Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DOI 10.1617/s11527-008-9430-6
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Abstract In the case of masonry structures subjected to seismic loads, shear failure mechanism of
walls, characterised by the formation of diagonal
cracks, by far predominates the sliding shear failure
mechanism. However, as assumed by Eurocode 6,
the latter represents the critical mechanism for the
assessment of the shear resistance of structural walls.
The results of a series of laboratory tests are analysed
to show that in the case of the diagonal tension shear
failure the results of the Eurocode 6 based calculations are not in agreement with the actual resistance
of masonry walls. The results of calculations, where
the diagonal tension shear mechanism and tensile
strength of masonry are considered as the critical
parameters, are more realistic. Since the results of
seismic resistance verification, based on the Eurocode
6 assumed sliding shear mechanism, are not in favour
of structural safety, it is proposed that in addition
to sliding shear, the diagonal tension shear mechanism be also considered. Besides, in order to avoid
misleading distribution of seismic actions on the
resisting shear walls, the deformability characteristics
of masonry at shear should be determined on the
basis of experiments and not by taking into account
the Eurocode 6 recommended G/E ratio.
M. Tomazevic (&)
Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering
Institute, Dimiceva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
e-mail: miha.tomazevic@zag.si
1 Introduction
Masonry is a typical composite construction material,
which is suitable to carry the compressive loads;
however its capacity to carry the tension and shear is
relatively low. As a result of non-homogeneity and
anisotropy of masonry, the relationships between the
mechanical characteristics of masonry at shear and
compression are significantly different than in the case
of the homogeneous and isotropic materials. Since the
walls and piers represent the basic structural elements
of masonry structures, shear mechanisms prevail in
the case where the masonry walls are subjected to
in-plane lateral loads. Flexural mechanisms are rarely
observed. Therefore, the parameters which define the
behaviour of masonry walls at shear are of relevant
importance for the seismic resistance verification of
buildings in seismic-prone areas.
Because of specific characteristics of each constituent material, it is not easy to predict the mechanical
properties of a specific masonry construction type by
knowing only the characteristics of its constituents.
The values, which determine the strength characteristics of masonry, do not represent the actual stresses
in materials at failure but the average values, calculated on the basis of the gross sectional areas of
individual structural elements. For example, stresses
in material at compressive failure in the case of a solid
brick are not the same as in the case of a hollow block,
although the declared strength of both units is equal.
Although the normalized values, determined in
accordance with EN 772-1 [1] are used, significant
differences exist between the actual compressive
stresses in masonry material and the design values,
obtained on the basis of the gross sectional area of the
units. Similarly, in order to simplify the numerical
procedures, the sectional stresses and forces are used
and the gross dimensions of masonry walls are taken
into consideration in the case of the structural analysis,
assuming that masonry is elastic, homogeneous and
isotropic construction material. However, the equations of the elastic theory of structures and methods of
calculation are modified in order to take into account
the specific characteristics of masonry materials.
Correlation of experimental results with Eurocode
6 [2] recommended values of parameters, which
determine the strength and deformability characteristics of masonry at compression, indicates that the
values of the compressive strength f and modulus of
elasticity E of masonry can be predicted reasonably
well on the basis of the known compressive strength
of individual units and masonry mortar. However, the
experiments indicate that the relationships are not
straightforward in the case where the walls are
subjected to lateral loads and different failure mechanisms are possible. In this contribution, the results
of a recent study, carried out at Slovenian National
Building and Civil Engineering Institute in Ljubljana,
Slovenia, aimed at providing the values of national
parameters regarding the shear resistance of unreinforced masonry walls to be recommended by
Slovenian National Annex to Eurocode 6, will be
presented and discussed.
Fig. 1 Shear failure mechanisms: a shear sliding on the bedjoint, b shear failure characterized by formation of diagonal
cracks
through the joints and partly through the units. In both cases,
tensile cracks and crushing of units at support have been
observed before the shear failure
r
r 2
ro
o
2
rP
1
bs ;
2
2
oriented in the directions of both diagonals of the
wall:
/c /t 0:5 arc tg
2s
:
ro
r
r 2
ro
o
2
3
ft r t
bsmax ;
2
2
where ftthe tensile strength of masonry; smaxthe
average shear stress in the horizontal section of the
wall at the attained maximum horizontal load Hmax
(at maximum lateral resistance).
