except
wheretheendsofstiffenersareweldedtotheflange.
Filletweldsthatoccuronoppositesidesofacommonplaneshallbeinterruptedatthecornercommontoboth
welds.
Filletweldsinholesorslotsarepermittedtobeusedtotransmitshearinlapjointsortopreventthebucklingor
separationoflappedpartsandtojoincomponentsofbuiltupmembers.Suchfilletweldsmayoverlap,subject
totheprovisionsofSection10.10.2.Filletweldsinholesorslotsarenottobeconsideredplugorslotwelds.
10.10.2.3 PlugandSlotWelds
Theeffectiveshearingareaofplugandslotweldsshallbeconsideredasthenominalcrosssectionalareaofthe
holeorslotintheplaneofthefayingsurface.
Plugorslotweldsarepermittedtobeusedtotransmitshearinlapjointsortopreventbucklingoflappedparts
andtojoincomponentpartsofbuiltupmembers.
Thediameteroftheholesforaplugweldshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthepartcontainingitplus8mm,
roundedtothenextlargeroddevenmm,norgreaterthantheminimumdiameterplus3mmor2 timesthe
thicknessoftheweld.
Theminimumcentertocenterspacingofplugweldsshallbefourtimesthediameterofthehole.
Thelengthofslotforaslotweldshallnotexceed10timesthethicknessoftheweld.Thewidthoftheslotshall
benotlessthanthethicknessofthepartcontainingitplus8mmroundedtothenextlargeroddevenmm,nor
shallitbelargerthan2 timesthethicknessoftheweld.Theendsoftheslotshallbesemicircularorshallhave
thecornersroundedtoaradiusofnotlessthanthethicknessofthepartcontainingit,exceptthoseendswhich
extendtotheedgeofthepart.
Theminimumspacingoflinesofslotweldsinadirectiontransversetotheirlengthshallbefourtimesthewidth
oftheslot.Theminimumcentertocenterspacinginalongitudinaldirectiononanylineshallbetwotimesthe
lengthoftheslot.
Thethicknessofplugorslotweldsinmaterial16mmorlessinthicknessshallbeequaltothethicknessofthe
material.Inmaterialover16mmthick,thethicknessoftheweldshallbeatleastonehalfthethicknessofthe
materialbutnotlessthan16mm.
10.10.2.4 Strength
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Thedesignstrength, Rnandtheallowablestrength,Rn/,ofweldsshallbethelowervalueof thebase

materialandtheweldmetalstrengthdeterminedaccordingtothelimitstatesoftensilerupture,shearrupture
oryieldingasfollows:
TABLE10.10.2.5:AvailableStrengthofWeldedJoints,N
LoadTypeandDirection
Pertine
Nominal
Effective
RelativetoWeldAxis
nt
Metal
and
Strength
(FBMor
Fw)
Area
(ABMorAw)mm2
RequiredFillerMetalStrength
[a][b]
Level
COMPLETEJOINTPENETRATIONGROOVEWELDS
Tension
Matchingfillermetalshallbeused.
Normaltoweldaxis
ForTandcornerjointswithbacking
Strengthofthejointiscontrolledbythebasemetal
leftinplace,notchtoughfillermetal
isrequired.SeeSection10.10.2.6.
Compression
Fillermetalwithastrengthlevel
Normaltoweldaxis
equaltooronestrengthlevelless
thanmatchingfillermetalis
permitted.
TensionorCompression
Tensionorcompressioninpartsjoinedparalleltoaweld
Paralleltoweldaxis
neednotbeconsideredindesignofweldsjoiningthe
equaltoorlessthanmatchingfiller
Shear
parts.
metalispermitted.
Matchingfillermetalshallbe
used.[c]
PARTIALJOINTPENETRATIONGROOVEWELDSINCLUDINGFLAREVEEGROOVEANDFLAREBEVELGROOVEWELDS
Tension
Normaltoweldaxis
=0.90
See
=0.80
See
CompressionColumnto
BasePlateandcolumn
Compressivestressneednotbeconsideredindesignof
splicesdesignedper
weldsjoiningtheparts.
10.10.1.4(a)
CompressionConnections
Base
ofmembersdesignedto
=0.90
See
10.10.4
Fy
=1.67
bearother
=0.80
0.60
See
thancolumnsasdescribed
Weld
=1.88
FEXX
10.10.2.1.1
notfinishedtobear
in10.10.1.4(b)
CompressionConnections
=0.90
See
=0.80
See
Tensionorcompressioninpartsjoinedparalleltoaweld
equaltoorlessthanmatchingfiller
Paralleltoweldaxis
neednotbeconsideredindesignofweldsjoiningthe
metalispermitted.
Shear
Base
Governedby10.10.4
=
0.60FEXX
See
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TABLE10.10.2.5(Contd..):AvailableStrengthofWeldedJoints,N
Load Type and Direction Relative to Weld
Axis
Pertinent
Metal
Nominal
Strength
and
Effective
Area
RequiredFillerMetal
StrengthLevel[a][b]
FILLETWELDSINCLUDINGFILLETSINHOLESANDSLOTSANDSKEWEDTJOINTS
Base
Shear
Governedby10.10.4
Weld
0..75
See
Fillermetalwithastrengthlevelequaltoor
10.10.2.2.1
lessthanmatchingfillermetalispermitted.
0.60
2.00
Tensionorcompressioninpartsjoinedparallel
Paralleltoweldaxis
toaweldneednotbeconsideredindesignof
weldsjoiningtheparts.
