DOS Commands

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE
PHONE:- 26630615, 9831125100

1
_____________MTech (IT), BE (Computer Sc.), Diploma (Electrical Engg)_______________________
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DOS
(DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)
BASICS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
Computer is unable to understand the commands you are giving. So, software is badly
needed to let the computer understand the commands given. The Software, which can fulfill the need
of this, is the Operating System (OS). An Operating System is an integral set of specialized
programmme that is used to manage the resources and overall operations of a computer. It interacts
between the software and the hardware.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
DOS is a Disk Operating System. An Operating System is a set of programs which
Manages hardware resources (hardware components) and software resources (programs)
And interfaces them all. In other words, it forms a link between the user programs and
Computer hardware.
Give below are a few of the popular Operating Systems.
CP/M-80 (Control program for Micro-Processors): It was generally used by the 8 Bit systems.
CP/M-86: It is similar to CP/M-80 and is used by the 16 Bit microprocessors.
MS-DOS: It is the most popular operating system for the 16 Bit microprocessors. It is used by the
IBM PC Series and compatibles. It is a single user system and is an external booting system.
UNIX: It is one of the most popular and sophisticated operating systems. It was designed in 1969 for
larger machines like minis, mainframes and super computer systems. It is a multi user, multi tasking
system.
INTRODUCTION TO MS-DOS
The version of MS-DOS (Disk Operating Systems) from Microsoft Corporation has become
the defacto standard. The popularity of MS-DOS is due to the fact that it is the one IBM selected of
use with its popular personal computer. After IBM selected MS-DOS, more than 50 other hardware
manufacturers picked it.
BOOTING
There are two types of booting: - 1) Cold and 2) Warm
Cold booting - In this case the machine remains in shut down condition. If you put it on the
booting process will start. It is called cold booting.
Warm booting - In this case the machine remains on and for some reason it is hanged. At that
time it needs to be restarted. So, without switching it off if it is restarted then again the booting
process will take effect. This type of booting is called warm booting.
In both the processes, three files are loaded from ROM to RAM. The names of these files are:
i)
ii)
iii)
COMMAND.COM
IO.SYS
MSDOS.SYS
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A:\> It may sometimes happen that your system is unable to start or boot, as it is not able to load the
DOS from the hard disk. In that case, you can use a floppy disk containing the system files.
DOS files to boot the system. Insert this floppy in the A drive and then switch on the
Computer.
COMPONENTS OF MS-DOS
There are four components of MS-DOS. They are explained below:
The Bootstrap Loader Program: When the computer is switched on, the ROM loads the
bootstrap routine into the memory and executes it. The bootstrap program takes over from this
point and its function is to load the other files of MS-DOS.
The Basic Input Output System (BIOS): This program is loaded into the memory by the
bootstrap loader. This is the interface between the hardware and software and of the system. The
filename is IO.SYS or IBMBIO.COM.BIO is the acronym for BASIC INPUT OUTPUT. It takes
care of keyboard input, character output, to printer and date and time.
The File and Disk Manager: This contains the file management and disk buffering management
capabilities. The generic name is MSDOS.SYS or IBMDOS.COM. It keeps track of all disk access of
our application programs and remains permanently in memory.
The Command Processor: The program displays the system prompt (A>) and interprets the
commands given by the user. It is also called the command interpreter. The filename is
COMMAND.COM.
** What the Operating System does: The operating system lays down the basic rules that all the other programs have to follow: 1) Programs like word processor and spreadsheets take the input and produce outputs. All these
inputs and outputs are controlled by the operating system.
2) Operating System controls how the computer should interact with you.
3) Operating System provides a basic set of programs or utilities that are used to store and
organize files etc.
**FUNCTIONS OF DOS: There are certain functions which DOS does automatically, while there are others which you can get
DOS to do for you.
*TASKS YOU CAN GET DOS TO DO: 1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Create new files, delete old ones, or give files new names.
Get a list of all the files that are stored on a disk.
Double the storage capacity of disks.
Format new floppy disks.
Back up files from a hard disk to a floppy disk.
Reorganize the storage of files on a disk.
Searches and destroys viruses.
*TASKS DOS DOES AUTOMATICALLY: 1)

2)
3)
4)
Gets information from keyboard, displays information on the monitor.

