R

e
T
l
e
a
D m
e ti p
pve
ae r
r Ha
t ut
m mu
ei r
nde
t it C
y (F
%)

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...
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1.
Clea
ning
effici
ency
perc
enta
ge:
(CE
%)

(Trash
in
mixin
gTrash
in Lap
* 100)
/
Trash

in
mixin
g
2.
Beati
ng /
inch
(Beat
er
rpm *
no. of
arms)
/
(Feed
roller
rpm *
(22/7)
*
Feed
roll
diame
ter in
inch)
EXAM
PLE:
(Beat
er
speed
=
800;
Arms
= 30;
Feed
roller
rpm
= 10;
Feed
roller
diame
ter
=2.5"
Beats
/ inch

=
(800 *
30) /
(10 *
3.14 *
2.5 ")
= 30
Appro
x.
3.
Stan
dard
press
ure
when
spinn
ing
cotto
n
and
synt
hetic
.
S
y
n
t
h
e
ti
c

C
o
t
t
o
n

O
n 3 3
r 0 0
a 0 0
c K K
k g g
h / /
e c c
a mm
d 2 2
s
O3 2
n 0 7

C
a
l
e
n
d
a
r
R
o
ll
e
r

0 0
0 0
K K
g g
/ /
c c
mm
2 2

P
u 1 1
ll 3 3
i 0 0
n K K
g g g
D/ /
e c c
vi m m
c 2 2
e
4.
Expe
cted
stan
dard
effici
ency
%
For
Auto
Doffin
g is
88 to
90%
(Allow
ing
for
mixin
g
chang

e and
cleani
ng)
5.
Lap
Toler
ance
Limit
s
= (Av
g. Lap
Wt. +
- (2 *
C.V
%*
Nomi
nal
Wt.))/
100
Co
effi
cie
N
nt
o
of
r
var
m
iati
s
on
of
lap
O
G
n A
o
e v
o
y g
d
ar .
d
0
Fu 1
.
ll .
7
La 0
0
p
W 12
ra . .
p 20
pi

n
g
6.
No
rm
s
of
wr
ap
pin
g
C.V
Satisf
actor
y
value
s of
Count
C.V%
for
wrapp
ing in
Prepa
ratory
&
spinni
ng

W
ra
p
pi
n
g

L
e
n
g
%
t
CU
h
.%
V
i
n
m

Bl 1 1
o
w
ro
o

m
la
p
C
ar 2 3
1
d ..
0
sil 0 5
v
er
Fi
ni
sh
er
0
Dr
2
.
a 1 .
8
wi
2
5
n
g
Sli
v
er
13
In
5. .
te
53
r
Ya
rn
u
11
p
0.
to
02
6
0
N
e
Ya 1 1
rn 0 .
6 05
0
N
e
a
n
d
a

b
ov
e
u
pt
o
6
0s
(S
3
tr
e
n
gt
h
C
V)
6
0s
a
b
ov
4
e(
.
St
5
re
n
gt
h
C
V)

01.
Clea
ning
Effici
ency
(%)
( Tras
h in
Lap Trash
in
Silver
)/
Trash

in
Lap)*
100
2.
Twist
insert
ed /
inch
in
sliver
(rpm
of can
plate
)/
Surfa
ce
speed
of
calen
dar
Roller
1.
Roller
settin
g for
3
Roller
Drawi
ng
Fr
on
t
Zo
ne
=
AF
IS
5
%
Le
ng
th

Ba
ck
zo
ne
=
AF
IS
5
%
+
4
m.
m.

2. C.V
of

Sliver
= C/
Sqrt
N
C
=C.V
of
creel
sliver
;N=
Numb
er of
sliver
s fed
C
o
i
l
s
1p
e
r
i
n
c
h
For
Coar
se
Rovi
ng =
T.P I
* 10
For
fine
Rovi
ng
=T.P
I*
13
2Thu
mb

Rule
for
Laye
rs /
cm.
=5.1
2/
(Rovi
ng
hank
)
1.
Natur
al
variati
on =
CV %
*2
Let
CV =
1.2 ;
count
= 30
(1.2
*2*
30 ) /
100 =
0.72
30
+0.72
Ne
2.
Ring
Yarns

Single
yarn
strengt
h in
gram *
0.264
= lea

strengt
h of
120
yards
in Lbs.