PLUGANDSLOTWELDS
ShearParalleltofaying
Base
surfaceontheeffective
Governedby10.10.4
=
0.60
Fillermetalwithastrengthlevelequaltoor
lessthanmatchingfillermetalispermitted.
FormatchingweldmetalseeAWSD1.1,Section3.3.
Fillermetalwithastrengthlevelonestrengthlevelgreaterthanmatchingispermitted.
Fillermetalswithastrengthlevellessthanmatchingmaybeusedforgrooveweldsbetweenthewebsandflangesofbuilt
up sections transferring shear loads, or in applications where high restraint is a concern. In these applications, the weld
jointshallbedetailedandtheweldshallbedesignedusingthethicknessofthematerialastheeffectivethroat,=0.80,=
1.88and0.60FEXXasthenominalstrength.
Forthebasemetal
(10.10.2.2)
Fortheweldmetal
(10.10.2.3)
Where
FBM=nominalstrengthofthebasemetalperunitarea,MPa
Fw=nominalstrengthoftheweldmetalperunitarea,MPa
ABM=crosssectionalareaofthebasemetal,mm2
Aw=effectiveareaoftheweld,mm2
Thevaluesof,,FBM,andFwandlimitationsthereonaregiveninTable10.10.2.5.
Alternatively,forfilletweldsloadedinplanethedesignstrength, Rnandtheallowablestrength,Rn/,of
weldsispermittedtobedeterminedasfollows:
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
Foralinearweldgrouploadedinplanethroughthecenterofgravity
(10.10.2.4)
where
0.60
1.0
0.50sin .
(10.10.2.5)
And
=electrodeclassificationnumber,MPa
=angleofloadingmeasuredfromtheweldlongitudinalaxis,degrees
=effectiveareaoftheweld,mm2
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Forweldelementswithinaweldgroupthatareloadedinplaneandanalyzedusinganinstantaneouscenterof
rotation method, the components of the nominal strength, Rnx and Rny , are permitted to be determined as
follows:
(10.10.2.6)
where
Awi=effectiveareaofweldthroatofanyithweldelement,mm2
1.0
0.60
1.9
0.50sin .
.
0.9
(10.10.2.7)
(10.10.2.8)
Fwi=nominalstressinanyithweldelement,MPa
Fwix=xcomponentofstress,Fwi
Fwiy=ycomponentofstress,Fwi
p =i/m,ratioofelementideformationtoitsdeformationatmaximumstress
w =weldlegsize,mm
rcrit=distancefrominstantaneouscenterofrotationtoweldelementwithminimum /riratio,mm
I = deformation of weld elements at intermediate stress levels, linearly proportioned to the critical
deformationbasedondistancefromtheinstantaneouscenterofrotation,ri,mm=riu/rcrit
m=0.209(+2)0.32w,deformationofweldelementatmaximumstress,mm
u=1.087(+6)0.65w0.17w,deformationofweldelementatultimatestress(fracture),usuallyinelement
furthestfrominstantaneouscenterofrotation,mm
Forfilletweldgroupsconcentricallyloadedandconsistingofelementsthat
areorientedbothlongitudinallyandtransverselytothedirectionofappliedload,thecombinedstrength,Rn,of
thefilletweldgroupshallbedeterminedasthegreaterof
(10.10.2.9a)
or
0.85
1.5
(10.10.2.9b)
where
=thetotalnominalstrengthoflongitudinallyloadedfilletwelds,asdeterminedinaccordancewithTable
10.10.2.5,N
= the total nominal strength of transversely loaded fillet welds, as determined in accordance with Table
10.10.2.5withoutthealternateinSection10.10.2.4(a),N
10.10.2.5 CombinationofWelds
Iftwoormoreofthegeneraltypesofwelds(groove,fillet,plug,slot)arecombinedinasinglejoint,thestrength
ofeachshallbeseparatelycomputedwithreferencetotheaxisofthegroupinordertodeterminethestrength
ofthecombination.
10.10.2.6 FillerMetalRequirements
Thechoiceofelectrodeforusewithcompletejointpenetrationgrooveweldssubjecttotensionnormaltothe
effectiveareashallcomplywiththerequirementsformatchingfillermetalsgiveninAWSD1.1.
FillermetalwithaspecifiedCharpyVNotch(CVN)toughnessof27.12Nm(27J)at4 0 Cshallbeusedinthe
followingjoints:
CompletejointpenetrationgrooveweldedTandcornerjointswithsteelbackingleftinplace,subjecttotension
normaltotheeffectivearea,unlessthejointsaredesignedusingthenominalstrengthandresistancefactoror
safetyfactorasapplicableforaPJPweld.
Completejointpenetration groove welded splices subject to tension normal to the effective area in heavy
sectionsasdefinedin10.1.3.1cand10.1.3.1d.
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10.10.2.7 MixedWeldMetal
WhenCharpyVNotchtoughnessisspecified,theprocessconsumablesforallweldmetal,tackwelds,rootpass
andsubsequentpassesdepositedinajointshallbecompatibletoensurenotchtoughcompositeweldmetal.
10.10.3
BoltsandThreadedParts
10.10.3.1 HighStrengthBolts
UseofhighstrengthboltsshallconformtotheprovisionsoftheSpecificationforStructuralJointsUsingASTM
A325 or A490 Bolts, hereafter referred to as the RCSC Specification, as approved by the Research Council on
StructuralConnections,exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthisSpecification.
