1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Process of ship design depends on the several factors directly or indirectly that
shall be determined by the Naval Architecture or ship designer. It begins with the design
spiral theory. This report show what are the procedures involved starting from the early
stage until the end, whereby all the method, software and formula will be mentioned.To
ensure the objective of the studies is completely deliver and understand by the student.
From this task student had learn how to design a ship using manual or software
calculations. Student also can revise all the topics that had learned before. It also can
make student more understanding in the ship design process.
In this task, students understand more what importances are in lines plan.
Besides, students are required to solve some problems and errors that encountered
during the task.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
This project being carried out in order to achieve the following objectives:
1. Able to know students abilities of designing the ship using the software or manual
calculations.
2. The student will revise all the topics that had learned before.
3. The student will knows the problem involves in the offset table during calculation
after they apply the reading of table offset inside AutoCAD drawing.
4. The student will learn the difficulty during fairing the line in AutoCAD drawing to
avoid the reading of offset table change from the reading that are calculated
manually.

3.0 LINES PLAN

The lines plan is a scale drawing of hull form of a ship. The drawing usually
displays information in three reference planes. In description the lines plan is the point
of intersection of these planes with the hull results in a series of lines that are projected
onto a single plane located on the front, top, or side of the ship.
These results in three separate projections, or views, called the Body Plan, the
Half-Breadth Plan, and the Profile or Sheer Plan.

3.1

IMPORTANT OF LINES PLAN

Lines plan, usually a 1/48 life-size scale drawing of a ship, was used by designers
to calculate required hydrostatic, stability, and capacity conditions. Full-scale drawings
formerly were obtained from the lines plan by redrawing it full size.
Lines plan is the base shape of the new ship that will be built. To translate the
lines plan into mould surface, base line and center line is needed. From center line, the
line will developed to buttock lines that slice the ship from bow to stern. Buttock lines
are shown in profile line.

From base line, it will develop to water lines that slice ships from left to right
side of the ship. It can be shown in the plan view of line.
Lines plan drawing must be followed with Offset table that contain all points of
the lines. It is arrange by x, y, z axis. The offset table must be prepared before give
drawing to drafter or marker.
Marking the lines plan, more attention need to given for shape of the lines.
Sometimes point in offset table is not fix and smooth. An important thing that has to
remember is the shape of lines must. They must be ensuring to be fair. Fairness does not
have a mathematical definition, but can include smoothness, continuity of curvature.
Fairness must often be ensured in 3 dimensions. Maybe it took for a few times to check
just for one frame line, water line or buttock lines.

3.2

BODY PLAN

The Body Plan shows the shapes of sections determined by intersection of the
hull form with planes perpendicular to the buttock and water planes. Sometimes it
superimposed on the profile, with the body plans center plane midway between the ends
of the ship in profile. Planes defining the body plan are known as body plan stations.
The body plan takes advantage of the ship's symmetry. Hence only half the
section is show; the sections forward of amidships are drawn on the right side, and the
sections aft of the amidships are drawn on the left side. The amidships section is
generally shown on both sides of the body plan. The vertical line in the center separating
the left and right half of the ship is called the centerline.

3.3

HALF BREADTH PLAN

Half breadth or waterlines plan, which shows the intersection of the hull form
with planes parallel to the horizontal base plane, which called based line. All such
parallel planes are called waterlines planes, or water planes.
It is convenient to space most water planes equally by an integral number of
meter (or feet and inches), but a closer spacing is often used near the based lines where
the shape of hull form changes rapidly. DWL represents the design waterline planes,
near which the fully loaded ship is intended to float. All waterlines are identified by their
height above the base line.
Each waterline shows the true shape of the hull from the top view for some
elevation above the base plane. The water lines referred to here has nothing to do with
where the ship actually floats. There waterlines are the intersection of the ship's hull with
some imaginary plane above the base plane. Since ships are symmetric about their
centerline they only need be drawn for the starboard or port side, thus the name HalfBreadth Plan.

3.4

PROFILE PLAN

The profile or sheer plan shows the hull form intersected by center plane, a
vertical plane on the ships centerline and by buttock planes which are parallel to it,
spaced for convenient definition of the vessels shape and identified by their distances
off the center plane. The center plane intersection shows the profile of the bow and
stern.
Each buttock line shows the true shape of the hull from the side view for some
distance from the centerline of the ship. The centerline plane shows a special butt line
called the profile of the ship.

3.4

OFFSET TABLE

Offset table is a digital description of the hull. Once the lines plan has been faired
in the design section, a table of offsets is prepared.The table contains heights above
baseline, half-breadths, and diagonals at each station.
Traditionally this initial table of offsets is sent to the mould loft where large scale
drawings would be made using these figures. The curves are faired-in and any changes
to the table of offsets are noted. This corrected table is then returned to the design
section and used for all future ship calculations.

4.0SHIP PARTICULARS

Before design process started, principal dimension of the ship must be

determined. Usually, the dimension of the ship is depends on the customer or the owner
of the ship. To full fill the owner requirement, the design that had produce by designer
must meet with the owner requirement.

On this task, students are required to draw the lines plan based on the basis ship
given. The particular of ship that had been given shows below.

LOA
Breadth
Depth

: 47 m
: 11 m
: 7.5 m

Draft

:4m

5.0 PROCEDURE OF PROJECT

1.