Controls the operation of the hardware, like the central processing unit and memory.
Allocates memory to the programs.
Controls the operation of peripheral devices.
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FILES: Files are the storage media of some meaningful data. A filename has two parts, the primary
name and the secondary name (also called the extension filename). The primary name has a
maximum of 8 characters. The secondary part can have a maximum of 3 characters. A filename
cannot start with a blank space and cannot have any embedded spaces either.
DIRECTORIES: Directories are the container which contains some files as well as some directories.
TYPES OF COMMANDS
DOS commands are of two types: 1. Internal
2. External
INTERNAL COMMANDS: - These commands undergo the COMMAND.COM file.
These require certain special files for being executed and are brought into the memory as soon as the
computer is switched on.
Ex.: - copy, del, dir, type, cd, md, cls, date etc.
EXTERNAL COMMANDS: - These commands do not undergo the COMMAND.COM file. These
require certain special files for being executed. You may not necessarily have all these files in your
system.
Ex.: - format, chkdsk, xcopy, print, attrib, tree etc.
While copying these files onto your system, you must take care that they are of the same version as
the DOS version installed in your system, otherwise you may face problems. For example, messages
like Incorrect version may appear on your screen.
DOS COMMAND SUMMARY
Command
APPEND
ATTRIB
BACKUP
BREAK
ON/OFF
CHKDSK
CHDIR
CLS
CONFIG
COPY
DATE
DBLSPACE
DIR
DISKCOPY
Description
Appends file paths to the currently logged directory to enable the direct use of
files in the appended file path without having to designate the file drive or
directory .
Sets read-only file attribute.
Copies files from a fixed disk to flexible disks; produces insurance copies of
working files and programs. DOS 6.00 introduces new versions of this utility for
both DOS and Windows.
Instructs Dos to check for a Ctrl-Break from the keyboard during program
operation.
Checks disk space, showing space occupied by files and space remaining for use.
Changes DOD directory in use; short form is CD.
Clears screen from DOS prompt.
Selects communications parameters.
Copies and combines files.
Sets the system date.
Compresses files to increase available disk space.
Lists a directory of filenames on the designated disk to the displayed screen.
Compares the contents of two disks; used to verify that a diskcopy operation has
been performed properly.
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DOSKEY
EDIT
EDLIN
ERASE
Command
ERASE
(or
DELETE)
FDISK
FIND
INSTALL
LABEL
MEM
MKDIR
MORE
MODE
MOVE
PATH
PRINT
PROMPT
RENAME
RESTORE
SCANDISK
SORT
Memory-resident utility that maintains a list of previously used DOS commands;

use Up/Down Arrow or PgUp/PgDn keys to move to recall DOS commands.
Full-screen editor first supplied with DOS 5.00. Useful for creating and editing
files.
Used to create and edit files; a simple line editor that is provided as a standard
DOS utility.
Deletes (or erases) files from a disk.
Description
Delete (or erases) files from a disk.
Used to divide a fixed disk into two or more partitions. Allows two or more
operating systems to be used on the same fixed disk.
Finds and displays or writes all lines from a specified filename containing a
specified text string.
Used with CONFIG.SYS to load commands for DOS startup activity.
Used to create, change, or delete disk volume name (or label)
Displays the amount of used and available memory and a list of the programs in
use.
Creates a new directory branch. Short form is MD.
Reads data, such as a displayed directory, pauses output to the display screen
when a full-screen condition is detected, and displays the message More
Pressing any key resumes output until the next full-screen condition is detected,
at which time More is displayed again.
Sets output parameters to output devices including printers, display units, and
asynchronous communications devices (modems).
Moves files or directories and files to another directory on the same disk.
Searches specified directories for executable program (or batch) files that are not
found in the current directory.
Queues from one to ten specified data files for printing . The queued files print
from a special memory buffer, allowing you to perform other tasks on your
computer during printing.
Modifies the form of DOS prompt.
Renames an existing file.
Reads backup files from flexible disks and writes them to a fixed disk.
Detects and repairs system and physical disk errors on uncompressed drives and
DoubleSpace compressed drives.
Sorts designated filenames or disk directories in alphabetical order
APPLICATION OF THE COMMANDS: ===============================

