English FOR all

The Leaders of the World

30 Crore Indians have Learnt English.

They are our Nations Pride and the Leaders of the World
What about You?
Hey! Lets start here.
Only so much do I know as I have lived.
Friend, this is no book; who touches this, touches a man of
Infinitude, Insightedness and Industry

An Indian

Happy Learning Dear Friend.

By
P.Sudhakar Chatrapathi
M.A., B.Ed., D.T.T., D.C.A.,V.E.

For Books & Programmes

Contact : 99495 23961

DATA REPRESENTATION
Communication Skills & Personality Development

1. Grammar

2. Functional English

To write and say

grammatically correct
sentences

For better, effective and

formal communication

1. Basic skills

2. Study skills

Note-taking
Skimming

Note making
Scanning

3. Communication Skills

3. Reference
Skills
Dictionary
Encyclopedia
Catalogue
Brochure
Pamphlet

4. Personality Development
* Virtues
* Character Building
* Soft skills

4. Conference
skills
Personal interview
Group interview
Group discussion
Meeting
Seminar

5. Orational skills
Visage
Gestures
Postures
Voice modulation

Gist reading
Preface

Briefing: In communication skills & Personality Development Programme, we are going to learn Grammar, to write and say grammatically
correct sentences; Functional English , for better, effective and formal communication; In Communication skills: Basic skills, LSRW; Study
Skills, note making, Note-tanking, skimming, scanning, Gist- reading; Reference skills, consulting Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Catalogue,
Brochure & Pamphlet; Conference Skills, Personal Interview, Group Interview, Group Discussion, Meeting, Seminar, Conference,
Orational Skills, Visage, Gestures, Postures and Voice Modulation.
In Personality Development, Virtues, Character Building and Soft Skills.

Contents

S.No

Title

Page No.

1.

Elements of English Language

1-2

2.

Parts of Speech

3.

Nouns

4-13

4.

Pronouns

14-26

5.

Adjectives

27-41

6.

Verbs & Tenses

42-62

7.

Adverbs

63-73

8.

Conjunctions

74-80

9.

Prepositions &Interjections

81-82

10.

Parsing

83-91

11.

Words

92-95

12.

Active Voice Passive Voice

96-116

13.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

117-125

14.

Conditional Clauses (if clauses)

126-147

15.

Simple-complex & compound sentences

148-167

16.

Question Tags

168-172

17.

Embedded Statements &

Embedded Questions

173-177

18.

Subject Verb agreement

178-179

19.

Direct Object & Indirect Object

180-182

20.

Parallelism

184-184

21.

Punctuation Marks

185

22.

Phonetics

187-193

English Language Learning in Hundred Days

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Elements of English Language

Words
Phrases
Clauses
Sentences

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Parts of Speech
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adverbs
Adjectives
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

Tenses
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
Present continuous
Past continuous
Future continuous
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous
Future perfect continuous

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

Voice
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
Present continuous
Past continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

Kinds of Sentences
Declarative / Assertive
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamatory

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

Direct & Indirect Speech

Statements
Yes / No Questions
WH Questions
Imperative
Exclamatory

48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.

Conditional Clauses
Open condition
Unlikely condition
Closed condition
Zero condition
unreal condition

54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.

Simple, Complex & Compound

But / yet/still ___
Not only _ _ _ _ but also _____
No sooner _ _ _ _ than ______
And _________
So / and so _____
Or / otherwise / else _____
Very _ _ _ _ and so _____

62.
63.
64.
65.
66.

Question Tags
Main verbs
Auxiliary Verb
Modal verbs
Imperative

67.
68.
69.
70.

Embedded Clauses
Embedded statement
Embedded Questions
Embedded Clauses Indirect speech

71. Parallelism
72. Parts of speech (nouns, adjectives,
verbs, adverbs)
73. Elements of English language (word,
phrase, clause &Sentence)
74. Conjunctions
75. Degrees of Comparison
76. Relative Clauses
77. Who / whose / whom / what /
78. Which / that / when / where
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.

Correction of Sentences
Usage of Nouns
Usage of Pronouns
Usage of Verbs
Usage of Adverbs
Usage of Adjectives
Usage of Prepositions
Usage of Conjunctions
Usage of Interjections

88.
89.
90.
91.
92.

Degrees of Comparison
The best _ _ _ _ __
One of the best _ _ _ __
Not the best
A _ _ _ _ not so _ _ __ as B

93. Punctuation Marks

94. Reported Clause & Reporting Clause
95. Sentence Endings
96. Phonetics
97. Consonant sounds
98. Vowel sounds
99. Pronunciation
100. Rhyming words

1. ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Word
A group of letters which
makes sense

e.g
1. Morning

Phrase
A group of words which
makes some sense

Early in the morning

Clause

Sentence

A group of words which

is incomplete in sense

A group of words which

makes complete sense

when I wake up early in the morning, I go for a walk

clause

2. A farmer

A poor farmer

Sentence

Though Ramaiah is a poor farmer, he is honest

clause

3. Rainfall

A heavy rainfall

Sentence

As there was a heavy rainfall, the match was cancelled

clause

4. Intelligent

Intelligent and industrious

Sentence

Sahiti is intelligent as well as industrious

clause

5. Sincere

Sincere and so successful

Sentence

As Latha was sincere in her efforts, she was successful

clause

6. Honest

Honest and respectable

Sentence

If you are honest, you are respectable.

clause

Sentence

Sentence and its parts

Subject
1. Sub + Predicate

Predicate (states something about the subject)

e.g.
1. Lion
Sub

Verb (action)
roars.
verb

Object ( Receiver)
Adjective (modifies noun / pronoun)
Adverb (modifies action)

2. A mason builds houses.

Sub
verb obj

Phrases

3. The students are industrious.

Sub verb adj
2. Predicate + sub
1. Here comes the bus
2. There goes the thief
3. Down went the mob

4. Jyothi works hard.

Sub verb adv
5.Sandhya is an efficient engineer.
Sub verb noun phrase

3. Psuedo subject :
1. It often rains here
2. There was a well in our courtyard
3. It smells good
4. Here is a gift for you

6. Ram speaks English very fluently.

Sub
verb obj
adv. Phrase
7. The ornaments are made of gold.
Sub
verb verb adj.phrase

Noun
Adjectival
Adverbial

Parsing
Identifying parts of speech
Speech is made of words. There are more than one million words in English. According to their function in a sentence, the words are
classified into eight groups (parts of speech)

2. PARTS OF SPEECH(8)

Nouns are the names of persons,

places, things and thoughts.

Pronouns are used instead of nouns

e.g.
1. The soldier in the battle field to
defend his country never cares
pain.

4. Adverbs

e.g.
1.He who excuses himself accuses
himself.

5. Adjectives

Adverbs modify actions,

Adjectives qualify nouns and
adjectives and other adverbs. pronouns.
e.g.
1. Ravan stood silently.
Verb adv
2. Kashap is well educated.
Adv adj
3. Usha runs very fast.
Adv adv

3. Verbs

2. Pronouns

1. Nouns

e.g.
1. Latha is intelligent and industrious.
Adj
adj
2.The girl is mischievous.
Adj

6. Prepositions

Verbs express state, action, possession

of subject and modality of action.
e.g
1.We speak English fluently.
2. They have good sense of humour.
3. Radhika is efficient and proficient.
4. Nirmala can sing melodiously.

7. Conjunctions

8. Interjections

Prepositions are used with

nouns or pronouns to show
place, time, method etc.

Conjunctions join words,

phrases, clauses, and
sentences.

Interjections express strong or

sudden feelings such as wonder, joy,
surprise, sorrow etc.

e.g.
1. I go to bed at 10 pm.
2. Ramarao is at hotel.
3. I went to Hyderabad by train.

e.g
1. Wisdom is neither
inheritance nor legacy.

e.g.
1. Hurrah ! We have won the match.
2. Alas ! The old man is no more.
3. Oops ! I have missed the bus.