Whenassembled,alljointsurfaces,includingthoseadjacenttothewashers,shallbefreeofscale,excepttight
millscale.AllASTMA325orA325MandA490orA490Mboltsshallbetightenedtoabolttensionnotlessthan
thatgiveninTable10.10.3.1,exceptasnotedbelow.Exceptaspermittedbelow,installationshallbeassuredby
anyofthefollowingmethods:turnofnutmethod,adirecttensionindicator,calibratedwrenchoralternative
designbolt.
Boltsarepermittedtobeinstalledtoonlythesnugtightconditionwhenusedin
bearingtypeconnections.
tensionorcombinedshearandtensionapplications,forASTMA325orA325Mboltsonly,wherelooseningor
fatigueduetovibrationorloadfluctuationsarenotdesignconsiderations.
TABLE10.10.3.1:MinimumBoltPretension,kN
BoltSize,mm
A325MBolts
A490MBolts
M16
91
114
M20
142
179
M22
176
221
M24
205
257
M27
267
334
Equal to0.70timestheminimumtensilestrengthofbolts,roundedofftonearestkN,asspecifiedinASTM
Thesnugtightconditionisdefinedasthetightnessattainedbyeitherafewimpactsofanimpactwrenchorthe
fulleffortofaworkerwithanordinaryspudwrenchthatbringstheconnectedpliesintofirmcontact.Boltsto
betightenedonlytothesnugtightconditionshallbeclearlyidentifiedonthedesignanderectiondrawings.
When ASTMA490 orA490Mbolts over25 mm in diameter are usedinslotted or oversized holes in external
plies,asinglehardenedwasherconformingtoASTMF436,exceptwith8mmminimumthickness,shallbeused
inlieuofthestandardwasher.
In slipcritical connections in which the direction of loading is toward an edge of a connected part, adequate
availablebearingstrengthshallbeprovidedbasedupontheapplicablerequirementsofSection10.10.3.10.
When bolt requirements cannot be provided by ASTM A325 and A325M, F1852, or A490 and A490M bolts
becauseofrequirementsforlengthsexceeding12diametersordiametersexceeding38mm,boltsorthreaded
rodsconformingtoASTMA354Gr.BC,A354Gr.BD,orA449arepermittedtobeusedinaccordancewiththe
provisionsforthreadedrodsinTable10.10.3.2.
WhenASTMA354Gr.BC,A354Gr.BD,orA449boltsandthreadedrodsareusedinslipcriticalconnections,the
bolt geometry including the head and nut(s) shall be equal to or (if larger in diameter) proportional to that
provided by ASTM A325 and A325M, or ASTM A490 and A490M bolts. Installation shall comply with all
applicable requirements of the RCSC Specification with modifications as required for the increased diameter
and/orlengthtoprovidethedesignpretension.
10.10.3.2 SizeandUseofHoles
The maximum sizes of holes for bolts are given in Table 10.10.3.3, except that larger holes, required for
toleranceonlocationofanchorrodsinconcretefoundations,arepermittedincolumnbasedetails.
Standardholesorshortslottedholestransversetothedirectionoftheloadshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith
the provisions of this specification, unless oversized holes, shortslotted holes parallel to the load or long
slotted holes are approved by the engineer of record. Finger shims up to 6 mm are permitted in slipcritical
6542
Vol.2
SteelStructures
Chapter10
connections designed on the basis of standard holes without reducing the nominal shear strength of the
fastenertothatspecifiedforslottedholes.
Oversized holes are permitted in any or all plies of slipcritical connections, but they shall not be used in
bearingtypeconnections.Hardenedwashersshallbeinstalledoveroversizedholesinanouterply.
Shortslotted holes are permitted in any or all plies of slipcritical or bearingtype connections. The slots are
permittedwithoutregardtodirectionofloadinginslipcriticalconnections,butthelengthshallbenormalto
thedirectionoftheloadinbearingtypeconnections.Washersshallbeinstalledovershortslottedholesinan
outerply;whenhighstrengthboltsareused,suchwashersshallbehardened.
Longslotted holes are permitted in only one of the connected parts of either a slipcritical or bearingtype
connection at an individual faying surface. Long slotted holes are permitted without regard to direction of
loading in slipcritical connections, but shall be normal to the direction of load in bearingtype connections.
Where longslotted holes are used in an outer ply, plate washers, or a continuous bar with standard holes,
havingasizesufficienttocompletelycovertheslotafterinstallation,shallbeprovided.Inhighstrengthbolted
connections,suchplatewashersorcontinuousbarsshallbenotlessthan8mmthickandshallbeofstructural
gradematerial,butneednotbehardened.Ifhardenedwashersarerequiredforuseofhighstrengthbolts,the
hardenedwashersshallbeplacedovertheoutersurfaceoftheplatewasherorbar.
10.10.3.3 MinimumSpacing
The distance between centers of standard, oversized, or slotted holes, shall not be less than 2 times the
nominaldiameter,d,ofthefastener;adistanceof3dispreferred.
10.10.3.4 MinimumEdgeDistance
Thedistancefromthecenterofastandardholetoanedgeofaconnectedpartinanydirectionshallnotbeless
thaneithertheapplicablevaluefromTable10.10.3.4,orasrequiredinSection10.10.3.10.Thedistancefrom
thecenterofanoversizedorslottedholetoanedgeofaconnectedpartshallbenotlessthanthatrequiredfor
astandardholetoanedgeofaconnectedpartplustheapplicableincrementC2fromTable10.10.3.5.