TO SEE THE DIRECTORY (FILES & SUB-DIRECTORY)
==============================================
i)
C:\> DIR<ii)
C:\> DIR/P (Page wise)
iii)
C:\> DIR/W (Widthwise)
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iv)
C:\> DIR/W/P (Pagewise+Widthwise)
v)
C:\> DIR/L (Lower case)
vi)
C:\> DIR/B/P (only file name and extn. Part)
vii)
C:\> DIR D*. DAT
viii) C:\> DIR D*. D*
ix)
C:\> DIR ?E*.?A
x)
C:\> DIR ??S*. ??T
xi)
C:\> DIR *.DAT
xii)
C:\> DIR ?O*. *
xiii) C:\> DIR *.*
***********************
TO LIST THE FILES & SUB-DIRECTORIES IN SORTED ORDER:
=====================================================
i) C:\> DIR/O
(SUB-DR.NAMEFILE NAME)
ii) C:\> DIR/O: N (FILE NAME+SUB-DIR.NAME)
iii) C:\> DIR/O: E (EXTN.PART)
iv) C:\> DIR/O: S (SIZE)
v) C:\> DIR/O: D (DATE)
vi) DIR/O: -S (SIZE descending order)
vii) DIR/A (will display all files with the hidden files)
viii) DIR/AH (will display only the hidden files)
ix) DIR <file name> (will display the specified file)
x) DIR <file name>/s (will search the specified file throughout the disks)
xi) DIR <drive name> (will display the contents of the specific drive)
xii) DIR/S (will display the directory structure with files)
***********************
TO CHANGE FROM ONE DIRECTORY TO OTHER
==========================================
CD <directory name>(will shift you from one level to the other)
Ex.: - C:\>CD A
C:\A>
***********************
CD.. (will shift you from current level to previous level)
Ex.: - C:\A>CD..
C:\>
***********************
CD\<full path of the specified directory>(will shift from any level to any level)
Ex.: - C:\A>CD\C:\B\B1
C:\B\B1>
***********************
CD\(will shift from any level to the root)
Ex.: - C:\B\B1>CD\
C:\>
***********************
TO SEE THE DATE
==========================
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DATE(it will show you the date as well as it will also allow you to give new date; if you dont want
to place new date just press the ENTER key)
***********************
TO SEE THE TIME
=========================
TIME(it will show you the time as well as it will also allow you to give new time; if you dont want
to place new time just press the ENTER key)
***********************
TO SEE THE VOLUME LABEL OF THE DISK
=======================================
VOL(it will show the volume label of the disk. Ex.: SAN, VOL_21 etc.)
***********************
TO CHANGE THE VOLUME LABEL OF THE DISK
==========================================
LABEL(it will show you the current volume label and also allow you to change the volume label)
***********************
TO MAKE A DIRECTORY
======================
MD <directory name>(it will create a directory in the current level with the given name)
Ex.: - MD A
*************************
TO REMOVE A DIRECTORY
========================
RD <directory name>(it will remove the specific directory provided the directory should be
empty)
Ex.: - RD A
*************************
DELTREE <directory name>(it will remove the directory provided the directory may be empty or
not)
Ex.: - DELTREE B
*************************
TO DELETE A FILE
=================
DEL <File name> (it will delete a file with the given name)
Ex.: - DEL A.TXT
*************************
TO BREAK OR TO CANCEL A DOS COMMAND
=========================================
^C
*************************
TO RESTORE A FILE
=====================
UNDELETE <file name>(it will get back the file using some queries)
Ex.: - UNDELETE C.TXT
**************************
TO PROTECT FILES
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======================
ATTRIB +R <file name>(it will make files restricted)
Ex.: - ATTRIB +R AB.TXT
ATTRIB +H <file name>(it will make file hidden)
Ex.: - ATTRIB +H DD.BAK
**************************
TO UNPROTECT FILES
====================