2. Kamala either comes or

phones us.

3. NOUNS (NAMING WORDS)

Names of places

Names of persons
e.g.
1. Neelima is a brilliant student.

Names of things

e.g
1. Bangalore is a city of gardens.

e.g

Names of thoughts / feelings

Emotions / ideas
Concepts

1. BMW is a nice car.

e.g.
1. Patience is a virtue.
2. Virtue is knowledge.

Kinds of Nouns
1. Common nouns
Names given in common
to every person, place
and things.
e.g.

2. Proper nouns
Names of particular persons,
places and things.

Names of groups of persons

and things.

Name of materials
e.g.

e.g.
1. Schwamm is a brave
solider.

1. The man is a soldier.

2. The old man is my
Grandfather.

4. Material nouns

3. Collective Nouns

2. Sitaramaiah is my
grandfather.

e.g.
1. The group of soldiers is a
troop.
2. The group of relatives is a
family.

1. Their uniform is
made of wool.
2. The walking stick is
made of wood.

5. Abstract nouns
Names of thoughts,
feelings, ideas and
emotions.
e.g
1. They show valour in
the battle field.
2. They have love and
affection for one
another.

Gender

Types of Nouns

Concrete nouns
Things are concrete nouns.

Abstract nouns
Thoughts are abstract

Kinds of nouns

Countable nouns
(number & group)

Common collective
e.g.
students class
relatives family
players team
sheep flock
cattle herd
flowers - bunch

Masculine
(male)
e.g
Man
Tiger
Prince

Feminine
(female

Common
(both)

Neuter
(none)

Woman
Tigress
Princess

Doctor
Animal
Authority

Thing
Fur
Dress

Uncountable nouns
(mass & quantity ) (expressions)
Material nouns

Abstract nouns

Materials
Metals
Minerals
Liquids
Gases

Qualities
Emotions
Thoughts
Feelings
Concepts

e.g.
a kilo of sugar
a litre of oil
a cake of soap
a block of ice
a loaf of bread
a piece of chalk

a piece of information
a piece of advice

Nouns : Examples
1. Tirupati is a holy city.
2. Ramaiah is a wise man.
3. Cello is a good pen.
4. A troop of soldiers commandeered the city.
5. The flock of sheep is grazing on the green pasture.
6. The princesses are in the beautiful garden.
7. The elderly man gave her a piece of advice.
8. I take three loaves of bread and a glass of milk
for my breakfast
9. The lady bought a new piece of furniture.
10. The princes are at the battle field.
11. The milk is soar and the fruits are stale.
12. Honesty is the best policy.
13. Democracy is the rule of people.
14. Economics is the queen of social sciences.
15. Politics is a vast subject.

Usage of nouns
1. Common nouns : Singular nouns take singular verbs and plural nouns take plural verbs.
e.g.
1. The student works hard.
The students work hard.
2. The bird flies high in the sky.
The birds fly high in the sky.
3. The dog doesnt bark.
The dogs dont bark.
4. The boy has a good sense of humor.
The boys have a good sense of humor.
5. The cow is grazing in the garden.
The cows are grazing in the garden.
6. The girl was sleeping then.
The girls were sleeping then.
2. Proper nouns
Proper nouns can be used as common nouns in the plural forms or with articles.
e.g
1. There are three Kumars in our office.
2. Kalyan is the Dhoni of our college.
3. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.
4. Koutilya is the Machiavelli of India.
5. The man is a French.

3. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns as a unit takes singular verb.
e.g
1. The bunch consists of five keys.
2. The committee suggests the ban of the products.
3. The family has gone abroad.
Collective noun referred separately takes plural verb.
e.g
1. The family have been arriving one by one to attend the old mans funeral.
2. The class have dispersed from the assembly.
4. Material nouns : Material nouns, considered in mass and quantity, take singular verbs are
not used in the plural forms.
1. The palatial building is built of Stone.
2. The shack is built of brick.
3. Honey is good for health.
4. Cotton cloth is used for uniforms.
5. The water is sweet.
6. The furniture is made of wood.
7. Gold is a precious metal.
8. The utensils are made of silver.
5. Uncountable nouns
Certain uncountable nouns are used with certain expressions.
1. The teachers use pieces of chalk to write on the board.
2. The girl bought a cake of soap.
3. There were blocks of ice on the road.
4. The old man gave her a piece of advice.
5. The stranger asked for a piece of information.
6. The elephant brought a log of wood on to the road.
7. The piece of furniture is very expensive.
8. The little boy gave a loaf of bread to the beggar.

6. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns take singular verbs.
1. Wisdom is neither inheritance nor legacy.
2. Ignorance is bliss.
3. Knowledge is divine.
4. Happiness is within you.
5. Industry is the key to success.
6. Anger is an enemy within.
7. Love is an emotion which binds everyone together.
8. Marxism forms the basis for communism.
7. Some nouns have the same forms for the both singulars and plurals
1. The fish are still in the water.
The fish is still in the water.
2. The sheep is drinking water in trough.
The sheep are drinking water in trough.
3. The deer is beautiful.
The deer are beautiful.
4. They are all the old mans offspring.
This girl is his only offspring.
5. The aircraft is flying with the wind.
The aircraft are flying with the wind.
6. This is a rare species.
These are rare species.
8. Some nouns are used in the singular form only
1. Mary has golden hair.
2. The advice is simple.
3. The scenery is fantastic.
4. The machinery in the company is sophisticated.

5. Poetry is a beautiful expression of truth.

6. The grain is wet.
9. Some nouns are used only in the plural form
1. The premises of the college is tranquil.
2. The pants are good.
3. The scissors are blunt.
4. The trousers are loose.
5. The nuptials is going on.
6. The criminal was sent to gallows.
7. The spectacles are broken.
8. The bowels of the earth are hot.
9. The proceeds of the performance go to charity.
10. There is a rise in average earnings.
10. Some nouns are plural in form but are singular in use
1. The news is good.
2. That is great news.
3. They follow business ethics.
4. Measles is an infectious disease of children.
5. Malathi received a summons to appear in court.
6. Summonses are served on them to appear in court.
11. Some nouns are always used in plural
1. People are agitating against the government.
2. Cattle graze on greener pastures.
3. Criminals are considered vermin and treated as such.
4. The police are chasing the thief.
5. The villagers consume plenty of fish and poultry.
12. Plural nouns as a whole take singular verbs
1. One million rupees is a big amount.
2. Ten kilometers is not a long distance for me to walk.
3. Fifty kilos is a heavy weight for the child of that age.
4. Two litres of milk is consumed by the family.

Gender Inanimate things or objects

Certain things & objects are referred as masculine or feminine genders

Masculine
Objects which are known for strength, courage,
violence, superiority etc,

Feminine
Objects which are remarkable for beauty,
gentleness, gracefulness, tenderness,
weakness etc.

e.g
the sun, death, war, winter, anger, fear, thunder,
summer etc
.

e.g.
the earth, the moon, virtue, peace, spring,
charity, fame, nature, hope, justice,
mercy, pity, fortune, truth defeat,
modesty, liberty, victory etc.

10

Possessive case of Nouns

(s/of/s)

1. Nouns of living things

2. Nouns of Inanimate objects

The possessive case of nouns is formed adding apostrophe s (s) to

The possessive case of nouns of inanimate objects is formed with

the noun.

of.

e.g.

e.g.

1. My brothers house is near the temple.

1. The wings of the Aeroplane were damaged.

2. The dogs tail is very short.

2. The walls of the fort were fortified.

3. The girls hair is very long.

3. The roads of the city are well connected.

4. The oldmans narration is fantastic.

4. The plains of the country are fertile.

3. Personified objects

4. Regular plural forms

The possessive case of nouns of personified objects is formed with

(Plural forms of nouns ending in s/es/ies)

apostrophe s (s) to the noun.