TABLE10.10.3.2:NominalStressofFastenersandThreadedParts,MPa
DescriptionofFasteners
NominalTensile
Stress,Fnt,MPa
NominalShearStressinBearingType
Connections,Fnv,MPa
A307bolts
310[a][b]
165[b][c][f]
A325orA325Mbolts,whenthreads
620 [e]
330 [f]
620 [e]
414 [f]
780 [e]
414 [f]
780 [e]
520 [f]
arenotexcludedfromshearplanes
areexcludedfromshearplanes
arenotexcludedfromshearplanes
areexcludedfromshearplanes
Threadedpartsmeetingthe
0.75 Fu
[a][d]
0.40Fu
0.75 Fu
[a][d]
0.50Fu
requirementsofSection10.1.3.4,
whenthreadsarenotexcludedfrom
shearplanes
Threadedpartsmeetingthe
requirementsofSection10.1.3.4,
whenthreadsareexcludedfrom
shearplanes
6543
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Stru
ucturalDesign
[a]Subjecttotherequiremen
ntsofSection10
0.17.
[b]ForA307b
boltsthetabulattedvaluesshallbereducedby11percentforeacch2mmover5diametersoflen
ngthinthe
grip.
[c]Threadspeermittedinsheaarplanes.
[d]Thenomin
naltensilestrenggthofthethreadedportionofaanupsetrod,basseduponthecro
osssectionalare
eaatits
majorthreaddiameter,AD,w
whichshallbelaargerthanthenominalbodyare
eaoftherodbefforeupsettingtimesFy.
TAB
BLE10.10.3.3:N
NominalHoleDimensions,mm
m
Boltt
Diame
eter
HoleDimensio
ons
Stan
ndard
(Dia.)
Ovversize(Dia.)
ShortSlot
(WidthLength)
LongSlo
ot
(WidthLe
ength)
M16
6
18
1
20
18 22
18 40
0
M20
0
22
2
24
22 26
22 50
0
M22
2
28
24 30
24 55
5
M24
4
24
2
27[a]
30
27 32
27 60
0
M27
7
30
3
35
30 37
30 67
7
M30
0
33
3
38
33 40
33 75
5
[a]Clearanceprovidedallo
owstheuseofa25mm.boltifdeesirable.
[a]
TABLE10.1
10.3.4:Minimum
mEdgeDistancce,
mm,from
mCenterofStandardHole
[b]
to
oEdgeofConneectedPart
BoltDiameter
B
(mm)
AtShearedEdge
es
AtRolledEdggesof
orBars,orTheermallyCutEd
dges[c]
Plates,Shapeso
16
28
22
20
34
26
22
38 [d]
28
24
42 [d]
30
27
48
34
[aa]Lesseredged
distancesareperrmittedtobeusedprovidedpro
ovisionsofSectio
on10.10.3.10,asappropriate,aresatisfied.
[b
b]Foroversized
dorslottedholess,seeTable10.1
10.3.5.
[cc]Alledgedistancesinthiscolu
umnarepermitteedtobereduced3mmwhenth
heholeisatapo
ointwhererequiredstrength
do
oesnotexceed2
25percentofth
hemaximumstreengthintheelem
ment.
SteelStructures
Chapter10
10.10.3.5 MaximumSpacingandEdgeDistance
Themaximumdistancefromthecenterofanyboltorrivettothenearestedgeofpartsincontactshallbe12
timesthethicknessoftheconnectedpartunderconsideration,butshallnotexceed150mm.Thelongitudinal
spacingoffastenersbetweenelementsincontinuouscontactconsistingofaplateanda
Forpaintedmembersorunpaintedmembersnotsubjecttocorrosion,thespacingshallnotexceed24timesthe
thicknessofthethinnerplateor305mm.
Forunpaintedmembersofweatheringsteelsubjecttoatmosphericcorrosion,thespacingshallnotexceed14
timesthethicknessofthethinnerplateor180mm.
10.10.3.6 TensionandShearStrengthofBoltsandThreadedParts
Thedesigntensionorshearstrength,Rnandtheallowabletensionorshearstrength,Rn/,ofasnugtightened
orpretensionedhighstrengthboltorthreadedpartshallbedeterminedaccordingtothelimitstatesoftensile
ruptureandshearruptureasfollows:
(10.10.3.1)
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
where
Fn=nominaltensilestressFnt,orshearstress,FnvfromTable10.10.3.2,MPa
Ab =nominalunthreadedbodyareaofboltorthreadedpart(forupsetrods,seefootnoted,Table10.10.3.2,
mm2
Therequiredtensilestrengthshallincludeanytensionresultingfrompryingactionproducedbydeformationof
theconnectedparts.
10.10.3.7CombinedTensionandShearinBearingTypeConnection
Theavailabletensilestrengthofaboltsubjectedtocombinedtensionandshearshallbedeterminedaccording
tothelimitstatesoftensionandshearruptureasfollows:
(10.10.3.2)
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
where
=nominaltensilestressmodifiedtoincludetheeffectsofshearingstress,MPa
1.3
1.3
LRFD
(10.10.3.3a)
ASD
(10.10.3.3b)
Fnt=nominaltensilestressfromTable10.10.3.2,MPa
Fnv=nominalshearstressfromTable10.10.3.2,MPa
fv=therequiredshearstress,MPa
Theavailableshearstressofthefastenershallequalorexceedtherequiredshearstrengthperunitarea,fv.
