Although pathogenic organisms constantly alight on the skin, they find it a very

unfavorable environment and, in the absence of injury, have great difficulty co

lonizing it. This self-sterilizing capacity of the skin results from the tendency of
all well-developed ecosystems toward homeostasis, or the maintenance of the sta
tus quo.
Species that typically live in soil, water, and elsewhere rarely multiply on the
skin. Undamaged skin is also unfavorable to most human pathogens. The skin is t
oo acid and too arid for some species. The constant shedding of the surface skin
layers further hinders the establishment of invaders. The most interesting defe
nse mechanism, however, results from the metabolic activities of the resident fl
ora. Unsaturated fatty acids, an important component of the lipids in sebum coll
ected from the skin surface, inhibit the growth of several bacterial and fungal
cutaneous pathogens. These acids are a metabolic product of certain gram-positiv
e members of the cutaneous community, which break down the more complex lipids i
n freshly secreted sebum.
17.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer an analysis of metabolic processes
(B) detail the ways in which bacteria and fungi can be inhibited
(C) describe mechanisms by which the skin protects itself against pathogens
(D) analyze the methods whereby biological systems maintain the status quo
(E) provide a specific example of the skins basic defenses against pathogens
18.
The resident flora mentioned in line 16 refer to
(A) Unsaturated fatty acids (line 17)
(B) sebum collected from the skin surface (lines 18-19)
(C) bacterial and fungal cutaneous pathogens (lines 19-20)
(D) certain gram-positive members of the cutaneous community (lines 21-22)
(E) more complex lipids (lines 23)
19.
Among the natural defenses of the skin against pathogenic organisms are
all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) dryness of the skin
(B) acidity of the skin
(C) tendency of the pathogens toward homeostasis
(D) shedding of surface layers of the skin
(E) metabolic breakdown of lipids
20.
The author presents her material in which of the following ways?
(A) Stating a problem and then supplying a solution
(B) Presenting a phenomenon and then analyzing reason for it
(C) Providing information and then drawing a conclusion from it
(D) Making a general statement and then arguing by analogy
(E) Making an inference and then developing it by illustration
Masterpieces are dumb, wrote Flaubert, They have a tranquil aspect like the very produ
cts of nature, like large animals and mountains. He might have been thinking of Wa
r and Peace, that vast, silent work, unfathomable and simple, provoking endless
questions through the majesty of its being. Tolstois simplicity is overpowering, says
the critic Bayley, disconcerting, because it comes from his casual assumption that the
world is as he sees it. Like other nineteenth-century Russian writers he is impress
ive because he means what he says, but he stands apart from all others and from most W
estern writers in his identity with life, which is so complete as to make us for
get he is an artist. He is the center of his work, but his egocentricity is of a
special kind. Goethe, for example, says Bayley, cared for nothing but himself. To
lstoi was nothing but himself.
For all his varied modes of writing and the multiplicity of characters in his fi
ction, Tolstoi and his work are of a piece. The famous conversion of his middle year
s, movingly recounted in his Confession, was a culmination of his early spiritua
l life, not a departure from it. The apparently fundamental changes that led fro
m epic narrative to dogmatic parable, from a joyous, buoyant attitude toward lif
e to pessimism and cynicism, from War and Peace to The Kreutzer Sonata, came fro
m the same restless, impressionable depths of an independent spirit yearning to
get at the truth of its experience. Truth is my hero, wrote Tolstoi in his youth, re
porting the fighting in Sebastopol. Truth remained his herohis own, not others, trut

h. Others were awed by Napoleon, believed that a single man could change the des
tinies of nations, adhered to meaningless rituals, formed their tastes on establ
ished canons of art. Tolstoi reversed all preconceptions; and in every reversal
he overthrew the system, the machine, the externally ordained belief, the conventiona
ehavior in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the s
olutions of independent thought.
In his work the artificial and the genuine are always exhibited in dramatic oppo
sition: the supposedly great Napoleon and the truly great, unregarded little Cap
tain Tushin, or Nicholas Rostovs actual experience in battle and his later account
of it. The simple is always pitted against the elaborate, knowledge gained from
observation against assertions of borrowed faiths. Tolstois magical simplicity is
a product of these tensions; his work is a record of the questions he put to hi
mself and of the answers he found in his search. The greatest characters of his
fiction exemplify this search, and their happiness depends on the measure of the
ir answers. Tolstoi wanted happiness, but only hard-won happiness, that emotiona
l fulfillment and intellectual clarity which could come only as the prize of all
-consuming effort. He scorned lesser satisfactions.
21.
Which of the following best characterizes the authors attitude toward Tols
toi?
(A) She deprecates the cynicism of his later works.
(B) She finds his theatricality artificial.
(C) She admires his wholehearted sincerity.
(D) She thinks his inconsistency disturbing.
(E) She respects his devotion to orthodoxy.
22.
Which of the following best paraphrases Flauberts statement quoted in line
s 1-4?
(A) Masterpiece seem ordinary and unremarkable from the perspective of a later a
ge.
(B) Great works of art do not explain themselves to us any more than natural obj
ects do.
(C) Important works of art take their place in the pageant of history because of
their uniqueness.
(D) The most important aspects of good art are the orderliness and tranquility i
t reflects.
(E) Masterpieces which are of enduring value represent the forces of nature.
23.
The author quotes from Bayley (line 8-20) to show that
(A) although Tolstoi observes and interprets life, he maintains no self-consciou
s distance from his experience
(B) the realism of Tolstois work gives the illusion that his novels are reports of
actual events
(C) unfortunately, Tolstoi is unaware of his own limitation, though he is sincer
e in his attempt to describe experience
(D) although Tolstoi works casually and makes unwarranted assumption, his work h
as an inexplicable appearance of truth
(E) Tolstois personal perspective makes his work almost unintelligible to the majo
rity of his readers
24.
The author states that Tolstois conversion represented
(A) a radical renunciation of the world
(B) the rejection of avant-garde ideas
(C) the natural outcome of his earlier beliefs
(D) the acceptance of religion he had earlier rejected
(E) a fundamental change in his writing style
25.
According to the passage, Tolstois response to the accepted intellectual a
nd artistic values of his times was to
(A) select the most valid from among them
(B) combine opposing viewpoints into a new doctrine
(C) reject the claims of religion in order to serve his art
(D) subvert them in order to defend a new political viewpoint
(E) upset them in order to be faithful to his experience
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true

of War and Peace?

(A) It belongs to an early period of Tolstois work.
(B) It incorporates a polemic against the disorderliness of Russian life.
(C) It has a simple structural outline.
(D) It is a work that reflects an ironic view of life.
(E) It conforms to the standard of aesthetic refinement favored by Tolstois contem
poraries.
27.
According to the passage, the explanation of Tolstois magical simplicity (line
55) lies partly in his
(A) remarkable power of observation and his facility in exact description
(B) persistent disregard for conventional restraints together with his great ene
rgy
(C) unusual ability to reduce the description of complex situations to a few wor
ds
(D) abiding hatred of religious doctrine and preference for new scientism
(E) continuing attempt to represent the natural in opposition to the pretentious