The possessive case of nouns with plural forms ending in s is

e.g.

formed adding only apostrophe to the noun.

1. The natures beauty is joy forever.

e.g.

2. The victorys hands shook with the warrior.

1. The boys hostel is near the railway station.

3. The suns heat burned the flowers.

2. The rats burrows are very deep.

3. The elephants trails are found.

11

5. Irregular plural forms

6. Noun phrases

The possessive case of irregular plural forms is formed adding

The possessive case of noun phrase is formed adding apostrophe s

apostrophe s (s).

to the last word.

e.g.

e.g

1. There was a childrens amusement park near the temple.

1. The President of Americas resolution on terrorism is

2. The oxens yoke was heavy to carry by one person.

appreciated.
2. The sisters of charitys service is only for the poor.

7. Common possession of two or more proper nouns

8. Two nouns in apposition

The possessive case of proper nouns joined by and is formed

The possessive case of two nouns in apposition is formed

adding s to the last word to show common possession.

adding s to the second noun.

e.g.

e.g.

1. Tata and Birlas fame is known to everyone in India.

1. Susmith, the doctors daughter, is nimble.

2. Maruthi and Suzukis share in automobile industry has grown

2. Lalitha, the weavers daughter, stood first in the class.

significantly

3. Madhav, the merchants son, earned a good fortune in foreign

trade.

12

POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

9. Compound nouns
The possessive case of a compound noun is
formed adding s to the last word.

10.Singular nouns ending with S/ce

The possessive case of singular nouns ending
with s/ce is formed adding only apostrophe ().

e.g.
1. My sister-in-laws visit surprised us.
2. My father-in-laws business flourished well.

e.g.
1. For goodness sake, spare him.
2. I work sincerely for my conscience sake.

Examples
1. My father often gives me a piece of advice regarding my studies.
2. The teacher gave the students a piece of information about the course.
3. Rakesh has been issued a summons to appear in court the following week.
4. The rich farmer gave alms to the poor beggars at the temple.
5. His hair has turned grey recently.
6. The Government has supplied new furniture for schools lately.
7. One of my sisters-in-law is abroad.
8. Burglary in my cousins house sent the three thieves to jail.
9. The factory is equipped with the sophisticated machinery.
10. The scenery of Kashmir is fabulous.
11. The boys mischief ruined his studies.
12. The prisoner used the pliers to cut the fence.
13. The French supplied cannon to the king to win the battle.
14. Less luggage more comfort.
15. The equipment in the hospital is expensive.
16. Its a pains taking job.
17. The hero begins his second innings in film industry with the movie.
18. My brothers-in-law study in a boarding college.
19. The smuggled gold is caught by the police.
20. Krish is one of the spoilsports in the class.

13

4. PRONOUNS
Pronouns : Pronouns are used in the place of nouns.
Forms of pronouns :
Nominative
case
(subject)
I
We
You
You
He
She
It
They

Accusative
case
(object)
Me
Us
You
You
Him
Her
It
Them

Possessive
Adjectives
(Determines)
My
Our
Your
Your
His
Her
Its
Their

2. Demonstrative pronouns
Singular
This
That

Plural
These
Those

e.g.
1. This is my new car.
2. These are our pets.
3. That is my cousins house.
4. Those are mine.

Possessive Reflexive /
pronouns
Emphatic
pronouns
Mine
Myself
Ours
Ourselves
Yours
Yourself
Yours
Yourselves
His
Himself
Her
Herself
Its
Itself
Theirs
Themselves

1. Personal pronouns
Person
First
Second
Third

Singular
I
You
He/ she / it

3. Indefinite pronouns
Somebody
Anybody
Someone
Anyone
Something
Anything

Plural
We
You
They

5. Pronouns of number
Many
Few / a few
Some
One, two

Nobody
None
Nothing

Some
Other
Others
Another
7. Interrogative & Relative pronouns
Who
Whose
Whom
Which
What

14

4. Distributive pronouns
Everybody Either
Each
Everyone
Neither
Everything

6. Pronouns of Quantity
More
Much
Little /a little

Examples
1. Personal pronouns
Nominative case (subject):
1. I have been telling him that it is unfair to do so.
2. We pledge allegiance to the sovereignty of the republic India.
3. You know thyself and you will be the best of best.
4. He who excuses himself accuses himself.
5. She is the former winner of the contest.
6. It has been raining since morning.
7. They have been trying to open the doors for a half an hour.
Accusative case (object):
1. Call me when you are free.
2. Lets do it know.
3. I call you back.
4. They installed him the manager of the company.
5. We call her Madam.
6. Learn it well.
7. Bring them here.
Determiners (Possessive Adjectives) :
1. Its my new car.
2. That is our college.
3. Its your job.
4. That is his desk.
5. These are her possessions.
6. The little boy pulled its tail.
7. They should know their abilities.
Possessive pronouns :
1. This car is mine.
2. These are all ours.
3. This is yours.
4. The flat is his.
5. Those chicks are its.

15

6. All the wealth is hers.

7. All that left is theirs.
Emphatic pronouns :
1. I myself did it.
2. We ourselves made it.
3. You yourselves can learn it.
4. He himself can do it.
5. She herself admits that.
6. It itself can fetch food.
7. They themselves cheated.
Reflexive pronouns :
1. I cleaned myself at the tap.
2. We helped ourselves to get through from it.
3. You can heal yourself.
4. He taught himself everything soon.
5. She consoled herself.
6. They spoiled themselves for no reason.
[I myself taught him everything. (emphatic pronoun).
I taught myself everything (reflexive pronoun)].
Indefinite pronouns :
1. Somebody helped them to get the information.
2. Someone knocked at the door.
3. Something is wrong.
4. None arrived in time.
5. Nobody wants them.
6. Nothing is perfect.
7. Anyone can win the race.
8. Anybody could learn it.
9. Anything may happen.
10. Another man joined them.
11. Others are not allowed here.
12. The other is fine.

16

Distributive pronouns :
1. Everybody knows what it is.
2. Everyone wants to know it.
3. Everything is not yours.
4. Each finds his own way.
5. Either of them wins the race.
6. Neither of them arrived in time.
7. I take neither of them / I take neither.
8. She takes either of them / she takes either.
(Note: The distributive pronouns are in the singular number and take singular verbs).
9. Each of them deserves honour (Each one of them is wrong).
10. Neither of them attended the class.
(Neither refers two persons or things).
11. None of them attended the class.
(None refers more than two persons or things).
Reciprocal pronouns / Compound personal pronouns :
1. The twin brothers helped each other in every respect.
2. The men fought one another for it.
Note : Each other refers to two persons or things.
One another refers to more than two persons or things.
Pronouns of number :
1. Few of the books are good (* Practically no book is good.
Negative meaning).
A few of the books are good (Positive meaning
(* A few books are good).
2. Many of them left the place.
3. One went out and three left behind.
4. Some arrive late.
Pronouns of Quantity:
1. She wants more.
2. I took much of it.
3. I take a little. (Positive meaning.)
4. She found little. (Practically she found nothing.)
(Negative meaning.)
17

Interrogative Pronouns:
1. Who is the leader of the party?
2. Whose is this book?
3. Whom did you ask for it?
4. Which is the way to the railway station?
5. What have you done so far?
6. What happened there?
7. Who wins the match?
8. Which comes first?
Relative pronouns (who / which / what / whom / whose /that):
1. The man who won the race is a French.
2. This is the lady whom we saw yesterday.
3. The girl who is blind needs help.
4. I saw a man whose eyes were red.
5. I caught a fish which was very big.
6. A book is a garden that is carried in your pocket.
7. It is the truth what he has said.
8. Bring me the book which lie on the table.
9. I have found the book which I had lost.
10. Here is the book which you lent me.
11. He is the manager who inspires everyone in the office.
12. She is the girl whom we appointed for the job.
13. Here is the man whose bravery everyone admires.
14. There goes the bus which we have to catch.
15. It is the point which they ignored.
16. There are a few books which we dont lend you.
17. There are certain things which they dont know.
18. The T.V. which you bought is not functioning well.
19. The person whom you brought is not trust worthy.
20. The horse which is black won the race.
21. John who died last night is their servant.
22. We praise the man who is generous.