A substantial number of test results of fixed-ended
and cantilever walls have been evaluated using the
Eq. 3 in the last decades. Typical values have been
recommended for the design in seismic codes. The
values of the tensile strength, recently evaluated on
the basis of cyclic lateral resistance tests of wall
specimens, made of different types of hollow clay
blocks, which have been also used for the determination of the initial shear strength of masonry at zero
compression, discussed in the following, are given
in Table 1. Surprisingly, in this series of tests the
masonry units strength did not significantly influence
the tensile strength of masonry.
Normalized compressive
strength of unit fb (MPa)
Mean compressive
strength of mortar
fm (MPa)
ftk (MPa)
B1
20.7
4.7
0.23
0.19
B2
13.0
5.0
0.24
0.20
B3
14.6
5.4
0.20
0.17
B4
12.2
5.0
0.26
0.22
B6
30.3
2.8
0.23
0.19
Units
4a
Clay
Calcium silicate
fvko (MPa)
General purpose
mortar of the strength
class given
Lightweight
mortar
0.30
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.30
0.15
M10M20
0.30
M2.5M9
0.20
M10M20
0.20
M2.5M9
0.15
Concrete
M10M20
0.20
M2.5M9
M1M2
0.15
0.10
Fig. 9 Hollow clay units B1, B2 and B3, used for construction of walls for cyclic seismic resistance tests and initial shear strength
tests according to EN 1502-3
Fig. 10 Hollow clay units B4, B5 and B6, used for construction of walls for cyclic seismic resistance tests and initial shear strength
tests according to EN 1502-3
Table 3 Dimensions and
compressive strength of
hollow clay masonry units,
used for the construction of
walls for lateral resistance
tests and initial shear
strength tests of masonry
(adapted from [19])
Units Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Volume
of holes
(%)
B1
188
288
189
58
B2
238
282
234
B3
189
292
188
B4
331
292
B5
244
B6
254
Thickness
of shells
(mm)
Thickness
of webs
(mm)
Compressive
strengtha
(MPa)
9.8
6.5
20.7
55
10.8
6.7
13.0
53
11.4
7.2
14.6
189
54
11.7
7.4
12.2
297
236
51
11.8
6.8
11.5
122
121
25
21.6
7.3
30.3
Fig. 11 Typical view on failure planes after the completed initial shear strength tests of specimens made of units B3, B5 and B6
Compressive
strength of unitsa
10 MPac
fvko
fvo
fvko
fvo
0.1 fka
ftk0
0.2 fka
ftk0
0.3 fka
ftk0
0.4 fka
ftk0
0.5 fka
ftk0
0.20
0.400
0.530
0.665
0.803
0.941
B1
20.7
0.17
0.23
0.19
0.27
0.30
0.541
0.663
0.794
0.929
1.066
B2
B3
13.0
14.6
0.19
0.16
0.26
0.20
0.21
0.16
0.26
0.20
B4
12.2
0.26
0.31
0.22
0.38
B5
11.5
0.50
0.60
0.55
0.66
B6
30.3
0.28
0.34
0.28
0.33
0.21
0.27
0.21
0.29
Averaged
a
fk = 5.0 MPa
fvk
tlc ;
cM
Wall
Dimensions of
walls l/h/t (cm)
Aw (m2)
fk (MPa)
V (kN)
ro (MPa)
ro/fk
Hmax,exp (kN)
smax (MPa)
B1
B1/1
100/143/28
0.281
4.78
550.8
1.92
0.40
140.6
0.49
274.8
0.96
0.20
92.0
0.32
102/151/28
0.287
4.82
490.2
1.71
0.35
133.7
0.47
268.0
0.94
0.20
90.9
0.32
388.2
1.37
0.28
118.0
0.41
509.2
1.67
0.37
128.7
0.44
259.2
0.89
0.20
84.2
0.29
464.7
1.62
0.34
141.7
0.51
261.7
1.00
0.21
93.9
0.34
B1/2
B2
B2/1
B2/2
B2/3
B3
B3/1
101/142/29
0.294
4.48
99/142/29
0.287
4.73
B3/2
B4
B4/1
B4/2
B6
B6/1
107/147/25
0.270
5.47
B6/2
524.2
1.96
0.36
131.0
0.49
273.9
1.01
0.18
91.6
0.34
Table 8 Comparison of experimentally obtained and calculated values of the shear resistance of the tested walls
lca
Wall ft
(MPa) (cm)
fva
(MPa)
B1/1 140.6
B1/1 0.23
41.0
2.11
B1/2
B2/1 0.24
6.8
