1.4 Sarana

MSc Programme in Railway Systems
Engineering and Integration
Suspension Systems
University of Birmingham
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Vehicle Suspension Systems
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January 2013
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Presented by Bridget Eickhoff, RSSB
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Contents of Presentation
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Suspension elements & modes of vibration

Primary & secondary suspensions
Vehicle ride & passenger comfort
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Suspension Systems
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Simple Vehicle - Track System
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Vehicle Body
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Suspension
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Wheelset
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Cont act St if f ness

Rail
Track Support
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Suspension Systems
Stiffness Characteristics
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Non-Linear
Force
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BDisplacement
Linear
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Viscous Damping Characteristics
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Force
Linear
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Non-Linear
Velocity
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Suspension Systems
Friction Characteristic
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Force
True Force
Ideal Force
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Velocity
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Hysteresis Loops
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Linear Stiffness in Parallel with :(a) Viscous Damping (b) Friction

(c) Rubber Hysteresis
Force
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Displacement
Page 4

Suspension Systems
Single degree of freedom
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Effect of Damping
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1.0
(m/s2)2/Hz
0.1
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0.001
fB
200%
100%
50%
20%
0.0001
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5%
0.00001
10
12
Frequency (Hz)
Page 5

Suspension Systems
Series Stiffness
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Bk
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Two-axle Vehicle
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Suspension Systems
Two-axle vehicle pitch
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2 Stage Suspension
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Suspension Systems
Effect of Bogies
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Vehicle Modes of Vibration
Longitudinal
Vertical / Bounce
Pitch
Lower Sway
Upper Sway
Yaw
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Suspension Systems
Bounce and Pitch Modes
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Bounce Mode
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Pitch Mode
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Vehicle Bounce Mode
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Page 9

Suspension Systems
Vehicle Pitch Mode
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Sway Modes
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Lower Sway
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Upper Sway
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Suspension Systems
Lower Sway Mode
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Upper Sway Mode
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Page 11

Suspension Systems
Yaw Mode
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Yaw Mode
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Page 12

Suspension Systems
Typical Frequencies Passenger Vehicle
Lower Sway
Yaw
Bounce
Pitch
Upper Sway
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0.6Hz
0.9Hz
1.0Hz
1.4Hz
1.6Hz
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Suspension Systems
Viscous Damped Primary Suspension
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Guide Post
Sleeve
Bearing
Rubber
Bush
Viscous Damper
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Trailing Arm Primary Suspension
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Suspension Systems
Leaf Spring Primary Suspension
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Y25 Bogie - Lenoir Link
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Pusher
Clearance
Tare Spring
Laden Spring
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Axlebox
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Spring Carrier
Lenoir Link
Friction Surfaces
Page 15

Suspension Systems
Friction Wedge Suspensions
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RR
m1RL
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m1RR
FL FR
m2FL m2FR
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Airspring Suspension System
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Surge Pipe
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Surge
Reservoir
Damping Orifice
Air Spring
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Series Stack
Page 16

Suspension Systems
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Suspension elements &modes of vibration

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Page 17

Suspension Systems
Variation of Acceleration with Time
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Vertical Ride Effect of Track Quality
Ride Acceleration (mg)
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Track A
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Track B
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Vehicle
Suspension
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Track C
Page 18

Suspension Systems
Human Response to Vibration
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Health - Physical Damage/Psychological Deterioration

Impaired Performance
Comfort
Perception
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Effect of Vibration on Health
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ISO 2631-1:1997
Basic Evaluation Method
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weighted root mean square
Maximum Transient Vibration Value
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Maximum weighted rms value over one second
Vibration Dose Value
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1/ 4
T 4
VDV a w t dt
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Weighted root mean quad integrated over time
Page 19

Suspension Systems
Railway Vibration Health Limits
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EU Physical Agents Directive

GB Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
Whole Body Vibration Daily Exposure Limit Value 1.15 m/s 2