18

Usage of Pseudo Subject It

1. To introduce a phrase

2. To introduce a clause / sentence

e.g.

e.g.

1. It is decided to go for it

1. It is sure that he will be punished for his offence.

2. It is decided not to go for it.

2. It is said that she will be acquitted by the court.

3. It is certain that the officer visits the place.

3. Indefinite nominative / impersonal verb

4. To give emphasis to the noun or pronoun that follows

e.g.

e.g.

1. It often rains here.

1. It was he who made fuss about nothing.

2. It is snowing heavily outside.

2. It was she who came to his office.

3. It smells bad.

3. It was schwamm who helped them.

4. It sounds good.
5. It tastes yummy.
6. It looks nice.
7. It seems OK.
8. It appears calm.

19

5. To indicate time

6. To show distance

e.g.

e.g

1. It was ten in the morning.

1. It was far away from the town.

2. It was late in the night.

2. It is not far away from here.

3. It is 10 O clock now.
4. Its time to start now.

7. In Exclamatory sentences

8. To avoid repetition

e.g

e.g

1. What a beautiful scenery it is !

1. Let us fight it out.

2. What a luck it is !

Usage of pronouns

1. To confess a fault or to express a negative idea:

2. To express a positive idea or praise, the sequence of the

The sequence of the personal pronouns should be first person, second

personal pronouns should be second person, third person and

person and third person (123).

first person (231).

e.g.

e.g.

1. I you and she are to be blamed for the mistake.

1. You, she and I will be rewarded for the success of the project.

2. I, you and he are responsible for the loss.

2. You, she and I will be appreciated for the good work.

20

3. Two singular nouns joined by and denoting the same person

4. Two singular nouns joined by and denoting two different

or thing takes singular pronoun

persons or things takes plural pronoun

e.g.

e.g.

1. The secretary and treasurer who is careful in his work, takes care

1. The secretary and the treasurer, who are careful in their work,

of all financial matters of the company.

take care of all financial matters of the company.

5. Two singular nouns joined by and and preceded by each or

6. Personal pronouns joined by conjunctions must be in the

every takes singular pronoun

same case, either in subjective case or in objective case.

e.g.

e.g.

1. Each man and each woman steps forward to take his or her role in

1. Those are for you, her and me.

the charity.

(Objective case)

2. Every boy and every girl participates in the performance to show his
or her talent.

2. You, she and I are going to a movie.

(subjective case)

21

7. A Singular noun and a plural noun combined by or, either ,

8. The singular nouns joined by or, either..or, neither nor

or, neither nor takes plural form of the pronoun.

takes singular form of the pronoun.

e.g.

e.g.

1. The employer or the employees should observe their decorum in

1. A girl or a boy should follow his or her code of conduct.

the company.

2. Either a father or a mother should guide his or her children in

2. Either the leader or the followers are to be blamed for their failure

their studies.

in the mission.

3. Neither Kiran nor Kalyan keeps his promise.

3. Neither the Prime Minister nor the ministers fulfilled their

4. Neither Latha nor Smitha gave her performance.

promise.

9. Possessive Pronouns dont take apostrophe

10. Personal pronoun used as a complement to the verb to be

(mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs)

is to be in the nominative case (subject) (I, we, you, he, she, it,

e.g.

they)

1. Yours faithfully

e.g.

2. Yours sincerely

1. It was he who could operate the machine.

3. Yours truly

2. It is she who takes care of children here.

4. Yours lovingly

3. It was you who could help them in this matter.

5. Its a nice car and I like its colour.

4. It was I who managed it well.

(it is)

(of it)

22

11. A sentence beginning with Let takes a pronoun in the objective

12. Possessive case of pronoun one is ones but not his / her.

case (accusative case).

e.g.

(me, us, you, him , her, it, them).

e.g.

1. One should be mindful of ones responsibilities.

2. One should know ones priorities.

1. Let him do it on his own.

3. One must never ignore ones frailities.

2. Let her come in.

4. One should look after ones children.

3. Let them meet me.

5. One must be conscious of ones deeds.

4. Let it go now.

6. One should aware of ones mind.

5. Let us start immediately.

6. Let you be yourself.
7. Let me explain it.

13. Relative pronouns in the objective case are usually omitted

(whom, which, that, who)
e.g.

14. Either / Neither refers to two persons or things;

None refers to more than two.
e.g.

1. The pen (which) you gave me is leaky,

1. Either Leela or Sheela gets the prize.

2. The idea (that) she gives is supurb.

(Either of them gets the prize)

3. The man (whom) you helped was a soldier.

2. Neither Ram nor Sham does this

4. The boy (who) you call an idiot got the first rank.
whom

(Neither of them does this)

3. None of the girls fails her exam
4. None of the boys does his exam well.

23

15. Each other refers to two persons or things;

16. Each

One another refers to more than two persons or things.

e.g.

e.g.

1. Each question carries five marks.

1. The twin sisters vie with each other in all respects.

2. Each of the questions carries five marks.

2. The couple love each other.

3. The questions carry five marks each.

3. The boys in the class help one another in their projects.

4. I prefer one of each.

4. The girls in the class compete with one another.

5. We each have our own car.

6. Each dawn is a new beginning.
7. The questions each carry five marks.

17. one refers to people in general

10. Gender of Indefinite pronouns and Distributive

Plural of one is ones

pronouns is decided contextually :

e.g.

e.g.

1. One should not pity oneself.

1. Each of the boys gives his performance in the function.

2. One must strive to do ones best.

2. Everyone of the girls shows her talent in the fine arts there.

3. I dont take stale ones and so he offers me fresh fruit.

3. None of the women raised her voice against child marriages

4. The mother ape looks after young ones.

there.
4. Neither of the men won his battle.
5. None of the men showed his valour before him.

24

Relative pronouns
1. A Relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in type and case

2. The Relative pronouns

and follows immediately after its antecedent.

Who (nominative case / subjective case),

(type living /non living)

Whom (accusative case/ objective case),

e.g.

Whose (the possessive case) are used for persons.

1. It is the book which I bought yesterday.

ante
R.P.

e.g.
1. Amarthya Sen is the economist who won the Noble prize.

2. This is the girl who helped the old man.

2. Those are convicts whom the police arrested.

3. He is the man whose purse is lost.

3. Rao is the businessman whose property was confiscated.

3. Which is used for infants, objects, animals, sentence and selection .

4. That is used for persons, inanimate things, animals in the

e.g.

singular or plural number

1. The baby which is in blue dress is her neice.

e.g.

2. This is the pet dog which my father presented me.

1. This is the man that I met yesterday.

3. The old man was said to be a liar which was unbelievable

2. This is the car that my father gave me

4. Coffee or tea which do you prefer?

3. The dog that bit him died yesterday.

Substitute for a singular noun that already mentioned.
1. Rams progress in marks is better than that of Sham,
(Rams progress in marks is better than Shams)

25

Examples : Pronouns
1. There are no secrets between her and me.
obj obj
2. There are no issues between you and me.
obj obj
3. You, she and I are selected for the project. (231)
4. One should do ones duty honestly, industriously and sincerely.
5. We encourage people like you and him.
obj
obj
6. I, you and she went wrong with them (123)
7. Only you and I can do this well.
Sub sub
8. If we were they, we wouldnt do so.
sub
sub
9. We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
10. Children, enjoy yourselves during the holidays.
11. Let you and her do it first.
obj obj
12. Let them do it first.
obj
13. Everyone expressed his or her opinion at the meeting.
14. Everyone of the boys does his project successfully.
15. Each of the girls avails herself of the opportunity to show her talent in fine arts.
16. None of the boys raises his voice there.
17. Neither of the girls tells her opinion.
18. The committee differ in their opinions on the issue.
19. The team, after finishing their shopping at mall, have arrived at the hotel.
20. Her opinion is the same as yours.
21. My priorities are the same as hers.
22. Their problems are the same as ours.
23. Yours views are the same as mine.
24. They were told not to let you and her in.
obj obj
25. This is the man who gave the piece of information to me.
Noun R.P.
26

5. ADJECTIVES QUALIFY NOUNS OR PRONOUNS

1. Nature

2. Quality

e.g.

e.g.