10.10.3.7 HighStrengthBoltsinSlipCriticalConnections
Highstrength bolts in slipcritical connections are permitted to be designed to prevent slip either as a
serviceabilitylimitstateorattherequiredstrengthlimitstate.Theconnectionmustalsobecheckedforshear
strengthinaccordancewithSections10.10.3.6and10.10.3.7andbearingstrengthinaccordancewithSections
10.10.3.1and10.10.3.10.
Slipcritical connections shall be designed as follows, unless otherwise designated by the engineer of record.
Connectionswithstandardholesorslotstransversetothedirectionoftheloadshallbedesignedforslipasa
serviceabilitylimitstate.Connectionswithoversizedholesorslotsparalleltothedirectionoftheloadshallbe
designedtopreventslipattherequiredstrengthlevel.
Thedesignslipresistance,Rnandtheallowableslipresistance,Rn/,shallbedeterminedforthelimitstate
ofslipasfollows:
6545
Part6
StructuralDesign
(10.10.3.4)
Forconnectionsinwhichpreventionofslipisaserviceabilitylimitstate
=1.00(LRFD) =1.50(ASD)
Forconnectionsdesignedtopreventslipattherequiredstrengthlevel
=0.85(LRFD) =1.76(ASD)
Where
=meanslipcoefficientforClassAorBsurfaces,asapplicable,orasestablishedbytests
= 0.35 for Class A surfaces (unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with Class A coatings on
blastcleanedsteelandhotdippedgalvanizedandroughenedsurfaces)
=0.50forClassBsurfaces(unpaintedblastcleanedsteelsurfacesorsurfaceswithClassBcoatingsonblast
cleanedsteel)
Du=1.13;amultiplierthatreflectstheratioofthemeaninstalledboltpretensiontothespecifiedminimumbolt
pretension.Theuseofothervaluesmaybeapprovedbytheengineerofrecord.
hsc=holefactordeterminedasfollows:
a) Forstandardsizeholes h sc = 1.00
c) Foroversizedandshortslottedholes
h sc = 0.85
d) Forlongslottedholes h sc = 0.70
Ns=numberofslipplanes
Tb=minimumfastenertensiongiveninTable10.10.3.1,kN
10.10.3.8 CombinedTensionandShearinSlipCriticalConnections
When a slipcritical connection is subjected to an applied tension that reduces the net clamping force, the
availableslipresistanceperbolt,fromSection10.10.3.8,shallbemultipliedbythefactor,ks,asfollows:
1
1
1.5
LRFD
(10.10.3.5a)
ASD
(10.10.3.5b)
where
Nb=numberofboltscarryingtheappliedtension
Ta=tensionforceduetoASDloadcombinations,kN
Tb=minimumfastenertensiongiveninTable10.10.3.1,kN
Tu=tensionforceduetoLRFDloadcombinations,kN
10.10.3.10BearingStrengthatBoltHoles
Theavailablebearingstrength,RnandRn/,atboltholesshallbedeterminedforthelimitstateofbearingas
follows:
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
For a bolt in a connection with standard, oversized, and shortslotted holes, independent of the direction of
loading,oralongslottedholewiththeslotparalleltothedirectionofthebearingforce:
a) Whendeformationattheboltholeatserviceloadisadesignconsideration
1.2
2.4
(10.10.3.6a)
e) Whendeformationattheboltholeatserviceloadisnotadesignconsideration
1.5
3.0
(10.10.3.6b)
Foraboltinaconnectionwithlongslottedholeswiththeslotperpendiculartothedirectionofforce:
1.0
6546
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(10.10.3.6c)
Vol.2
SteelStructures
Chapter10
ForconnectionsmadeusingboltsthatpasscompletelythroughanunstiffenedboxmemberorHSSseeSection
10.10.7andEquation10.10.7.1,
where
d=nominalboltdiameter,mm
Fu=specifiedminimumtensilestrengthoftheconnectedmaterial,MPa
Lc=cleardistance,inthedirectionoftheforce,betweentheedgeoftheholeandtheedgeoftheadjacenthole
oredgeofthematerial,mm
t=thicknessofconnectedmaterial,mm
For connections, the bearing resistance shall be taken as the sum of the bearing resistances of the individual
bolts.
Bearingstrengthshallbecheckedforbothbearingtypeandslipcriticalconnections.Theuseofoversizedholes
andshortandlongslottedholesparalleltothelineofforceisrestrictedtoslipcriticalconnectionsperSection
10.10.3.2.
10.10.3.9 SpecialFasteners
ThenominalstrengthofspecialfastenersotherthantheboltspresentedinTable10.10.3.2shallbeverifiedby
tests.
10.10.3.10 TensionFasteners
WhenboltsorotherfastenersintensionareattachedtoanunstiffenedboxorHSSwall,thestrengthofthewall
shallbedeterminedbyrationalanalysis.
10.10.4
AffectedElementsofMembersandConnectingElements
Thissectionappliestoelementsofmembersatconnectionsandconnectingelements,suchasplates,gussets,
angles,andbrackets.
10.10.4.1 StrengthofElementsinTension
Thedesignstrength, Rnandtheallowablestrength,Rn/,ofaffectedandconnectingelementsloadedin
tensionshallbethelowervalueobtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesoftensileyieldingandtensilerupture.
