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Types of Addresses
Types of Addresses
Hostnames
IP Addresses
Mac Addresses
IP Addresses
Numerical label assigned to each device in
a computer network
Used for host or network identification and
location addressing
Used as a unique identifier to identify the
devices in any given network
IPV4 and IPV6 are the two versions of IP
addresses
Hostname
A Label assigned to the
device connected in the
network
URL or Uniform Resource
Locator provides a
reference to a resource on
the internet
Mac Address
Unique identifier assigned to network
interfaces for communications on the
physical network segment.
Assigned by the manufacturer on the NIC
A network node may have multiple NICs
and each must have one unique MAC
address per NIC.
ARP
ARP associates an IP address with its
physical address. On a typical physical
network, such as a LAN, each device on a
link is identified by a physical or station
address that is usually imprinted on the
NIC.
Router137
128.143.137.1
00:e0:f9:23:a8:20
ARP Request:
What is the MAC address
of 128.143.71.1?
Host A
128.143.137.144
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
Router137
128.143.137.1
00:e0:f9:23:a8:20
ARP Reply:
The MAC address of 128.143.71.1
is 00:e0:f9:23:a8:20
Example
ARP Request from Host A:
RARP
RARP finds the logical address for a machine that only knows its physical
address.
DNS
What is DNS?
DNS is a host name to IP address translation service
DNS is
a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers
an application level protocol for message exchange between clients and servers
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Why DNS?
It is easier to remember a host name than it is to remember an IP
address.
An name has more meaning to a user than a 4 byte number.
Applications such as FTP, HTTP, email, etc., all require the user to
input a destination.
The user generally enters a host name.
The application takes the host name supplied by the user and
forwards it to DNS for translation to an IP address.
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DNS Services
Besides the address translation service, DNS also provides the following services:
Host aliasing: a host with a complicated name can have one or more aliases that are simpler to
remember,e.g., relay1.west-coast.media.com -> media.com. The longer name is the canonical
hostname, the shorter the alias hostname.
Mail server aliasing: same as above, aliases can exist for long canonical host names.
Load Balancing: a set of servers can have one name mapped onto several machines. DNS provides the
full list of names to the end users application which generally takes the first one in the list. DNS rotates
the names on the list.
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amazon.com
pbs.org
poly.edu
umass.edu
DNS servers
23
j Verisign, ( 21 locations)
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13 root
name servers
worldwide
when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server
acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy
DNS Queries
Recursive:
The client machine sends a request to the local name server, which, if it does
not find the address in its database, sends a request to the root name server,
which, in turn, will route the query to an intermediate or authoritative name
server. Note that the root name server can contain some hostname to IP
address mappings. The intermediate name server always knows who the
authoritative name server is.
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27
root DNS
server
2
iterated
query:
4
5
local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
contacted server
replies with name
of server to
contact
TLD DNS
server
requesting host
dns.cs.umass.edu
cis.poly.edu
I dont know
this name, but
ask this server
gaia.cs.umass.edu
recursive
query:
puts burden of
name resolution
on contacted name
server
heavy load?
3
6
TLD DNS
server
local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
8
authoritative DNS server
requesting host
dns.cs.umass.edu
cis.poly.edu
gaia.cs.umass.edu
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DHCP
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
From 1993
An extension of BOOTP, very similar to DHCP
Same port numbers as BOOTP
Extensions:
Supports temporary allocation (leases) of IP addresses
DHCP client can acquire all IP configuration parameters needed to operate
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DHCP Server
DHCP Request
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
Sent to 255.255.255.255
Host A
128.143.137.144
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DHCP Server
DHCP Response:
IP address: 128.143.137.144
Default gateway: 128.143.137.1
Netmask: 255.255.0.0
Message Type
DHCPDISCOVER
DHCPOFFER
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPDECLINE
DHCPACK
DHCPNAK
DHCPRELEASE
DHCPINFORM
Message Types
DHCPDISCOVER: Broadcast by a client to find available DHCP servers.
DHCPOFFER: Response from a server to a DHCPDISCOVER and offering IP address and other
parameters.
DHCPREQUEST: Message from a client to servers that does one of the following:
Requests the parameters offered by one of the servers and declines all other offers.
Verifies a previously allocated address after a system or network change (a reboot for
example).
Requests the extension of a lease on a particular address.
Contd.
DHCPACK: Acknowledgement from server to client with parameters,
including IP address.
DHCPNACK: Negative acknowledgement from server to client, indicating that the client's lease has expired or
that a requested IP address is incorrect.
DHCPDECLINE: Message from client to server indicating that the offered address is already in use.
DHCPRELEASE: Message from client to server canceling remainder of a lease and relinquishing network
address.
DHCPINFORM: Message from a client that already has an IP address (manually configured for example),
requesting further configuration parameters from the DHCP server.
DHCP Operation
DCHP DISCOVER
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DHCP Server
DHCPDISCOVER
Sent to 255.255.255.255
DHCP Server
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DCHP OFFER
DHCPOFFER
DHCP Server
DHCPOFFER
DHCP Server
DHCP Operation
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DCHP DISCOVER
DHCPACK
Renewing a Lease
(sent when 50% of lease
has expired)
If DHCP server sends
DHCPNACK, then
address is released.
DHCP Server
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK
DHCP Server
DHCP Operation
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
DCHP RELEASE
DHCP Server
DHCPRELEASE
DHCP Server