1. Shamala is beautiful.

1. Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.

2. Latha is intelligent.

2. Dont eat stale bread.

3. Rao is an efficient faculty.

3. Radha cooks delicious food.

4. Murthy is a proficient engineer.

4. Gold is a precious metal.

5. Kiran is a good student.

5. Steel is a hard metal.

6. Ramaiah is generous and wise.

6. The roads are wet and slippery.

7. Sarala is elegant.

7. The clothes are fine.

8. Sobana is attractive, graceful and stylish.

8. The language is figurative.

3. Number

4. Quantity

e.g.

e.g

1. I bought two books yesterday.

1. I bought two kilos of mango last week.

2. She has eaten four chocolates.

2. He consumes one litre of milk everyday.

3. Vinodh has been working in the company for seven years.

3. The temple is twenty miles from here.

4. The Government allocated twenty crores for the project.

4. Bablu has grown almost three inches in the last year.

27

5. Colour

6. Shape

e.g.

e.g.

1. The sky is blue.

1. The earth is spherical.

2. The black girl is very intelligent.

2. The engineer built a triangular structure.

3. The girl in the blue dress is the bride.

3. Its a circular motion.

4. It was a white car.

4. The man has a square jaw.

5. A nightingale is black.

5. The plot is rectangular.

6. The horse is black.

6. It is irregular.

7. The flowers are golden.

7. The book has rounded corners.

8. The grass is reddish.

7. size

6. Articles (a / an/ the) (Demonstrative Adjectives)

e.g.

e.g.

1. The machine is gigantic.

1. The boy gave a one-rupee coin to the beggar.

2. Its a big elephant.

2. We waited for him for an hour.

3. It is infinitesimal.

3. I read the book thrice.

4. Its a large one.

4. Raghava works in a university abroad.

5. Its a minute insect.

5. John is a European.

6. Its a tiny baby.

6. Rathnaiah is an honest merchant.

7. She is a tall girl.

7. Peter is a clerk in the office.

8. A small bough fell on the ground.

8. Everything has a use in the world.

28

ADJECTIVES ARE USED IN TWO WAYS

1. Attributively

2. Predicatively

Certain adjectives come before nouns to describe them.

Some adjectives only be used attributively.

2. Mary is a nice girl.

Certain adjectives come after verbs such as be, become, get,

seem, look, feel, appear, smell and taste. Many adjectives
may be either predictive or attributive. Some are only
predictive
e.g.
1.The beggar man is old.

3. Roy is a rich man.

2. The oldman fell ill.

4. Joe is a mischievous boy.

3. The woman went sick.

5. Jane is an imaginative girl.

4. The girl is ill.

6. Kamaldas is a great writer.

5. I feel sick.

7. Tagore is a prolific writer.

6. The man became rich.

8. Modi is a famous doctor.

7. I cant afford to get sick.

9. Veerappan is a notorious criminal.

8. Never be late for work.

10. Rajani is a popular actor.

9. It seems good.

11. China is a populous country.

10. It looks fantastic.

12. Neeraja is a wealthy woman.

11. It smells delicious.

13. Rayudu is a healthy man.

12. It tastes yummy.

14. Baburao is a gentle man.

13. You need to think big.

e.g.
1. The beggar is an old man.

14. I thought right.

15. I went wrong.

29

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
Regular :
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

(r/er)

(est)

Wise

Wiser

Wisest

Tall

Taller

Tallest

Small

Smaller

Smallest

Few

Fewer

Fewest

Able

Abler

Ablest

Noble

Nobler

Noblest

Young

Younger

Youngest

Fine

Finer

Finest

Heavy

Heavier

Heaviest

Large

Larger

Largest

Easy

Easier

Easiest

2. Irregular
Good

Better

Best

Bad / evil / ill

Worse

Worst

Little

Less / lesser

Least

Much / many

More

Most

Late

Later

Latest

Old

Older / elder

Oldest / eldest

Far

Farther

Farthest

30

3. Adjectives with more than two syllables

More

most

Beautiful

More beautiful

Most beautiful

Intelligent

More intelligent

Most intelligent

Difficult

More difficult

Most difficult

Industrious

More industrious

Most industrious

Courageous

More courageous

Most courageous

Careful

More careful

Most careful

Advantageous

More advantageous

Most advantageous

Mysterious

More mysterious

Most mysterious

Ingenious

More ingenious

Most ingenious

Imaginative

More imaginative

Most imaginative

Creative

More creative

Most creative

31

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive

The simple form of an adjective refers

to the mere existence of a particular
quality

Comparative

The higher degree of the quality than

the positive is used to compare two
things

1. No other + singular noun

as as
e.g. No other boy in the class is as good as
Sravan.
2. Very few + plural noun
as as
e.g. Very few boys in the class room are as
good as
Sravan.
3. Some + plural noun
atleast as .. as
e.g. Some boys in the class are atleast as good
as Sravn.
4.A .. not so .. as B
e.g. Ravan is not so good as Sravan.

Superlative

The highest degree of the quality and

the comparison involves more than
two things

Adjective + er than
The + adjective + st + singular noun
any other + singular noun
e.g. Sravan is the best boy in the class.
e.g.
Sravan is better than any other boy in the class.
Adjective + er than
Many other + plural noun
e.g. Sravan is better than many other boys in
the class.

One of the + adjective + st + plural noun

Not + Adjective + er than

Any other + singular noun
e.g. Sravan is not better than any other boy in
the class.
B Adjective + er than A
e.g. Sravan is better than Ravan.

Not + the adjective + st + singular noun

32

e.g. Sravan is one of the best boys in the

class.

e.g. Sravan is not the best boy in the class.

--------------------------

USAGE OF ADJECTIVES & DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. Comparing two objects, persons and places

2. Comparing two qualities of the same person or thing

(No superlative degree)

(the comparative form takes more instead of r/er)

e.g
1. Sarala is better than Vimala.

e.g.

Vimala is not so good as Sarala.

1. Mohan is more brave than prudent.

(not braver)

2. Sarath is more imaginative than Kamal.

2. Rao is more wise than intelligent.

Kamal is not so imaginative as Sarath.

(not wiser)
3. Ravi is more kind than timid to kill the snake.

3. Ramaiah is wiser than Gopanna.

(not kinder)

Gopanna is not so wise as Ramaiah.

33

3. Selection of one of the two persons or things of the same kind

4. In comparative degree any /many followed by other

(the comparative form is preceded by the)

e.g.

e.g.

1. Gold is more precious than any other metal.

1. Of the two horses the black is the stronger. (The black horse is the

2. China is more populous than any other country in the world.

stronger of the two.)

3. Akbar was wiser than many other kings in India.

2. Cello is the better of the two pens.

4. Ashoka is more powerful than many other kings in India.

3. Shanti is the wiser of the two women.

4. Alto is the cheaper of the two cars.

5. Only positive form for certain words ended in r

6. Certain objectives in Comparative degree are followed by

(Usually before noun)

to but not than

1. She must have some ulterior motive for being extra nice to

e.g.

him.

