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CONTENTS
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
SMOKE CONTROL
2.0. Background
2.1. Controlling Air Velocities
FANS
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
The Flakt Woods Group have ventilated road tunnels using impulse ventilation
with Jetfans for over 30 years, and there systems are operating in many
countries. Flakt Woods are truly world leaders in this field.
Recently they have begun to apply their vast experience with Jetfans, to
solving the problems of ventilating enclosed and underground car parks. In
partnership with the smoke control specialists, Fire Engineering Associates
Ltd of Trafford Park, Manchester, they now offer a complete package, from
the design to commissioning of car park ventilation.
Through the package they can now offer, the strength of Flakt Woods Group
with the flexibility of Fire Engineering Associates Ltd.
Car park ventilation systems over the past 20 years have used a system of
extract ducting, connected to exhaust fans sized to provide usually, an air
change rate within the car park. We loose any control over the incoming air,
which is allowed to enter freely, in the main, down the vehicle entry and exit
ramps.
Impulsive ventilation uses a number of small Jetfans suspended from the car
park ceiling, replacing the ductwork (Fig 1). The system retains the main
exhaust fans to provide the air change rate etc, whilst the Jetfans create and
control the air movement within the space. They act in much the same way as
the diffusers in a normal ventilation system, allowing us to regain some control
over the incoming air. The only proviso being that there are sufficient Jetfans
in the design to achieve this.
The ventilation system for an enclosed car park has two functions:
The design specifications covering these two functions are set out in detail in
Approved Documents B and F of the Building Regulations of England and
Wales, and similar recommendations are contained in the technical
documents for Scotland.
These are:
FIGURE 2A
Ducted system Extract
grilles
VELOCITY PROFILES – High velocity areas (over 0.5/sec), in the car park
are shown in RED. Low velocity areas (zero) in BLUE. The ducted extract
system chart shows a high velocity eddy current around the outside walls
created by the replacement air entering the car park down the vehicle ramp in
an uncontrolled manner. This results in a relatively stagnant, zero velocity,
and area at the centre of the car park.
AIR QUALITY PROFILES – Here the areas of high air change rate (over six)
are in BLUE. The areas of low air change rate (zero to three) are in RED. The
air quality result for the ducted systems mirrors that of the velocity profile. It
predicts that the air at the centre of the car park will be more than 20 minutes
old, suggesting an air change rate of less than 3 per hour at best. This in spite
of the 100 grilles evenly spaced throughout the car park.
JETFAN SYSTEM – FIGURE 2B
Using Jetfans, the improvement in the distribution of the airflow throughout the
car park is obvious from the previous diagrams. The air velocity down the car
park, from the air inlet to the extract points is much more even, and the air
quality diagram now predicts 6 air changes per hour throughout.
By providing better control over the incoming air, the Jetfan system results in
an improved overall performance of the ventilation system when operating in
Vehicle Fume Extract mode, compared with the ducted system.
With the ducted extract system, having grilles at 50% high level and 50% low
level, only the high level grilles will be effective in exhausting the smoke. The
system can only be 50% efficient – even though the ventilation rate has been
increased to 10 air changes per hour. By the time the lower grilles become
effective the car park will be smoke logged. (See Fig. 3).
Having calculated the mass flow, the volume extraction rate can be
determined. A ventilation system designed to provide 10-air changes/hour will
only provide the correct level of smoke extraction at a particular car park size.
Table 1 illustrates these points:
SMOKE
CAR PARK SIZE 5 AC/HOUR 10 AC/HOUR PRODUCTION
M2 M3/SEC M3/SEC M3/SEC
1000 4.17 8.34 12.6
2000 8.34 16.68 12.6
3000 12.5 25 12.6
4000 16.68 33.36 12.6
8000 33.36 66.72 12.6
Only in car parks above 3000m2 will there be sufficient ventilation to remove
the smoke produced. Car parks below this size would smoke log. Above
3000m2 the system would increasingly be oversized and expensive.
Approved document B allows the option of calculating the ventilation rate for
smoke extraction from the fire size which, helps to deal with this potential
problem.
1.3 – JETFAN SYSTEMS
Smoke extract, using the ducted system can only be regarded as a smoke
clearance system.
The correct design and operation of an impulse system ensures that the
smoke is allowed to move efficiently towards the extract location, providing
smoke free routes for escape and fire fighter access.
