CONCRETE

In construction, concrete is a composite building material made from a

combination of aggregate and cement binder. The most common form of
concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate
(usually gravel and sand), cement and water.
Usually it is believed that the concrete dries after mixing and laying.
Actually, not a solid concrete because the water evaporates, but the
cement hydratious, gluing the other components together and eventually
form a material like stone. Concrete is used to make the pavement,
structures, foundations, roads, pedestrian bridges, parking structures, the
basis for the fences / gates, and cement brick or block walls. The old name
for concrete is molten rock.
In the development of many found new concrete modifications, such as
lightweight concrete, concrete spray (eng: shotcrete), fiber concrete, high
strength concrete, high strength concrete, concrete incompressible own
(eng: self-compacted concrete) etc. Currently concrete is a building
material that is most widely used in the world.
The use of concrete and materials such as volcanic ash as a pozzolan
constituent has been started since the days of the Greeks and Romans
probably even earlier. With a mixture of lime, pozzolan, and pumice, the
Romans many build infrastructure such as aqueducts, buildings, drainage
and others. In Indonesia a similar use can be seen in several ancient
buildings remaining. Fortress Indrapatra in Aceh which was built in the 7th
century by the royal Lamuri, building materials such as limestone, clay,
and stone mountain. The Egyptians had found earlier that the use of
volcanic ash additives can improve the compressive strength of concrete.

The use of massive concrete begins at the beginning of the 19th century
and the beginning of the era of reinforced concrete. In 1801, F.Coignet
published his writings about the construction principles by reviewing
concrete material against taruknya moisture. In 1850, J.L. Lambot for the
first time make a small boat from the cement material to be exhibited in
the Expo 1855 in Paris. J.Moiner, an expert in the garden of the French
patent as concrete reinforcement metal framework for addressing
taruknya used for crops. In 1886, Koenen published literature on the
theory and design of concrete structures. CAP Turner developed a slab
without beam plate 1906.
Excess concrete is that it can easily be formed in accordance with the
needs of the construction. Beside that concrete also has a powerful
strength, resistant to high temperatures and low maintenance costs.
Moderate weakness is the form that has made it difficult to change
without damage. In concrete structures, if you want to do the destruction
it will be costly because it can not be used anymore. Differences with a
steel structure that remains valuable. Weight, compared with the strength
and great bounce.
Concrete has a high compressive strength but weak in its appeal. If the
structure was immediately if not given sufficient reinforcement will easily
fail. According to rough estimates, the value of tensile strength of about
9% -5% compressive strength. Therefore it is indispensable in
strengthening concrete structures. Retrofitting common is to use a steel
spine which when combined are often referred to as reinforced concrete. [
As mentioned previously, the concrete has a high compressive strength
but poor tensile strength. For compressive strength, in Indonesia
frequently used units of kg / cm with the symbol K for specimen cubes
and fc for cylindrical test specimen. Strong crushed concrete is influenced
by several factors: The type and quality of cement.

Type and pits, through lekul aggregate surface area. The fact shows that
the use of aggregate will produce concrete with compressive strength and
tensile strength is greater than the use of fine gravel from the river.
Care Of. Loss of strength up to about 40% can occur when drying held
prematurely. Maintenance is very important in the work field and in the
manufacture of the test object.
The Temperature. In general, concrete hardening rate increases with
increasing temperature. At the freezing point of the compressive strength
will remain low for a long time.
Age. In normal kekeadaan concrete strength increases with age

Summary
concrete is a composite building material made from a combination of
aggregate and cement binder. The most common form of concrete is
Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (usually
gravel and sand), cement and water.
Concrete is used to make the pavement, structures, foundations, roads,
pedestrian bridges, parking structures, the basis for the fences / gates,
and cement brick or block walls.
The use of concrete and materials such as volcanic ash as a pozzolan
constituent has been started since the days of the Greeks and Romans
probably even earlier, and In Indonesia a similar use can be seen in
several ancient buildings remaining. Fortress Indrapatra in Aceh which
was built in the 7th century by the royal Lamuri.
The use of massive concrete begins at the beginning of the 19th century
and the beginning of the era of reinforced concrete. In 1801, F.Coignet
published his writings about the construction principles by reviewing
concrete material against taruknya moisture.
Excess concrete is that it can easily be formed in accordance with the
needs of the construction. Beside that concrete also has a powerful
strength, resistant to high temperatures and low maintenance costs.

Moderate weakness is the form that has made it difficult to change

without damage. In concrete structures, if you want to do the destruction
it will be costly because it can not be used anymore. Differences with a
steel structure that remains valuable. Weight, compared with the strength
and great bounce.
The concrete has a high compressive strength but poor tensile strength
and Strong crushed concrete is influenced by several factors: The type
and quality of cement, Type and pits, through lekul aggregate surface
area, Care Of, The Temperature and age.
In the development of many found new concrete modifications, such as
lightweight concrete, concrete spray (eng: shotcrete), fiber concrete, high
strength concrete, high strength concrete, concrete incompressible own
(eng: self-compacted concrete) etc. Currently concrete is a building
material that is most widely used in the world.