Fortensileyieldingofconnectingelements:
(10.10.4.1)
=0.90(LRFD) =1.67(ASD)
Fortensileruptureofconnectingelements:
(10.10.4.2)
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
where
Ae=effectivenetareaasdefinedinSection10.4.3.3,mm2;forbolted
spliceplates,Ae=An0.85Ag
10.10.4.2 StrengthofElementsinShear
The available shear yield strength of affected and connecting elements in shear shall be the lower value
obtainedaccordingtothelimitstatesofshearyieldingandshearrupture:
Forshearyieldingoftheelement:
0.60
(10.10.4.3)
=1.00(LRFD) =1.50(ASD)
Forshearruptureoftheelement:
0.60
(10.10.4.4)
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
6547
Part6
StructuralDesign
where
Anv=netareasubjecttoshear,mm2
10.10.4.3BlockShearStrength
The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or path(s) and a
perpendiculartensionfailurepathshallbetakenas
0.60
0.6
(10.10.4.5)
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
where
Agv=grossareasubjecttoshear,mm2
Ant=netareasubjecttotension,mm2
Anv=netareasubjecttoshear,mm2
Wherethetensionstressisuniform,Ubs=1;wherethetensionstressisnonuniform,Ubs=0.5.
10.10.4.3 StrengthofElementsinCompression
Theavailablestrengthofconnectingelementsincompressionforthelimitstatesofyieldingandbucklingshall
bedeterminedasfollows.
For
25
(10.10.4.6)
=0.90(LRFD) =1.67(ASD)
For
25theprovisionsofSection10.5apply.
10.10.5
Fillers
Inweldedconstruction,anyfiller6mmormoreinthicknessshallextendbeyondtheedgesofthespliceplate
andshallbeweldedtothepartonwhichitisfittedwithsufficientweldtotransmitthespliceplateload,applied
atthesurfaceofthefiller.Theweldsjoiningthespliceplatetothefillershallbesufficienttotransmitthesplice
plateloadandshallbelongenoughtoavoidoverloadingthefilleralongthetoeoftheweld.Anyfillerlessthan
6mmthickshallhaveitsedgesmadeflushwiththeedgesofthespliceplateandtheweldsizeshallbethesum
ofthesizenecessarytocarrythespliceplusthethicknessofthefillerplate.
Whenaboltthatcarriesloadpassesthroughfillersthatareequaltoorlessthan6mmthick,theshearstrength
shallbeusedwithoutreduction.Whenaboltthatcarriesloadpassesthroughfillersthataregreaterthan6mm
thick,oneofthefollowingrequirementsshallapply:
Forfillersthatareequaltoorlessthan19mmthick,theshearstrengthoftheboltsshallbemultipliedbythe
factor[10.0154(t6)],wheretisthetotalthicknessofthefillersupto19mm;
The fillers shall be extended beyond the joint and the filler extension shall be secured with enough bolts to
uniformlydistributethetotalforceintheconnectedelementoverthecombinedcrosssectionoftheconnected
elementandthefillers;
Thesizeofthejointshallbeincreasedtoaccommodateanumberofboltsthatisequivalenttothetotalnumber
requiredin(2)above;or
ThejointshallbedesignedtopreventslipatrequiredstrengthlevelsinaccordancewithSection10.10.3.8.
10.10.6
Splices
Groovewelded splices in plate girders and beams shall develop the nominal strength of the smaller spliced
section.Othertypesofsplicesincrosssectionsofplategirdersandbeamsshalldevelopthestrengthrequired
bytheforcesatthepointofthesplice.
10.10.7
BearingStrength
The design bearing strength, Rn and the allowable bearing strength, Rn/ , of surfaces in contact shall be
determinedforthelimitstateofbearing(localcompressiveyielding)asfollows:
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
6548
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SteelStructures
Chapter10
Thenominalbearingstrength,Rn,isdefinedasfollowsforthevarioustypesofbearing:
Formilledsurfaces,pinsinreamed,drilled,orboredholes,andendsoffittedbearingstiffeners:
1.8
(10.10.7.1)
where
Fy=specifiedminimumyieldstress,MPa
Apb=projectedbearingarea,mm2
Forexpansionrollersandrockers:
Ifd635mm
1.2
90
/20
(10.10.7.2)
Ifd>635mm
30.2
90 /20
(10.10.7.3)
where
d=diameter,mm
l=lengthofbearing,mm
10.10.8
ColumnBasesandBearingonConcrete
Properprovisionshallbemadetotransferthecolumnloadsandmomentstothefootingsandfoundations.
Intheabsenceofcoderegulations,thedesignbearingstrength,cPp,andtheallowablebearingstrength,Pp
/c,forthelimitstateofconcretecrushingarepermittedtobetakenasfollows:
c=0.60(LRFD)c=2.50(ASD)
Thenominalbearingstrength,Pp,isdeterminedasfollows:
Onthefullareaofaconcretesupport:
0.8
(10.10.8.1)
Onlessthanthefullareaofaconcretesupport:
0.8
1.7
(10.10.8.2)
where
A1=areaofsteelconcentricallybearingonaconcretesupport,mm2
A2=maximumareaoftheportionofthesupportingsurfacethatisgeometricallysimilartoandconcentricwith
theloadedarea,mm2
10.10.9
AnchorRodsandEmbedments
Anchor rods shall be designed to provide the required resistance to loads on the completed structure at the
base of columns including the net tensile components of any bending moment that may result from load
combinations stipulated in Section 10.2.2. The anchor rods shall be designed in accordance with the
requirementsforthreadedpartsinTable10.10.3.2.
Largeroversizedandslottedholesarepermittedinbaseplateswhenadequatebearingisprovidedforthenut
byusingstructuralorplatewasherstobridgethehole.