Rotor
Yarns
(i)
Cotton
RKM
=
0.0052
5*
CSP +
0.842
(ii)
Cotton
Blende
d
RKM
=
0.0053
7*
CSP +
0.943
(iii)
Man
Made
RKM
=
0.0056
1*
CSP +
1.079
3.
Coils /
inch
(yarn
gap

shoul
d be
equal
to half
the
diame
ter of
yarn
betwe
en
conse
cutive
coils)
By
Thum
b Rule
=
13.3
*
(count
)
Gen
eral
form
ula
4
for
tape
Widt
h
Tape
widt
h=
Face
widt
h of
spin
dle
Wha
rve 4m
m
1Yarn
. quali
ty
Facto
r=

Clear
ing
Effici
ency
/
Knot
facto
r
Pre
clear
er
Gaug
e at
windi
2
ng
.
(card
ed
yarn)
4.0 *
yarn
diam
eter
Pre
clear
er
Gaug
e at
windi
ng
(com
bed
yarn)
5*
yarn
diam
eter
Clear
3ing
. Effici
ency
=
100 *
(Total
unwa
nted

Fault
s
Rem
oved
by
Clear
er) /
( Tot
al
Num
ber
of
such
fault
s
Prese
nt in
the
yarn)
Knot
Facto
r=
( Tot
al
num
ber
of
Clear
er
4
cuts)
.
/
(Nu
mber
of
unwa
nted
yarn
fault
s
remo
ved)
5Nor
. mal
Clea
ring
Effic

ienc
y
and
knot
Fact
or
T
y
K
p
n
e
o
o
t
f C
F
CE
a
l
c
e
t
a
o
r
r
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o 8<
n0
i -1
c 9.
C 53
l
e
a
r
e
r

6Yarn
. Tens
ion
level
: (1
/ 20)
*

singl
e
yarn
Stren
gth -Do
not
be
amaz
ed
Just
try It

D
Tot
al
imp
erf
ecti
on
in
Do
ubl
e
yar
n=
1
0.1
.
70
*
Tot
al
imp
erf
ecti
on
in
sin
gle
yar
n
2Do
. ubli

T
o
p

ng
yar
n
stre
ngt
h=
Rin
g
yar
n
stre
ngt
h*
2.5
Do
ubl
e
yar
nU
%
=
Sin
3
gle
.
yar
nU
%/
sqr
t
(N
o of
yar
ns)
4Do
. ubli
ng
Ten
sio
n
wei
ght
in
gra
m
=
( Le
a

stre
ngt
h in
Lb
* 4)
/
15.
4

EVALUATIONOF CLEANING EFFICIENCY IN BLOWROOM AND CARD

Raw cotton contains various kinds of trash, such as leaf, bark, and seed coat particles. The content of each of those trash
ategories is highly depending on the origin of the cotton and its harvesting method.
Trash content from
bale to silver should decrease through the opening. In one hand, the requirements of sliver quality impose that the cotton
must be intensively cleaned during ginning, spinning mill and carding. On the other hand, the amount of those
ontaminations provides useful information for finding more efficient cleaning processes and predicts the quality of the
inished products.
In this study, the authors propose establishing an
ndication of cleaning efficiency to estimate the behaviour of cottons at the cleanliness for a better follow-up of the
leaners, and to avoid complaints formulated in the reception of the finished article.
Degree of cleaning (DC)
The
numerical evaluation of the cleaning effect of a machine in spinning preparation is generally effected by detailing the
degree of cleaning, which indicates in percentage terms the quantity of trash removal relative to the trash content present
n the feed material.
The result of the cleaning, defined by DC (%), can be calculated by the following formula:
Ti: Percentage of eliminated impurities
Ttotal: Percentage of impurities at the input of machine.
According to Zellweger USTER[2], the degree of cleaning DC, can be classified as follows:
Table 1 : Classification of DC (%) for the blowroom

Class

Interpretation

> 40%

Very good

30% - 40%

Good

20% - 30%

Average

10% - 20%

Bad

< 10%

Very bad

Table 2 : Classification of DC (%) for the card

Class

Interpretation

> 90%

Very good

80% - 90%

Good

70% - 80%

Average

60% - 70%

Bad

< 60%

Very bad

The degree of cleaning is influenced not only by the lint characteristics in intermediate products, but also by the
mechanical handling of the fibre [3,4], because cotton has a lower degree of cleaning DC (%) if it is difficult to clean (bad
leanability) and\or if the machine has a lower cleaning efficiency. However the degree of cleaning DC (%) is improved
when the cotton is easy to clean (good cleanability) and\or when the cleaning efficiency of the machine is improved.
Another important factor is the trash content (Ttotal %) of the cotton at the input of machine, the degree of cleaning for a
dirty cotton is more elevated than clean cotton on the same machine and in the same conditions [4]. According to Leifel
erdinand [5] for cottons that have a low trash contents (= 5%) he proposed an empiric formula of DC that depends
essentially on the cleaning efficiency of the machine (MCl), cleanability of the cotton (C) and the trash content (Ttotal %)
The control device 'Micro Dust Trash Analyser, MDTA3', measures Ttotal. Nevertheless, the difficulty of the determination of
MCl resides in the evaluation of the cotton cleanability (C).