1. Uma is superior to Usha.

2. They didnt white-washed the interior walls.

2. He is senior to me.

3. They white-washed the exterior walls of the house.

3. Kamal is junior to Vimal.

4. We have encountered major problems.

4. These are inferior to those.

5. There may be minor changes to the schedule.

5. The old man finds country life preferable to city life.

6. Coffee is preferable to tea.
( I prefer coffee to tea.)

34

7. Certain adjectives have only positive forms

8. Certain adjectives are used only in the positive and

(The highest degree of the quality is implied in them )

superlative form

e.g
Perfect final
exceptional

e.g
last
entire

excellent
complete

square triangular unique

empty

outstanding
superb marvellous
eternal
universal
round
circular

chief

Positive
Top
Northern
Southern
Eastern
Western

Superlative
Topmost
Northernmost
Southernmost
Easternmost
Westernmost

9. Certain adverbs are used before the comparative forms to

10. Adjectives joined by conjunction must be in the same

emphasise

degree of comparison

e.g.

e.g.

1. Raj is far better than his brother.

1. Neeraja is the most intelligent and most industrious girl in the

2. The questions are much easier than they used to be.

class.

3. They are less happier than they used to be.

2. Neeraja is intelligent and industrious.

3. Neeraja is more intelligent and more industrious than any
other girl in
the class.

35

11. Certain adjectives preceded by the become nouns

12. The adjective preferable is used as a comparative and

e.g.

followed by to but not than. It is not preceded by more

1. The rich are blessed to help the poor.

e.g

2. The meek are builled by the strong.

1. These are preferable to those.

3. The youth should be properly guided by the aged.

2. The country life is preferable to the city life.

4. The dead are memories of the living.

3. Vegetables are preferable to meat.

5. It is a school for the blind.

4. Coffee is preferable to tea.

6. The man was always at the needy.

7. The wicked are punished by the god.
DETERMINERS / MODIFIERS / ADJECTIVES

13. Few / a few

(few negative meaning)
A few positive meaning

14. Little (negative meaning )

A little (positive meaning)
(used with uncountable nouns)

(used with plural nouns)

e.g.
1. There is a little water in the pot.
( So you can drink the water)

e.g
1. There are few books on the subject in the library.
(So we have to buy books)
2. There are a few books on the subject in the library.
( So we can make use of them)

2. There is little water in the pot.

(So you cannot drink the water)

36

15. Less / Fewer

16. Many & a few used with countable nouns

Much & less used with uncountable nouns

Few fewer fewest (Countable )

e.g

Little less / lesser least (uncountable)

1. Many students attended the class.

e.g .

2. A few students attended the class.

1. There is less water in the pool than it used to be.

3. Renu takes much water.

2. There are fewer books in the library than they used to be.

4. Raghu takes less water.

3. They consume less food than they used to be.

4. There are fewer varieties in the plaza than they used to be.

37

17. DETERMINERS / MODIFIERS / ADJECTIVES

very (Adv, adj) means a high
degree of adjective
e.g.
1. Anitha is very intelligent.
Adv
2. I was born the very day.
Adj
3. The very thought of it frightens me.
Adj

Too
means undesirable or impossibility

Enough
means sufficiency or possibility

Too + adj + to + V1

Enough + noun + to + V1
Noun + enough + to + V1

e.g.
1. Amitha is too young to understand it.
2. Vinutha is too bold to speak like that.

e.g.

3. The woman is too fat to walk fast.

1. Sravya has enough money to study aboard.

2. Sravya has money enough to study aboard.

18. Negation (negative meaning)

Scarcely / Barely / hardly / seldom / rarely (negative

meaning)

Hard hardly (almost not)

e.g.

e.g

1. It is hard to believe that he is dead.

1. Details of the accident are scarce.

2. She had a hard life.

2. I can scarce rember him.

3. I can hardly wait for it.

3. I can scarcely rember him.

4. It was raining hard outside (positive meaning).

4. He was barely audible.

5. It was hardly raining outside (negative meaning).

5. she was barely able to stand.

6. He works hard (positive meaning).

6. Seldom had he seen such beauty.

7. He works hardly (negative meaning).

7. She is rarely seen in public now-a-days.

38

19. Adjectives after certain verbs

20. Compound adjectives

Nouns are hyphenated and used as adjectives

Be | become | fall | fell | look | seem | appear | smell | taste | get

e.g

e.g.
1. She often falls ill.

1. Its a seven year programme.

Adj
noun
2. Its a three hundred year - old building.
3. Its a two-hour session.

2. She is rich.
3. she become impatient.
4. I feel sick.
5. I got late for the work.

4. Vinobha could influence a work-a-day world.

5. Its a three-mile-long distance.
6. Nehru was born in a well-to-do family.
7. He was brought up in a well-off family.

6. It tastes good.
7. It seems bad.
8. He looks smart.
9. It smells delicious.

21. Nouns as Adjectives

e.g
1. They are art students.
Adj
2. Its a science lab.
Adj
3. Its a language study.
Adj
4. Murthy is our Economics teacher.
Adj

22. Numbers
Cardinal

Ordinal

One

First

Two

Second

Thirty one

Thirty first

e.g.
1. The first day of the seminar is the ice-breaking session.
2. Day one of the seminar is the ice-breaking session.

39

23. Farther more distant in space

Further additional, more

Far farther farthest

Far - further furthest

further furthest
e.g

e.g.

1. I have to travel further / farther to work now.

1. Lets consider this point further.

2. She lives at the farther end of the street.

2. Are there any further questions?

3. For further details contact us in person.

24.

Many + a +singular noun +singular verb

Many / a good many / a great many + plural noun + plural verb

e.g.

e.g

1. A great many people have assembled there.

1. Many a student attends the programme.

2. Many students have attended the programme.

2. Many a friend has congratulated me on my success.

3. A good many books are donated to the library.

3. Many a course is offered in the college.

4. Many courses are offered in the college.

4. Many a student gets distinction in the class.

5. A good many students get distinction in the class.

5. Many a labourer earns good wages in the factory.

6. A good many labourers earn good wages in the factory.

40

ADJECTIVES
Examples
1.

Sheela is more wise than intelligent.

2.

Kumar is more brave than prudent.

3.

Our garden is smaller than yours.

4.

The cost of Alto is lesser than that of Zen.

5.

Many a friend attends the marriage function.

6.

A little salt is enough for the soup.

7.

A little water is added to the curry.

8.

Thats very fine.

9.

The horse is much older than this horse.

10.

A little is always better than little.

11.

A little learning is dangerous.

12.

You have to meet the clerk concerned in the University.

13.

Honour is dearer than life.

14.

Keerthi is the cleverer of the two girls.

15.

These are the lines worth-quoting here.

16.

Kerala is a place worth-seeing.

17.

A little talk would have saved the situation.

18.

He is senior to me by three years.

19.

Samatha is my elder sister.

20.

My sister is elder to me by three years.

21.

Kavitha is the elder of my two sisters.

22.

She is the eldest in the family.

23.

Parvathi is the oldest girl in the class.

24.

Both of my sisters are engineers.

25.

Both of my friends sisters are doctors.

26.

The last two chapters of the book are easy.

27.

The first three chapters of the book are lengthy.

28.

The flower smells delicious.

29.

The sun looks delicious.

30.

Death is preferable to disgrace.

