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Design requirements
1. Maximum bending stress, fb must not exceed allowable stress, Fb.
2. Deflection should not exceed allowable limit.
3. Maximum shear stress, fv shall not exceed allowable shear stress.
Design procedure:
1. Calculate design load.
2. Calculate design moment, M and bending stress, fb.
3. Select a trial beam size and calculate allowable bending stress, Fb (see below)
4. Calculate deflection and check with allowable deflection ratio.
5. Calculate design shear and shear stress, fv.
6. Calculate allowable shear stress, Fv.
When
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[ASD F1-6]
When
[ASD F1-7]
For any value of l/rT.
[ASD F1-8]
Note: for channels bent, allowable stress is determined from [F1-8].
Where
rT (inch) is radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an
axis in the plan of web. (note: rT is available in AISC steel table for most W and I section)
Af is area of flange,
Cb = 1.75+1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2) but not more than 2.3.
M1 and M2 are the smaller and the larger applied moments
M1/M2 is positive if M1 and M2 have the same sign.
W and I shape hot-roll section bending about its minor axis,
1. Compact section: allowable bending stress,
Fb = 0.75 Fy
2. Non-compact section: allowable bending stress
Fb = 0.60 Fy
Maximum width-thickness for compression flange for W, I and Channel section
a. Compact section: bf/t 65/Fy.
b. Non-compact secton: bf/t 95/Fy.
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D+L
L/240
L/180
L/120
L/240
-
Example 1:
Situation: A structural steel beam is supporting a roof as shown in the figure. The beam is simply supported at each end.
Design Code: AISC ASD 9th edition
Roof live load: WL = 12 psf
Roof dead load: WD = 20 psf
Length of beam: L = 35 ft
Unsupported length (Joist spacing): Lb = 5 ft
Tributary width: TriB = 35 ft
Material: ASTM A36, yield strength, Fy = 36 ksi
Requirements: Select a W24 beam
Solution:
Total load on beam: W = (WL+WD) TriB = 1120 lb/ft.
Maximum moment: M = W L2/8 = 171.5 kip-ft
Maximum unsupported length, Lb = 5 ft
Try W24x55, From AISC steel Table, d = 23.57 in, bf = 7 in, tf =0.5 in, Af = bf tf=3.5 in2, tw = 5/16 in
Section modulus, S = 114 in3.
Moment of inertia, I = 1350 in4.
Calculate compact length Lc = 76 bf/Fy = 76 (7) / 36 = 7.4 ft or
Lc =20000/[(d/Af)Fy] = 20000 /[23.75/ 3.5) 36 ] = 6.9 ft > Lb = 5 ft
Allowable stress: Fb = 0.66 Fy = 24 ksi
< Fb = 24 ksi O.K.
Bending stress: fb = M/S = 18.1 ksi
Check deflection: Elastic modulus, E = 29000 ksi
Total deflection, D = 5 W L4/(388 E I ) = 0.97 in
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Example 2:
Situation: A structural steel beam with is supporting a roof as shown in the figure. The beam is simply supported at each end.
Design Code: AISC ASD 9th edition
Roof live load: WL = 12 psf
Roof dead load: WD = 20 psf
Length of beam: L = 36 ft
Length of cantilever: a = 12 ft
Tributary width: TriB = 24 ft
Material: ASTM A992, yield strength, Fy = 50 ksi
Requirements: Select a W18 beam
Solution:
Total load on beam: W = (WL+WD) TriB = 768 lb/ft.
Maximum negative moment at cantilever end: Mneg = W a2/2 = 55.3 kip-ft
Maximum unsupported length at cantilever, Lb = 12 ft
Try W18x35, From AISC Table, d = 17.7 in, bf = 6 in, tf =7/16 in, Af = bf tf=2.62 in2,
tw = 0.3 in, rT = 1.49 in
Section modulus, S = 57.6 in3.
Moment of inertia, I = 510 in4.
Check cantilever end:
Calculate compact length Lc = 76 bf/Fy = 76 (6) / 50 = 5.3 ft or
Lc =20000/[(d/Af)Fy] = 20000 /[17.7/ 2.62) 50 ] = 4.9 ft < Lb = 12 ft
Calculate a/rT = 96
Calculate Cb, M1 = 0, M2 = 69.1 kip-ft, Cb = 1.75
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Check deflection:
Maximum deflection at x = (L/2)[1-(a/L)2] = 16 ft
Deflection D = (Wx/24E I L)(L4-2L2x2+Lx3-2a2L2+2a2x2)=1.8 in
D/L = 1/310 O.K.
Live load deflection DL = (12/32)D = 0.54 in
DL/L= 1/802
Check shear stress:
Shear force at cantilever end, V1=W a = 9.3 kip
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O.K.
Related Topics
Design of metal roof
Design of steel beams (13th ed)
Design of steel columns (13th ed)
Design of steel column (89 ed)
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