Whenhorizontalforcesarepresentatcolumnbases,theseforcesshould,wherepossible,beresistedbybearing
against concrete elements or by shear friction between the column base plate and the foundation. When
anchorrodsaredesigned to resist horizontal force thebaseplate hole size, the anchorrodsetting tolerance,
andthehorizontalmovementofthecolumnshallbeconsideredinthedesign.
10.10.10 FlangesandWebswithConcentratedForces
This section applies to single and doubleconcentrated forces applied normal to the flange(s) of wide flange
sectionsandsimilarbuiltupshapes.Asingleconcentratedforcecanbeeithertensileorcompressive.Double
6549
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StructuralDesign
concentrated forces are one tensile and one compressive and form a couple on the same side of the loaded
member.
When the required strength exceeds the available strength as determined for the limit states listed in this
section,stiffenersand/ordoublersshallbeprovidedandshallbesizedforthedifferencebetweentherequired
strength and the available strength for the applicable limit state. Stiffeners shall also meet the design
requirementsinSection10.10.10.8.DoublersshallalsomeetthedesignrequirementinSection10.10.10.9.
StiffenersarerequiredatunframedendsofbeamsinaccordancewiththerequirementsofSection10.10.10.7.
10.10.10.1 FlangeLocalBending
This section applies to tensile singleconcentrated forces and the tensile component of doubleconcentrated
forces.
Thedesignstrength, Rnandtheallowablestrength,Rn/,forthelimitstateofflangelocalbendingshallbe
determinedasfollows:
6.25
(10.10.10.1)
=0.90(LRFD) =1.67(ASD)
where
Fyf=specifiedminimumyieldstressoftheflange,MPa
tf =thicknessoftheloadedflange,mm
If the length of loading across the member flange is less than 0.15bf , where bf is the member flange width,
Equation10.10.10.1neednotbechecked.
Whentheconcentratedforcetoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberendthatislessthan10tf,
Rnshallbereducedby50percent.
Whenrequired,apairoftransversestiffenersshallbeprovided.
10.10.10.2 WebLocalYielding
Thissectionappliestosingleconcentratedforcesandbothcomponentsofdoubleconcentratedforces.
Theavailablestrengthforthelimitstateofweblocalyieldingshallbedeterminedasfollows:
=1.00(LRFD) =1.50(ASD)
Thenominalstrength,Rn,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
Whentheconcentratedforcetoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberendthatisgreaterthan
thedepthofthememberd,
5
(10.10.10.2)
Whentheconcentratedforcetoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberendthatislessthanor
equaltothedepthofthememberd,
2.5
(10.10.10.3)
where
k=distancefromouterfaceoftheflangetothewebtoeofthefillet,mm
Fyw=specifiedminimumyieldstressoftheweb,MPa
N =lengthofbearing(notlessthankforendbeamreactions),mm
tw=webthickness,mm
Whenrequired,apairoftransversestiffenersoradoublerplateshallbeprovided.
10.10.10.3 WebCrippling
This section applies to compressive singleconcentrated forces or the compressive component of double
concentratedforces.
Theavailablestrengthforthelimitstateofweblocalcripplingshallbedeterminedasfollows:
=0.75(LRFD) =2.00(ASD)
6550
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Whentheconcentratedcompressiveforcetoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberendthatis
greaterthanorequaltod/2:
.
0.80
(10.10.10.4)
Whentheconcentratedcompressiveforcetoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberendthatis
lessthand/2:
ForN/d0.2
.
0.40
(10.10.10.5a)
(10.10.10.5b)
ForN/d>0.2
0.40
0.2
where
d=overalldepthofthemember,mm
tf=flangethickness,mm
Whenrequired,atransversestiffenerorpairoftransversestiffeners,oradoublerplateextendingatleastone
halfthedepthofthewebshallbeprovided.
10.10.10.4 WebSideswayBuckling
ThisSectionappliesonlytocompressivesingleconcentratedforcesappliedtomemberswhererelativelateral
movement between the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not restrained at the point of
applicationoftheconcentratedforce.
Theavailablestrengthofthewebshallbedeterminedasfollows:
=0.85(LRFD) =1.76(ASD)
Thenominalstrength,Rn,forthelimitstateofwebsideswaybucklingshallbedeterminedasfollows:
Ifthecompressionflangeisrestrainedagainstrotation:
For
2.3
1
For
0.4
(10.10.10.6)
2.3,thelimitstateofwebsideswaybucklingdoesnotapply.
Whentherequiredstrengthofthewebexceedstheavailablestrength,locallateralbracingshallbeprovidedat
thetensionflangeoreitherapairoftransversestiffenersoradoublerplateshallbeprovided.
Ifthecompressionflangeisnotrestrainedagainstrotation
For
1.7
0.4
For
(10.10.10.7)
1.7thelimitstateofwebsideswaybucklingdoesnotapply.
Whentherequiredstrengthofthewebexceedstheavailablestrength,locallateralbracingshallbeprovidedat
bothflangesatthepointofapplicationoftheconcentratedforces.
InEquations10.10.10.6and10.10.10.7,thefollowingdefinitionsapply:
bf=flangewidth,mm
Cr=6.62106MPawhenMu<My(LRFD)or1.5Ma<My(ASD)atthelocationoftheforce
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=3.31106MPawhenMuMy(LRFD)or1.5MaMy(ASD)atthelocationoftheforce
h=cleardistancebetweenflangeslessthefilletorcornerradiusforrolledshapes;distancebetweenadjacent
linesoffastenersorthecleardistancebetweenflangeswhenweldsareusedforbuiltupshapes,mm
l
=largestlaterallyunbracedlengthalongeitherflangeatthepointofload,mm
tf=flangethickness,mm
tw=webthickness,mm
10.10.10.5 WebCompressionBuckling
ThisSectionappliestoapairofcompressivesingleconcentratedforcesorthecompressivecomponentsinapair
ofdoubleconcentratedforces,appliedatbothflangesofamemberatthesamelocation.