41

6.VERB TENSES
Verbs Types
Helping verbs

Main verbs

Present Past form

form (V1) (V2)

Past participle
(V3)

Present
participle form
(Ving)

e.g.
Do/does
Have /has
Am / is /here
Go
Tell
Take
Come
Sit
Read
Beat
Call
Phone
Miss
Look

do forms

Do/does did done

Did
Had
Was
/were
Went
Told
Took
Came
Sat
Read
Beat
Called
Phoned
Missed
Looked

Done
Had
Been

Doing
Having
Being

Gone
Told
Taken
Come
Sat
Read
Beaten
Called
Phoned
Missed
Looked

Going
Telling
Taking
Coming
Sitting
Reading
Beating
Calling
Phoning
Missing
Looking

Modal verbs
Will would
Shall should
have forms Can could
May might

Auxiliary verbs

doing

be forms

Am/is was/
are
were

been

being Have /
Has

had

had having

e.g
1. I did not meet him yesterday.
A.V
main
2. I do not want to meet him.
A.V
main
3. I am writing a book.
A.V
main
4. I have been waiting for you for two hours.
A.V A.V main
5. It is being done now.
A.V A.V main
6. I will have been studying there next year.
Modal A.V A.V main
7. She might have been working there if she had been appointed.
Modal A.V A.V main
8. I had had my lunch before I went to the party.
A.V main
main
9. I have had my dinner just now.
A.V main
A.V Auxilary verb
42

Has to/
Have to
Must
Going to
Ought to
Used to
Need to
Dare to

had to

VERB FUNCTION

1. State
am/is/are Was/were been (being) be
e.g.
1. He is a mason in a small town.
2. They are all our earstwhile students.
3. The old man was a brave solider once.
4. They were sleeping then.
5. I am watching news on T.V now.
6. We have been to Hyderabad.
7. I will be there in a few minutes.

2. Possession
Have/Has Had

Had

(Having)

e.g.
1. He has a good sense of humor.
2. They have lot of patience to serve the public.
3. I had it once.
4. You will have a nice cup of tea in no time.
5. They had a lot of fun in the party.
6. They have had a big house.
7. They had had a shack to live.

3. Action

4. Modal

e.g.
1. Sarala sings melodiously.
2. We work together.
3. I look after my parents.
4. I want to meet him.
5. I learn English soon.
6. She wakes up early in the morning.
7. I call him now.
8. I await you.

e.g.
1. Sarala can sing melodiously.
2. We should work together.
3. I ought to look after my parents.
4. I have to meet him.
5. I must learn English soon.
6. She has to wake up early in the morning.
7. I will call him later.
8. I could wait for you.

43

Transitive & Intransitive verb

Intransitive verbs do not take objects
e.g.
1. The bird flies high in the sky.
2. The show lasted one and a half hours.
3. The child sleeps well.
4. It rains heavily here.
5. The girl walks elegantly.
6. She smiles sweetly /faintly / broadly.
7. It smells delicious.
8. It looks good.
9. I slept well.
10. He runs fast.
11. It costs twenty rupees.
12. It weighs a ton.
13. She weighs sixty kilos.
14. She laughs loudly.
15. She talks a lot.
16. They cried bitterly.
17. The cat jumped into the well.
18. He suffers from asthama.
19. We went there.

Transitive verbs take objects

e.g
1. Children fly kites high in the sky.
obj
2. He looks after his parents.
Obj
3. He ran a school.
Obj
4. She weighed the stone in her hand.
Obj
5. She speaks English.
Obj
6. They gave it to me.
Obj obj
7. They gave me a pen.
Obj obj
8. His father presented him a bike.
Obj obj
9. Everyone liked him.
Obj
10. None invited her.
Obj
11. All respected him.
Obj
12. The people honoured her.
Obj
13. We congratulated him on his success.
Obj

44

14. The boy kicked the ball very

fast
Obj
15. They met the Principal.
obj
16. They deceived the farmer.
Obj
17. We took coffee.
Obj
18. We did it.
Obj

1. Active voice

2. Passive voice

e.g.

e.g

1.I watch English news on T.V. everyday.

1. English news on TV is watched everyday by me.

2. The Prime Minister visited Tirumala yesterday.

2. Tirumala was visited yesterday by the Prime Minister.

3. They will do it tomorrow.

3. It will be done tomorrow by them.

4. Mother is cooking food now.

4. Food is being cooked now by mother.

5. Children were playing games then.

5.Games were being played then by children.

6. She has done it well.

6. It has been done well by her.

7. We have invited them to the party.

7. They have been invited to the party to us.

8. They had sold the house earlier.

8. The house had been sold earlier by them.

9. I will have done it by this time tomorrow.

9. It will have been done by this time tomorrow by me.

10. We must do it now.

10. It must be done now by us.

11. You have to finish the work now.

11. The work has to be finished now by you.

12. I had to take it then.

12. It had to be taken then by me.

13. You could do it.

13. It could be done by you.

14. We should serve them.

14. They should be served by us.

15. We ought to look after our parents.

15. Our parents ought to be looked after by us.

16. They are going to build a dam on the river.

16. A dam on the river is going to be built by them.

17. They may win the match.

17. The match may be won by them.

18. I might do it.

18. It might be done by me.

19. Open the door.

19. Let the door be opened.

20. Lets do it now.

20. Let it be done now by us.

45

1. Active voice

Passive voice

I watch news on TV every day.

News on TV is watched everyday by me.

I watched news on TV yesterday.

News on TV was watched yesterday by me.

I will watch news on TV tomorrow.

News on TV will be watched tomorrow by me.

I am watching news on TV now.

News on TV is being watched now by me.

I am watching news on TV then.

News on TV was being watched then by me.

I will be watching news on TV tomorrow

-----

evening.
I have watched news on TV just now.

News on TV has been watched just now by

me.

I had watched news on TV earlier.

News on TV had been watched earlier by me.

I will have watched news on TV by this time

News on TV will have watched by this time.

tomorrow.

tomorrow by me.

I have been watching news on TV for a half

-----

an hour.
I had been watching news on TV during 9 pm

-----

to 10 pm yesterday.
I will have been watching news on TV during

-----

9 pm to 10 pm tomorrow.

2. Active voice

Passive voice

We learn a few words everyday.

A few words are learnt everyday by us.

We learned a few words yesterday.

A few words were learnt yesterday by us.

We will learn a few words tomorrow.

A few words will be learnt tomorrow by us.

We are learning a few words now.

A few words are being learnt now by us.

We were learning a few words then.

A few words were being learnt then by us.

We will be learning a few words tomorrow in

-----

the class.
We have learnt a few words just now.

A few words have been learnt just now by us.

We had learnt a few words earlier.

A few words had been learnt earlier by us.

We will have learnt a few words by this time

A few words will have been learnt by this time

tomorrow.

tomorrow.

46

We have been learning a few words a day for

-----

two years.
We had been learning a few words a day

-----

during holidays.
We will have been learning a few words a day

-----

during next holidays.

3. Active voice

Passive voice

Close the door.

Let the door be closed.

Lets congratulate him on his success.

Let he be congratulated on his success by us.

Bid all your friends farewell.

Let all your friends be bidden farewell by you.

Lets bid all our teachers good morning.

Let all our teachers be bidden good morning by us.

Lets respect all our elders.

Let all our elders be respected by us.

Love one another.

Let one another be loved by us.

Learn a few words everyday.

Let a few words be learnt everyday by you.

Never postpone it.

Let it not be postponed by you.

Never miss an opportunity.

Let an opportunity not be missed.

Dont waste your time.

Let your time not be wasted.

47

Uses of tenses

1. Simple present tense

Habitual
actions
planned
future
actions

Universal
sayings
narrations
truths
conditional commentary scheduled
tense
programmes

2.Only in simple tenses not in progressive tenses :

exclamatory
sentences
News
headlines

Verb of

perception appearance emotion thinking possession.

See

hear

smell

notice

recognize

appear

look

want

wish

desire

feel

like

love

hate

refuse

prefer

think

suppose

believe

agree

consider

e.g

forget

know

understand

imagine

mean

mind

have

1. I get up early in the morning.

belong to

contain

consist of

be

care

admire

recall

2. I go for a walk everyday at 5O clock.

Seem

Hope

Trust

Own

Keep

Sound

Remember

Possess

Cost

locate

Notice

3. I bathe twice a day.

4. I breathe fresh air in the twilight.
5. Fortune favours the brave.
6. The show begins at 9 O clock.
7. Our college resumes in June.
8. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.
9. I shall wait till you come.
10. Wait here until 5 O clock.
11. If you want it, you will get it.
12. The last flight is at 9.00 in the evening.
13. The first train is at 5.00 in the morning.

e.g
1. I see you.
2. I hear a knock at the door.
3. It smells fragrant.
4. I notice it.
5. Do you recognize the tune?
6. Do you recognize me ?
7. He appears a perfectly normal person.
8. She regularly appears on T.V.
9. She looks pale/ happy / tired.