ATTRIB -R <file name>(it will make files unrestricted)
ATTRIB -R AB.TXT
ATTRIB H <file name>(it will make files unhidden)
ATTRIB -H DD.BAK
**************************
TO CLEAR THE SCREEN
=====================
CLS(it will clear the screen)
**************************
TO PREPARE A FILE
==================
COPY CON <file name>(it will make a file with the given name. As soon as you pursue the
command you will see that the cursor is blinking in the next line and allow you to write something.
After completion of your writing place ^Z to save the file in the disk.)
Ex.: - COPY CON A.TXT
**************************
EDIT <file name>(on placing this command it will open an edit screen for you to write. It consists
different menus, through which you can customize your work and can customize your screen also. In
this screen you are able to edit your mistakes and can alter your work that you are not able to do in
the previous command.)
Ex.: - EDIT C.TXT
**************************
JOINING OF TWO FILES
=====================
COPY <file I> + <file II> <new file name>(it will join two files forming a new file with a new
name)
Ex.: - COPY A.TXT+B.TXT C.TXT
**************************
DUPLICATING A FILE
===================
COPY <existing file name> <new file name>(it will make a duplicate file with a new name of the
first one.)
Ex.: - COPY AB.TXT AC.TXT
**************************
TO COPY A FILE
===============
COPY <source location>\<file name> <target location>(it will copy a file from one location to
another location having the same name)
Ex.: - COPY C:\A\A.TXT C:\B\B1
**************************
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TO RENAME A FILE
==================
RENAME <existing file name> <new file name>(it will change the name of the existing file to a
new one.)
Ex.: - RENAME A.TXT B.TXT
***************************
TO SEE THE CONTENTS OF A FILE
==============================
TYPE <file name>(it will display the contents of a file. You can also see the contents of a file using
the EDIT command.)
Ex.: - TYPE G.TXT
***************************
TO MOVE A FILE
===============
MOVE <file name> <target location>(it will move a particular file to a particular directory
without keeping any duplicate in the source directory. Remember that you have to go to the source
directory before using this command.)
Ex.: - C:\A>MOVE A.TXT C:\B
***************************
TO FORMAT A DRIVE
===================
FORMAT <drive name>(it will format the specific drive you have mentioned>
Ex.: - FORMAT A:
***************************
TO CHECK THE DISK
===================
CHKDSK(it will execute the details of a disc.)
SCANDISK(it will do the same action like the previous, but its scope is much larger than chkdsk.)
***************************
TO COPY FILES FROM HARD DISK TO FLOPPY DISK
=============================================
BACKUP C: A:(it will copy all files of a particular directory from c drive to single file disc wise.)
***************************
TO COPY FILES FROM FLOPPY DISC TO HARD DISC
=============================================
RESTORE A: C:(it will copy original files from floppy disc to hard disc sequentially.)
***************************
TO COPY FILES FROM FLOPPY DISC TO FLOPPY DISC
===============================================
DISKCOPY A: B:(it will copy each and every track of a floppy disc to the other floppy disc.)
***************************
CHANGING PROMPT SIGN
=======================
PROMPT $P$G(it will recollect the DOS prompt; i.e. C:\>)
PROMPT $P(it will represent the sign C:\)
PROMPT $G(it will represent the sign >)
PROMPT $B(it will represent the sign |)
PROMPT $L(it will represent the sign <)
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PROMPT $D(it will represent the date)