Whole Body vibration Daily Exposure Action Value 0.5 m/s 2
Machinery Directives
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For on-track machines in Working Mode
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Previous Limits
Vertical Weighted Acceleration Peak Value < 6.0 m/s 2

Lateral/Longitudinal Weighted Acceleration Peak Value < 3.5
m/s2
Vibration Dose Value < 15 m/s1.75
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See UK Guidance Note GM/GN 2460
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EN 12299 Method - Passenger comfort
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Vertical, lateral and longitudinal accelerations

Simplified - measurements at floor
Complete - at seat interface
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5-minute sections
Weighted rms - sixty 5-second blocks
95th percentile (57th highest)
Combine directions
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Page 20

Suspension Systems
Lateral Weighting Filter
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0.0001
0.00001
0.1 Hz
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1 Hz
10 Hz
100 Hz
Unit response of lateral filter Wa*Wd
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Vertical Weighting Filters
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VAMPIRE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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LOG
0. 01
0.001
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0.0001
0.00001
0.1 Hz
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1 Hz
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LOG Freq
10 Hz
100 Hz
Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wb ( D5, UIC, CEN )

Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wb ( BS, ISO )
Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wk (ISO)
Page 21

Suspension Systems
Passenger Perception of Curves
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Quasi-static lateral acceleration
Passenger response to lateral vibration

Dissatisfaction measure for discrete events PDE
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Change in quasi-static lateral acceleration
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Passenger response to transition curves

Dissatisfaction measure for transition curves PCT
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Lateral
Carbody Acceleration
Discrete Events
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..
Yp
time
2 seconds
Page 22

Suspension Systems
Curvature (1/km)
Curve Transitions
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Passenger Activities
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Test Results from BR Research
Reading
Writing
Sitting
Drinking
Standing
Walking
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Suspension Systems
CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY
Cumulative Distributions for a Passenger

Rating of Various On-train Activities
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0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
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200
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Reading
Writing
Sitting
Drinking
Standing
Walking
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PASSENGER RATING
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Acceleration Frequencies
Activity
Sitting
Drinking
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Spillage
Standing
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Writing
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Acceleration Frequency R ange (Hz)

Vertical
Lateral
0.4 - 16
0.4 - 2.0
1.0 - 20
3.3 - 3.95
0.2 - 2.0
1.0 - 20
Page 24

Suspension Systems
Summary of Presentation
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Page 25

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MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Engineering and Integration

Vehicle Suspension Systems

Presented by Bridget Eickhoff, RSSB

Suspension elements & modes of vibration

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Suspension elements & modes of vibration

Simple Vehicle - Track System

Cont act St if f ness

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Viscous Damping Characteristics

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Linear Stiffness in Parallel with :(a) Viscous Damping (b) Friction

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Single degree of freedom

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Two-axle vehicle pitch

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Vehicle Modes of Vibration

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Bounce and Pitch Modes

Vehicle Bounce Mode

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Vehicle Pitch Mode

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Lower Sway Mode

Upper Sway Mode

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Typical Frequencies Passenger Vehicle

Suspension elements & modes of vibration

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Viscous Damped Primary Suspension

Trailing Arm Primary Suspension

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Leaf Spring Primary Suspension

Y25 Bogie - Lenoir Link

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Friction Wedge Suspensions

Airspring Suspension System

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Suspension elements &modes of vibration

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Variation of Acceleration with Time

Vertical Ride Effect of Track Quality

Ride Acceleration (mg)

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Human Response to Vibration

Health - Physical Damage/Psychological Deterioration

Effect of Vibration on Health

weighted root mean square

Maximum Transient Vibration Value

Maximum weighted rms value over one second

Vibration Dose Value

Weighted root mean quad integrated over time

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Railway Vibration Health Limits

EU Physical Agents Directive

Whole Body Vibration Daily Exposure Limit Value 1.15 m/s 2

For on-track machines in Working Mode

Vertical Weighted Acceleration Peak Value < 6.0 m/s 2

See UK Guidance Note GM/GN 2460