29.0
B2/2
lcb
(cm)
fvb
(MPa)
0.065fb
(MPa)
95.6
1.04
5.89
2.66
78.5
91.0
-1.0
B2/3
14.9
B3/1 0.20
B3/2
157.7c
282.6
92.0
99.9
26.3c
161.8
1.35
B2/1 133.7
130.1
69.2c
216.2c
0.72
1.03
1.35
0.85
B2/2 90.9
B2/3 118.0
101.1
118.1
35.5c
162.4
199.3c
75.6
0.77
0.85
B3/1 128.7
119.3
120.2c
252.0
4.01
83.5
0.93
0.85
B3/2
90.9
35.8c
151.3
43.6
1.74
97.4
0.89
0.95
B4/1 141.7
128. 5
32.2c
179.5c
13.0
2.95
82.1
0.63
0.95
B4/2
105.1
153.5c
B1/2
84.2
93.9
B4/1 0.26
14.2
4.69
79.0
1.10
0.79
B6/1 131.0
B4/2
-8.7
67.5
0.88
0.79
B6/2
B6/1 0.23
50.3
2.00
105.3
1.13
1.97
B6/2
13.2
3.62
86.7
0.84
1.97
Mid-height section
Bottom section,
Mid-height section
91.6
127.2
95.9
Bottom section
300.8
65.6c
183.6
250.1
10
11
;
12EIw GAw
tl3
12 the
12
where Iw =
moment of inertia of the walls
horizontal cross-section; j = 1.2the shear coefficient for rectangular section.
K
Aw
1:2h
a0 KE
13
h2 ;
l
Experimental
Eurocode 6
E (MPa)
G (MPa)
G/E
G = 0.4Ea (MPa)
B1
6,826
551
0.08
2,388
B2
7,402
561
0.08
1,757
B3
5,436
565
0.10
1,950
B4
6,883
573
0.08
1,680
B6
4,724
603
0.13
2,669
E = 1,000
Kfba fmb;
14
Table 10 Dimensions of walls, design compressive stresses and calculated values of lateral stiffnesses
Wall no.
l (m)
t (m)
h (m)
rd (MPa)
Ki,test (kN/m)
3.65
0.30
2.62
0.38
198.53
5.59
973.95
5.26
1.45
0.30
1.50
0.69
142.71
4.02
782.10
4.23
3
4
1.28
1.28
0.30
0.30
1.50
1.50
0.34
0.34
128.36
128.36
3.61
3.61
741.67
741.67
4.01
4.01
1.45
0.30
1.50
0.69
142.71
4.02
782.10
4.23
3.65
0.30
2.62
0.38
198.53
5.59
973.95
5.26
4.43
0.25
2.62
0.48
198.64
5.59
938.86
5.07
1.35
0.20
2.13
0.47
67.91
1.91
460.70
2.49
2.53
0.25
2.13
0.34
142.82
4.02
729.96
3.94
10
1.22
0.25
2.13
0.36
79.18
2.23
573.28
3.10
11
9.43
0.25
2.62
0.43
415.30
11.69
1836.50
9.92
12
2.58
0.25
2.13
0.40
145.39
4.09
738.94
3.99
13
1.58
0.25
2.13
0.38
95.52
2.69
591.67
3.20
14
1.25
0.25
2.62
0.29
70.89
2.00
583.50
3.15
15
2.25
0.25
2.62
0.33
107.54
3.03
619.54
3.35
16
4.43
0.25
2.62
0.48
198.64
5.59
938.86
5.07
17
3.65
0.30
2.62
0.38
198.53
5.59
973.95
5.26
18
1.45
0.30
1.50
0.69
142.71
4.02
782.10
4.23
19
20
2.15
2.15
0.30
0.30
1.50
1.50
0.28
0.28
203.88
203.88
5.74
5.74
993.96
993.96
5.37
5.37
21
1.45
0.30
1.50
0.69
142.71
4.02
782.10
4.23
22
3.65
0.30
2.62
0.38
198.53
5.59
973.95
5.26
(Ki/RKi)test (%)
Ki,EC6 (kN/m)
(Ki/RKi)EC6 (%)
Note: Ki,test, values of E and G obtained by testing: E = 6,826 MPa, G = 551 MPa; Ki,EC6, values of E and G calculated according to
Eurocode 6: E = 5,971 MPa, G = 0.4E = 2,388 MPa
Quantity
Test (MPa)
Value
4.78
fk = K fba fmb
5.97 MPa
Modulus of elasticity E
6,826
1,000 fk
5,971 MPa
0.19
Shear modulus G
551
G = 0.4E
2,388 MPa
Sag 2:5
;
q
16
Equation
Compressive strength fk
mechanical properties of masonry have been calculated on the basis of the known strength characteristics
of masonry units and mortar using equations given in
Eurocode 6. For the distribution of design seismic
loads, lateral stiffnesses Ki,test and Ki,EC6 have been
taken into account. In the case where the design shear
resistance of individual walls has been calculated on
the basis of diagonal tension shear failure mechanism
(Rds,w-ft), experimentally obtained characteristic values of mechanical properties of masonry have been
considered. For the distribution of design seismic
loads, lateral stiffnesses of individual walls Ki,test have
been taken into account.