This system can be taken a stage further, and the Jetfans can be used to
provide a degree of smoke control in the car park, preventing the smoke from
a vehicle on fire from spreading to unaffected areas of the car park.
In road tunnels, the Jetfans are used to establish an air velocity, equal to the
smoke velocity, from one direction along the tunnel (see Fig. 5). This prevents
the smoke flow in that direction.
Heselden first calculated the velocity of smoke flow from vehicle fires in
tunnels (Ref. 3). A 3 Megawatt car fire in a tunnel 10m wide by 5m high would
produce a smoke velocity of 1.3m/sec.
Smoke from a similar fire in a car park, will flow away from the fire unrestricted
in all directions. As the smoke layer perimeter increases, it’s velocity will slow
until it either stops for lack of buoyancy, or it finds the outer walls of the car
park. Table 2 details the results of applying the tunnel calculations to car fires
in enclosed car parks.
The required ventilation rate for fire smoke control in a 4000m2 car park, at
10-air changes/hour, would be 34m3/sec. With all the Jetfans running, this air
would flow, more or less evenly through the car park, from inlet towards the
main extract fans, at high level in the car park.
(Fig 6), illustrates the pattern of air movement around a jet profile (Ref. 4). Air
entraining into the jet from the lower ‘occupied zone’ (up to 1.8 metres high),
is shown to be moving in the opposite direction to the jet itself.
Comparing these air velocities in Table 3 with the smoke layer velocities in
Table 2 shows that if the required ventilation rate of 34m2 /sec is concentrated
along a 20m smoke zone, then there is the potential to stop the smoke layer
approximately 5 metres from the fire. This would ensure that the major flow of
the smoke would be towards the extract points, and not into parts of the car
park unaffected by the fire. Selective running of the Jetfans, illustrated
schematically (Fig 7) can achieve this and thereby provide a degree of smoke
control in the car park. This option is not available with a traditional extract
ducted systems.
Extract fans
(10ac/h)
50m 3
34m /s
FIRE Wm-20m
Jetfan On
FANS
3.0 – FAN SPECIFICATION
Approved Document B specifies that fans used to ventilate enclosed car parks
should be capable of surviving 300o for 1 hour.
This is a wise precaution and one, which need not cause financial concern.
Today, fans designed and produced to meet this requirement are a little more
expensive than those, which operate up to 50o. However, from the 1st April
2005, all high temperature smoke control fans must comply with the European
Product Directive. From that date it has been mandatory throughout the EU
that such fans are tested to EN12101 – Part 3 are CE Marked and issued with
a certificate of conformity. Under EN12101-3 the category 300c/1 hour does
not exist, hence the fans supplied should be rated 300c/2 hours in accordance
with EN12101-3.
Any smoke venting scheme, car park or other, not using CE marked fans
should be rejected. Verbal assurances are insufficient, and a certificate of
conformity must be produced.
CONCLUSION
There is little doubt that impulse ventilation using Jetfans offers a better
solution to the dual problems of ventilating enclosed and underground car
parks than provided by the more conventional ducted extract system. Several
advantages arise:
Improved air and velocity distribution for the vehicle fume extract
mode
Increased efficiency in the smoke clearance mode.
Possibility of improved smoke control to keep whole areas of the car
park away from the fire, smoke free.
Distribution ductwork removed from the car park area – eliminating
damage and providing a clearer internal appearance.
Possible freeing up of more car park spaces.
Quieter/lower powered extract fans.
Easier/lower cost installation.
Possible reduction in capital and running costs.
REFERENCES
1. H.P. Morgan and others – Design Methodologies for Smoke and Heat
Exhaust Ventilation – BRE 368.
2. J. H. Klote – An Overview of Smoke Control Technology – National
Bureau of Standards. USA Paper NBSIR87-362C
3. A. J. M. Heselden – Studies of Fire and Smoke Behaviour Relevant to
Tunnels. – Paper No. CP66/78
4. B. B. Daley – Woods Practical Guide to Fan Engineering – 3rd Edition
78.
David Fenlon – Director
Tel – 0161 8727760 Fax – 0161 8727740
Email – d.fenlon@fireeng.co.uk
COPYRIGHT: The copyright of this technical document is vested in Fire Engineering Associates
Ltd. It shall not be replicated without the permission by anyone for any purpose.