First, determined the scale of the given drawing based on the given lines plan

with the principal dimension of the basic ship. The scale is determined by manual which
is using ruler. In order to obtain the scale ratio, the simplest way is by dividing the depth
of the given dimension with the depth on the drawing.
2.

Distortion and expansion factor was calculated in order to determine the new

principal dimension of the ship.

The factor of distortion and expansion might be

different for different axis which is x (length), y (breadth), and z (depth). If the length
that referring to x axis, we should multiply with the length that already calculated with
the distortion or expansion factor.
3.

In order to get the offset data, student need to start with measuring the drawing

line base on body plan by using ruler. Every data for every station and water line must
be put in offset table. Such as shown below:

4.

The news offset data are then need to multiply by the data in the table (step 3)

with the distortion or expansion factor. The spacing of waterlines and station also
calculated.

5.

After done with distortion and expansion factor, the new dimension will be draw

in lines plan views by using AutoCAD.

6.

From the data offset that been calculated, the body plan view can be draw in

AutoCAD. The body plan view is including the waterline, centerline and baseline.
7.

Then select one station, mark the offset data on each of the waterline on the body

plan grid. The curve line of the station is drawn by connecting these offset marks. The
curve line must be smooth and fair. This step is repeated for others stations.
8.

Profile of new ship is drawn based on the profile of the basis ship. New profile

measurement is determined by multiply by the distortion or expansion factor with the

basis ship measurement.
9.

Each curve of waterlines up to sheer or deck line is needed to be drawn, so half

breadth plan can be draw. Based on body plan draw (step 7), all curves are drawn by
making and plotting the offset measured. The offset values of each station at waterline 1
are measured in body plan in order to draw waterline 1. Next transfer the offset data
marked accordingly at appropriate station in half breadth plan.
10.

The both end point for fwd and aft are determined by projecting the intersection

points between waterline and profile at sheer plan drawing (step 7) to the half breadth
plan at the center line. The step was repeated for other waterlines. Then fair the line to
get the smooth line.
11.

Next, based on completed body plan and half breadth plan drawing, draw the

sheer plan. Firstly buttock lines are draw (at least 3) on both of the drawings. The
intersection point between the selected buttock line grid and the station curve is marked
on the body plan drawings. Horizontal lines from this point to the corresponding station
grid on the sheer plan are draw. The intersection is marked accordingly.

12.

The point intersects between the selected buttock lines grid (as in body plan) and

waterlines curve on the half breadth plan is mark. Vertical lines from these points to
corresponding waterlines grid on sheer plan is draw and mark. By connect all the
intersect point (station or waterlines), buttock lines is drawn. Fairing process can be
done for smooth curve and this step repeated for other buttock lines.
13.

In addition some of the intersection points have to move/shift so smooth and fair

curve can be draw while draw buttock lines curved. Apart of that movement of point on
particular plan will eventually change the position of the corresponding points on the
other two plans. Cross check all plans whenever any points needed to be shifted is
required.
14.

The movement is done simultaneously on all plans/views and required special

care. If there is significant change, it can cause to draw new curve lines. This process is
called as fairing process and can be repeated for many times before fair hull form can be
generated.
15.

Standard title block (A3 size) is prepared in order to complete the lines plan

drawing.

6.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on result obtained from the task, discussion had been made among group
members on the accuracy and fairing of the lines plan. All the problem and solution had
been referred to Mr. Nasuha for the guideline.
The first step of this task is to get all the actual size from the given lines plan.
The given lines plan provided was in the A4 paper that is much smaller than the actual
size of the drawing. The scale was calculated by using the actual data given with the
measurement in the A4 size lines plan. It is better to use depth to calculate the scale
because it is easiest way besides reducing parallax error.
From the lines plan given, students are required to redraw new lines plan. Every
group data collection is varies and different because of the different way of
measurement. The easiest way to measure the value is from body plan.
From the offset table that had been measured, students are required to draw the
new lines plan. Students found that the new body plan produced is not smooth as in basis
drawing given even though basic step of scaling had been followed. This is because
tools used to measure basis drawing are not suitable. So, the values are not accurate.
As a solution, the new body plan must be refined to get smooth and fair lines or
curve. Then, new half breadth and profile plan can be drawn based on body plan that had
been refined. New lines plan that had been drawn as shown below

The final product of the lines plan are then being fairing to make sure the
smoothness of the lines plan. Then complete the drawing with the title block in A3 size.
The most important thing that completed the drawing is the scale of the lines plan. From
the scales it can be determined whether the measurement of the drawing is correct or
not.

7.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, all the objectives are completely delivered and understand by
the student. From the task given, students need to revise for the previous semester begin
from AutoCAD, Microsoft excel and some calculation from the dimension and scale
calculation.
The task gives opportunity for students to learn and understand more on the lines
plan and how to design the ship. It is one of the basic steps that students need to
understand before go further into designing world as a naval architect.
Students encountered several problems and errors during the task. This make
students learn how to solve problems and find another way or method to get accurate
and better result.
Last but not least, students need to understand and learn more in designing
process especially reducing errors when measuring values. This is to avoid When finish
the task, we become more sensitive to any error we encounter during the designing
process. At the same time, we can differentiate the smoothness of the lines plan and the
error in the lines plan. Then we learn how to learn how to do the fairing process and to
be patient in do the process because it needs us to be fairly understood about the lines
plan before the task completed.

8.0

REFERENCE

Books : Principles of Naval Architecture Second Revision,volume 1,Edward

V.Lewis,1988
Internet:
http://marinewiki.org/index.php/Lines_plan