The analysis has been carried out for the x-direction
of the building. According to the requirements of
Eurocode 6, the walls perpendicular to the direction of
seismic action have not been considered. Design
seismic loads have been determined in accordance
with the requirements of Eurocode 8 [24], following
the response spectrum approach, where the design
spectral value is calculated by:
Sd T cI
Recommended by Eurocode 6
17
18
Wall no.
Distribution by Ki-test
Distribution by Ki-EC6
Distribution by Ki-test
FBdi (kN)
FBdi (kN)
FBdi (kN)
Rds,wi-fv (kN)
Rds,wi-fv (kN)
Rds,wi-ft (kN)
168.8
257.5
190.1
247.2
161.6
121.3
128.4
152.7
114.4
116.2
166.8
84.2
109.1
11.0
104.5
55.9
109.1
11.0
104.5
55.9
121.3
128.4
152.7
114.4
116.2
84.2
168.8
257.5
190.1
247.2
161.6
166.8
168.9
288.5
183.2
288.5
161.7
183.8
57.7
46.4
55.3
44.7
121.4
120.2
142.5
103.2
116.3
92.7
10
64.5
45.3
11
353.1
586.6
358.4
586.6
338.1
376.6
12
123.6
142.6
144.2
128.3
118.4
100.0
13
81.2
55.6
77.8
59.8
14
57.7
42.9
15
16
91.4
168.9
90.4
288.5
120.9
183.2
60.2
288.5
87.6
161.7
80.7
183.8
17
168.8
261.9
190.1
247.2
161.6
166.8
18
121.3
128.4
152.7
114.4
116.2
84.2
19
173.3
81.7
194.0
52.5
166.0
87.4
20
173.3
81.7
194.0
52.5
166.0
87.4
21
121.3
128.4
152.7
114.4
116.2
84.2
22
168.8
257.5
190.1
247.2
161.6
166.8
2891.5
3352.4
2891.5
3006.7
2891.5
2500.3
R (kN)
FBd (kN)
RRds,wi-fv (kN)
RRds,wi-ft (kN)
Distribution by
Ki-test
Ki-EC6
0.10
1,928
3,788
3,677
2,500
0.15
2,892
3,352
3,007
2,500
0.175
3,372
3,191
3,026
2,500
0.20
3,856
2,670
2,572
2,500
0.225
4,337
2,433
2,111
2,500
0.25
4,819
428
1,135
2,500
7 Conclusions
Because of the non-elastic, unisotropic and nonhomogeneous character, the dependence of strength
and deformability characteristics of masonry on
mechanical characteristics of constituent materials
is not straightforward. Therefore, the determination
of mechanical characteristics of masonry by adequate
testing methods is an important part of the verification of the load bearing capacity and stability of
masonry structures. By implementation of Eurocodes
and accompanying product standards, a significant
part of testing procedures and calculation methods
has been already defined, however not always in the
most adequate way.
The results of experimental investigations of
seismic behaviour of a series of masonry walls, built
in pre-batched mortars with different types of
masonry units, available on the market, have been
used to point out the possible differences between the
experimentally obtained and calculated, Eurocode 6
based values of the shear resistance of masonry walls.
It has been shown that the calculations of the shear
resistance of masonry walls by using equations,
developed on the basis of the sliding shear mechanism, do not provide accurate information regarding
the seismic resistance of unreinforced and confined
masonry structures. Despite the fact that the input
parameters have been determined by standardized
testing procedures.
On the other hand, it has been shown that the
results of calculations, based on the assumption that
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