PROMPT $T(it will represent the time)
ASSOC
AT
ATTRIB
BREAK
CACLS
CALL
CD
CHCP
CHDIR
CHKDSK
CHKNTFS
CLS
CMD
COLOR
COMP
Displays or modifies file

extension associations.
Schedules commands and
programs to run on a computer.
Displays or changes file
attributes
Sets or clears extended
CTRL+C checking.
Displays or modifies access
control lists (ACLs) of files.
Calls one batch program from
another.
Displays the name of or changes
the current directory.
Displays or sets the active code
page number.
Displays the name of or changes
the current directory.
Checks a disk and displays a
status report.
Displays or modifies the
checking of disk at boot time.
Clears the screen.
Starts a new instance of the
Windows command interpreter.
Sets the default console
foreground and background
colors.
Compares the contents of two
files or sets of files.
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COMPACT
CONVERT
COPY
DATE
DEL
DIR
DISKCOMP
DISKCOPY
DOSKEY
ECHO
ENDLOCAL
ERASE
EXIT
FC
FIND
FINDSTR
FOR
Displays or alters the

compression of files on NTFS
partitions.
Converts FAT volumes to
NTFS. You cannot convert the
current drive.
Copies one or more files to
another location.
Displays or sets the date.
Deletes one or more files.
Displays a list of files and
subdirectories in a directory.
Compares the contents of two
floppy disks.
Copies the contents of one
floppy disk to another.
Edits command lines, recalls
Windows commands, and
creates macros.
Displays messages, or turns
command echoing on or off.
Ends localization of
environment changes in a batch
file.
Deletes one or more files.
Quits the CMD.EXE program
(command interpreter).
Compares two files or sets of
files, and displays the
differences between them.
Searches for a text string in a
file or files.
Searches for strings in files.
Runs a specified command for
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FORMAT
FTYPE
GOTO
GRAFTABL
HELP
IF
LABEL
MD
MKDIR
MODE
MORE
MOVE
PATH
PAUSE
POPD
PRINT
PROMPT
each file in a set of files.

Formats a disk for use with
Windows.
Displays or modifies file types
used in file extension
associations.
Directs the Windows command
interpreter to a labeled line in a
batch program.
Enables Windows to display an
extended character set in
graphics mode.
Provides Help information for
Windows commands.
Performs conditional processing
in batch programs.
Creates, changes, or deletes the
volume label of a disk.
Creates a directory.
Creates a directory.
Configures a system device.
Displays output one screen at a
time.
Moves one or more files from
one directory to another
directory
Displays or sets a search path
for executable files.
Suspends processing of a batch
file and displays a message.
Restores the previous value of
the current directory saved by
PUSHD.
Prints a text file.
Changes the Windows
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PUSHD
RD
RECOVER
REM
REN
RENAME
REPLACE
RMDIR
SET
SETLOCAL
SHIFT
SORT
START
SUBST
TIME
TITLE
TREE
TYPE
command prompt.
Saves the current directory then
changes it.
Removes a directory.
Recovers readable information
from a bad or defective disk.
Records comments (remarks) in
batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
Renames a file or files.
Renames a file or files.
Replaces files.
Removes a directory.
Displays, sets, or removes
Windows environment
variables.
Begins localization of
environment changes in a batch
file.
Shifts the position of
replaceable parameters in batch
files.
Sorts input.
Starts a separate window to run
a specified program or
command.
Associates a path with a drive
letter.
Displays or sets the system time.
Sets the window title for a
CMD.EXE session.
Graphically displays the
directory structure of a drive or
path.
Displays the contents of a text
file.
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VER
VERIFY
VOL
Displays the Windows version.

Tells Windows whether to
verify that your files are written
correctly to a disk.
Displays a disk volume label
and serial number.
XCOPY
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Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

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Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

*TASKS YOU CAN GET DOS TO DO: 1)

*TASKS DOS DOES AUTOMATICALLY: 1)

Gets information from keyboard, displays information on the monitor.

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Memory-resident utility that maintains a list of previously used DOS commands;

APPLICATION OF THE COMMANDS: ===============================

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

PROMPT $D(it will represent the date)

Displays or modifies file

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Displays or alters the

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

each file in a set of files.

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Prepared By: - CHANDAN MUKHERJEE

Displays the Windows version.

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