Table 3 : Classification of T- total for the blowroom[2].

Class

Interpretation

> 4%

Very high

3%-4%

High

2%-3%

Average

1%-2%

Low

< 1%

Very low

Table 4 : Classification of T- total for the card[2].

Class

Interpretation

> 2%

Very high

1,5%-2%

High

1%-1,5%

Average

0,5%-1%

Low

< 0,5%

Very low

Determination of the clean ability

n order to get meaningful results of cleaning efficiency, it is important to know the behaviour of the cotton to cleaning; it
s the easiness or the difficulty with which cotton is rid of its trash. Several methods are used to determine the cleanability
C [6]. The most simple consist to determine the relationship between the percentage of trash eliminated after one passage
T1 of the sample in the control device Micro Dust Trash Analyser, MDTA3 , and Ttotal of this same sample [7]. C-factor
depends on successive passages of the control device 'Uster-MDTA 3', more the quantity of trash T1 collected in the first
passage is raised more the cleanability of cotton is better. Thus, the cleanability (C %) can be determined as follows:

Results and discussion:

Cleanability C
n order to determine the relation between various fibre's properties and the cleaning behaviour in spinning preparation,
we realised tests on raw materials (cotton) from different origins and characteristics
nfluence of the trash content and the micronaire value on the cleanability:
shows that there is no relation between trash of raw material and cleanability. Then the cleanability is independent from
he trash content. Indeed, it is quite possible that cotton, which has high trash content, possesses a good or a bad
leanability. It is the same for cotton of low trash content [11].
On the contrary, the shows that there is a definite relationship between cleanability and micronaires values. With
ncreasing micronaire values, there is a rise in the C-factor and in the cleanability of the cotton, this suggests that the finer
otton fibres have low rigidity and high buckling coefficient, and are thus more easily entangled into neps and attached to
he trash during cleaning. Thus their cleaning and spinning efficiencies will be affected [8,5]
nfluence of seed-coat fragments (SCF) on the cleanability C
Different trash categories may have different influences on textile processing of cotton and on the quality of the finished
products. In order to evaluate the influence of the SCF, which are infinitely small particles of the fractional trash, on the
leanability, the authors proceeded to the following tests.1.
1.The first test (E1) consists of determining the cleanability of three cottons from different origins.
2.In the second test (E2), the authors determined the cleanability after adding to every cotton of the test (E1) the SCF
hairy-leaf) and which are randomly distributed in raw cotton.
3.The third test (E3) consists of determining the cleanability after adding to every cotton of the test (E1) the larger size of
he trash particles (smooth-leaf), disposed freely to the surface.
As already indicated above in the test E2 gives a worst cleanability due to the difficulties in opening and separating fibres
after one passage of the sample in the control device MDTA 3. The SCF are virtually impossible to extract from the bulk of
aw cotton because of the tuft of fibres attached generally incorporated into the yarn as a neps. These tests confirm that
he C-factor depends largely on the content of small fragments SCF. Therefore, an increase of SCF in raw material is also
associated to the cotton cleaning difficulty .
So, the smooth-leaf needs only gentle cleaning at the mill,
but the hairy-leaf cotton needs much more aggressive cleaning to remove the hairy-leaf particles, which tend to attach to
he cotton fibres. Frey and al [10] indicated that seed coat fragments were the main reason for end breaks, deposits in
otors, increased neps and other problems
Evolution of the clean ability during the cleaning process
The effect of seed-coat fragments (SCF) particles has increased significantly in the cotton industry because the demand for
mproving fabric quality has increased. In general, the lint cleaning considerably decreases the weight of fragments in lint,
but only slightly affects their number. This indicates that lint cleaners, in addition to removing fragments, may create new
eed-coat fragments by breaking up some of those present, so fibres contain more SCF, which explains the decrease in
leanability at successive stages of the spinning process. It is important to understand that the presence of a large number
of SCF in a cotton, for instance due to excessive cleaning, will exert a negative effect on the cleanability of the cotton,
because these small fragments are more difficult to remove. This implies that the majority of small imperfections found in
yarn are actually due to the presence of SCF in the lint [8,9].