Theavailablestrengthforthelimitstateofweblocalbucklingshallbedeterminedasfollows:
24
(10.10.10.8)
=0.90(LRFD) =1.67(ASD)
Whenthepairofconcentratedcompressiveforcestoberesistedisappliedatadistancefromthememberend
thatislessthand/2,Rnshallbereducedby50percent.
Whenrequired,asingletransversestiffener,apairoftransversestiffeners,oradoublerplateextendingthefull
depthofthewebshallbeprovided.
10.10.10.6 WebPanelZoneShear
This section applies to doubleconcentrated forces applied to one or both flanges of a member at the same
location.
Theavailablestrengthofthewebpanelzoneforthelimitstateofshearyieldingshallbedeterminedasfollows:
=0.90(LRFD) =1.67(ASD)
Whentheeffectofpanelzonedeformationonframestabilityisnotconsideredintheanalysis:
For
0.4
0.60
For
(10.10.10.9)
0.4
0.60
1.4
(10.10.10.10)
Whenframestability,includingplasticpanelzonedeformation,isconsideredintheanalysis:
For
0.75
0.60
For
(10.10.10.11)
0.75
0.60
1.9
1.2
(10.10.10.12)
InEquations10.10.10.9through10.10.10.12,thefollowingdefinitionsapply:
A=columncrosssectionalarea,mm2
bcf=widthofcolumnflange,mm
db=beamdepth,mm
dc=columndepth,mm
Fy=specifiedminimumyieldstressofthecolumnweb,MPa
Pc=Py,N(LRFD)
Pc=0.6Py,N(ASD)
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Pr=requiredstrength,N
Py=FyA,axialyieldstrengthofthecolumn,N
tcf=thicknessofthecolumnflange,mm
tw=columnwebthickness,mm
Whenrequired,doublerplate(s)orapairofdiagonalstiffenersshallbeprovidedwithintheboundariesofthe
rigidconnectionwhosewebslieinacommonplane.
SeeSection10.10.10.9fordoublerplatedesignrequirements.
10.10.10.7 UnframedEndsofBeamsandGirders
Atunframedendsofbeamsandgirdersnototherwiserestrainedagainstrotationabouttheirlongitudinalaxes,
apairoftransversestiffeners,extendingthefulldepthoftheweb,shallbeprovided.
10.10.10.8 AdditionalStiffenersRequirementsforConcentratedForces
Stiffenersrequiredtoresisttensileconcentratedforcesshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirements
of Section 10.4 and welded to the loaded flange and the web. The welds to the flange shall be sized for the
differencebetweentherequiredstrengthandavailablelimitstatestrength.Thestiffenertowebweldsshallbe
sizedtotransfertothewebthealgebraicdifferenceintensileforceattheendsofthestiffener.
Stiffeners required to resist compressive concentrated forces shall be designed in accordance with the
requirementsinSections10.5.6.2and10.10.4.4andshalleitherbearonorbeweldedtotheloadedflangeand
weldedtotheweb.Theweldstotheflangeshallbesizedforthedifferencebetweentherequiredstrengthand
the applicable limit state strength. The weld to the web shall be sized to transfer to the web the algebraic
differenceincompressionforceattheendsofthestiffener.Forfittedbearingstiffeners,seeSection10.10.7.
Transversefulldepthbearingstiffenersforcompressiveforcesappliedtoabeamorplategirderflange(s)shall
bedesignedasaxiallycompressedmembers(columns)inaccordancewiththerequirementsofSections10.5.6.2
and10.10.4.4.
Thememberpropertiesshallbedeterminedusinganeffectivelengthof0.75handacrosssectioncomposedof
two stiffeners and a strip of the web having a width of 25tw at interior stiffeners and 12tw at the ends of
members.Theweldconnectingfulldepthbearingstiffenerstothewebshallbesizedtotransmitthedifference
incompressiveforceateachofthestiffenerstotheweb.
Transverseanddiagonalstiffenersshallcomplywiththefollowingadditionalcriteria:
Thewidthofeachstiffenerplusonehalfthethicknessofthecolumnwebshallnotbelessthanonethirdofthe
widthoftheflangeormomentconnectionplatedeliveringtheconcentratedforce.
The thickness of a stiffener shall not be less than onehalf the thickness of the flange or moment connection
platedeliveringtheconcentratedload,andgreaterthanorequaltothewidthdividedby15.
Transverse stiffeners shall extend a minimum of onehalf the depth of the member except as required in
10.10.10.5and10.10.10.7.
10.10.10.9AdditionaldoublerPlateRequirementsforConcentratedForces
Doubler plates required for compression strength shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
Section10.5.
DoublerplatesrequiredfortensilestrengthshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofSection
10.4.
Doubler plates required for shear strength (see Section 10.10.10.6) shall be designed in accordance with the
provisionsofSection10.7.
Inaddition,doublerplatesshallcomplywiththefollowingcriteria:
Thethicknessandextentofthedoublerplateshallprovidetheadditionalmaterialnecessarytoequalorexceed
thestrengthrequirements.
Thedoublerplateshallbeweldedtodeveloptheproportionofthetotalforcetransmittedtothedoublerplate.
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