Theoretical changes in the clean ability in successive intermediate products of a typical cleaning line are presented in
igure5. Every characteristic of straight line represents a cleaning process, thus we can deduce that the more the absolute
value of straight line slope is raised, the more the cotton becomes difficult to clean (ie, fragmentation of trash is
mportant).
To verify these notice and
onfirm our hypothesis of work, Figure 6 presents changes in the cleanability for successive technological stages of four
leaning lines (L1 , L2 , L3 and L4) of a spinning firm. The line L3 presents the most elevated slope, which permits to show
hat the cleaner CVT4 of this line provokes an important fragmentation of trash; the cotton becomes consequently more
difficult to clean.
Cleaning lines in spinning mills should be compared to make sure that each piece of equipment is operating efficiently. It is
possible that two cleaning lines coming from the same lay down have different cleaning efficiencies. Certain pieces of
equipment may not be adjusted correctly so that the cleaning is not optimised.
Classification of clean ability
According to the experiences that the authors have already presented, the clean ability C could be classified as follows:
Cleaning efficiency (MCl)
Monitoring the efficiency of cleaning and carding equipment is a good method of determining if the equipment is operating
properly to get a better understanding about the actual machine performance.
Evaluation of machine status
n the following, the authors present the results of the mechanical processing for different levels of mill cleaning, in order
o judge and compare the efficiency of different cleaners and cleaning lines. For this application, they have used a raw
material whose characteristics are summarised below in the table 6.
The authors chose to follow the cleaning efficiency of a cotton cleaning line comprising two Trtzschler cleaners (AXI-FLOS
and CVT4 and) and seven Trtzschler cards. Thus, results have been measured to all the important levels of mill cleaning,
namely, exit AXI-FLO, exit CVT4, exit cleaning line and exit cards.
Note: In equation 2, we will now replace the cleanability C% by cleanability index, the difference is that the latter is not
elative to 100% but to 1.
The determination of the cleaning efficiency gives an idea about the state of functioning of different machines. So, more we
advance in the process of cleaning, more the cotton becomes difficult to clean and more are required to use efficient
machines (Figure 7).
Therefore we can conclude that the
optimum of opening and cleaning will be realised by choosing and by staging carefully the different cleaners according to
heir cleaning efficiency (In the increasing order of MCl value), in order to obtain a good cleaning efficiency in conjunction
with a small amount of waste, a gentle treatment of the fibres, and a moderate increase of neps. Therefore, on its way
hrough the machines, the material is passed over several rolls, each of them running at a higher speed and having finer
lothing.
Cleaning efficiency of the different cards
n this part we will compare the cleaning efficiency of each individual card. Once this analysis is complete, it is very easy to
determine which cards are causing the majority of the problems in the card line and which cards are working
acceptably.Figure 8 suggests that the card N5 possesses the best value of cleaning efficiency, and the card N4 is the
owest one. After checking, it is turned out that the cylinder clothing of this card were worn out, from where the necessity
of a replacement or a regular sharpening was seen.
Classification of
leaning efficiency MCl
Case of the cleaners
In
accordance with equation (2), it is possible to estimate the cleaning efficiency of machines and by taking into account the
different classifications of: DC (%), T % and C %, the cleaning efficiency of machines ( MCl) can be classified as follows:
Case of the cleaning line
igure 9 presents a schematic illustration of a cotton cleaning line including two machines.
To
determine the cleaning efficiency of a cleaning line, we preserve the same reasoning for the cleaners of the blowroom and
o consider that the different machines behave as an individual machine.
The input of line
orresponds to the input of the first machine, and the output to that of the last machine.

Conclusion
Cotton
leaning is an important spinning preparation process, and the degree of cleaning is therefore an interesting characteristic
or the machine employed in this field. On the basis of the authors' research, they state that the determination of the
leanability based on the measures of trash by means of the device of control " Uster MDTA " permits to predict the future
behaviour of cotton in cleaning and gives a preview on the cleaning efficiency of cleaner and even a cleaning line. This
means that it is possible to test cotton fibres at all stages of the cleaning process.
The cleanability of cotton is clearly influenced by several fibre properties. We can notice that the cleanability strongly
depends on the seed coat fragments SCF and the micronaire value but does not depend on the trash content. So the
determination of C allows to compare the effect of cleaning lines on the decrease and the fragmentation of trash, and to
evaluate the cleaning efficiency. Besides, it is possible to analyse the cleaning efficiency MCl of machines during the
blowroom and the carding at reasonable times and with little staff in order to compare their function status for a better
ollow-up.
Therefore, information about cotton trash categories
prior to textile processing is important. It helps to find efficient ways to remove trash particles at the early stages of
processing to avoid large particles being broken into small trash "SCF" which are difficult to remove from cotton.
Despite technology, rigorous mechanical processing remains a necessity in order to successfully open and clean, because
he removal of impurities is usually accompanied by shortening of the length distribution, fibre loss, formation of neps,
ibre breaking and other damages.
Therefore, all mechanical
processing is a compromise between quality improvement (disentanglement and cleaning of fibres) and damage, which is
defined as degradations of fibre's quality. This is necessary in order to establish a spinning mill's benchmark data. At the
ame time it would be interesting to analyse the changes of trash size, and the cleaning efficiency for the successive
pinning process machines.
To value a global efficiency, it is necessary to take into
account also other indicators of quality such as variation .