14. The boy goes to church every Sunday.

48

15. We leave Tirupati at 6.30 pm next Monday and arrive in

Hyderabad at 8.00 pm on Tuesday

10. That book looks interesting.

11. He seems a nice man.

16. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

12. You seem happy.

17. Birds of a feather flock together.

13. I seem to have left my book at home.

18. We sit basking in the warm sunshine in winter

14. It seems only reasonable to ask students to buy a dictionary.

19. There she goes !

15. His explanation sounds reasonable to me.

20. Here comes the bus!

16. I hope I dont sound as if I am criticizing you.

21. Duty has no sweet hearts.

17. She sounds just the person we need for the job.

22. Easy come, easy go.

18. I prefer coffee to tea.

23. Where there is smoke, there is fire.

19. I love my parents.

24. Where there is will, there is a way.

20. I like fresh fruit.

25. Knowledge is Devine.

21. I want a few books to read.

26. Ignorance is bliss.

22. I have two siblings.

27. Happiness is the essence of life.

23. Do you believe in God?

28. Culture and violence are incompatible.

24. I dont believe a word of it.

29. Patience is a virtue.

25. They believe in the leader.

30. Arrogance is a vice.

26. My watch keeps good time.

31. Actions speak louder than words.

27. Keep smiling.

32. Never preach, never teach; ever live, forever learn.

28. I agree with her analysis of the situation.

33. Procrastination is the thief of time.

29. I couldnt agree more (I completely agree).

34. Time and tide waits for none.

30. He agrees their proposal.

35. Life is not all about fiesta and siesta.

31. She owns a car.

49

36. Life is all about choices we make.

32. He doesnt posses a sense of humor.

37. Dare to dream, care to do.

33. She cares deeply about environmental issues.

38. Tit for tat.

34. True education doesnt consist in simply being taught facts.

39. Virtue is knowledge.

35. My diet consists largely of vegetables.

36. The drink doesnt contain any alcohol.
37. Do you rember me?
38. I feel sorry for him.
39. Consider other people before you act.
40. He considers himself an expert on the subject.

50

Usage of Tenses

3. Present continuous tense

1. Actions that are in progress at the time of speaking 2. Actions
that have been arranged in the near future 3. Temporary actions 4.
Obstinate habits
e.g.
1. The children are playing games now.
2. I am learning typing.
3. We are going out tonight.
4. You are continually disturbing me.
5. You are always wasting money.
6. You are constantly watching T.V.
7. It is raining now.
8. I am studying now.
9. We are watching movie now.
10. The government is trying to solve the problem of waste disposal.
11. My father is watering the plants now.
12. He is writing a book now.
13. They were waiting for me.
14. They were awaiting me.
15. He is trying to get a job in a bank.
16. She is learning English now.
17. She is suffering from a fever.
18. They are constructing a building.

51

4. Present perfect continuous Tense

1. Actions that began at some time in the past and are still
continuing.
e.g.
1. The children have been playing games since 5O clock.
2. She has been typing for an hour.
3. We have been eating outside for a month.
4. You have been disturbing me since you came here.
5. They have been wasting their time since after noon.
6. You have been watching movies since 10O clock.
7. It has been raining for two hours.
8. I have been studying since morning.
9. We have been watching a movie for an hour.
10. The government has been trying to solve the problem of
waste disposal since last year.
11. My father has been watering the garden for a half an hour.
12. He has been writing a book for two months.
13. They have been waiting for me since last week.
14. They have been awaiting me since last week.
15. He has been trying to get a job in a bank for a few months.
16. She has been learning English since last month.
17. She has been suffering from fever for a week.
18. They have been constructing a building since last year.

5. Present perfect tense

6. Simple Past Tense

1. Actions that have just been completed (immediate past)

1. Actions that are completed in the past with definite time

2.Past actions that are continuing to the present

2.Past habits

3. Past actions without definite time

e.g

4. Past actions with their effect in the present

1. The postman came in the morning.

2. I lived in Tirupati for five years (once I lived in Tirupati for

e.g

five years and left the place).

1. The postman has come just now.

2. I have lived in Tirupati for five years (still I am living in Tirupati).

3. I saw him in a party last year.

3. I have seen him before.

4. We came here last year.

4. We have been here since last year.

5. What did you learn in the last class?

5. What have you learnt so far?

6. I met him last month.

6. Have you ever met him?

7. I saw him a month ago.

7. I have never seen him before.

8. I did it last week.

8. I have already done it.

9. He received the letter yesterday.

9. I havent yet received the letter.

10. We moved to a new city last Sunday.

10. We have moved to a new city lately.

11. We bought a new car last evening.

11. We have bought a new car recently.

12. She went out at 10 O clock.

12. She has just gone out.

13. We went to America in 2010.

13. Have you ever been to America?

14. I left America last year.

14. I have never been to America.

15. He returned a week ago.

15. He hasnt returned till now.

16. I used to go for a jog in my childhood.

52

7. Past continuous tense

1. Actions that were in progress at a point of time in the past
e.g

8. Past perfect tense

1. To emphasize the sequence of the two actions in the past, earlier
action in past perfect and later action in simple past

1. I was sleeping then.

e.g

2. We were having our breakfast at 8.00 am.

1. When the children reached school, the bell had already rung.

3. My grandfather was reading the newspaper at 6 am this

2. Before we reached there, they had left the place.

morning.

3. I recognized her since I had met her earlier.

4. She was watching news on TV at that time.

4. After the thieves had run away, the police arrived there.

5. While the boys were cleaning the garden, the girls were

5. When we went there, the show had already begun.

watering the plants.

6. When I reached the station, the train had already left.

6. We were playing all evening.

7. We had received the letter before they arrived.

7. The lights went out while we were having supper.

8. He met the doctor as he had suffered from a cold.

8. When I saw the two boys, they were fighting each other.

9. The old man bought a new car as he had lost the old one.

9. The three girls were always fighting one another in the class.

10. They sold out their house since they had needed money.

10. They were cutting trees when the police arrived there.
11. There was a knock at the door while we were sleeping.
12. When we woke up, somebody was tapping at the door.
13. There was a power outage while we were doing our exam.
14. While the girls were reading, the boys were playing.
15. When his father saw the boy, he was playing cricket in the
sun.

53

9. Past perfect continuous tense

10. Future perfect continuous tense

Actions that began before a certain point in the past and continued

Actions which will be in progress over a period of time that

upto that time

will end in the future

e.g.

e.g.

1. We had been visiting places during last summer.

1. We will have been staying abroad during next summer.

2. They had been taking English classes there for two months at that

2. I will have been living here for three years in December.

time.

3. She will have been working here for a year in June.

3. When I joined the company, my friend had been working there

4. I will have been studying here for two years in April.

for three years.

5. We will have been running our college for ten years in July.

4. When the illness was diagnosed as cancer she had been suffering
from a persistent cough for a week.

6. They will have been constructing the dam for five years in
January.

5. She had been writing a book for two months at that time.

7. They will have been shooting the movie for the two years in

6. I had been living there very long when she met me.

March.

7. My hands were dirty because I had been gardening.

8. They will have been laying the road for a year in February.

8. Her clothes were wet as she had been watering plants.

9. They will have been renovating the palace for two years in
August.
10. They will have been telecasting the programme for a year in
October.

54

11. Simple Future Tense

3. Actions that seem likely or certain

1. a) Actions that may happen in Future b) Actions that we

e.g

think or believe will happen in the future c) Actions that we

1. It is going to rain heavily.

decide to do at the time of speaking.

2. The ship is going to sink.

3. The tree is going to fall.

e.g.
1. I shall see you tomorrow.
2. We shall win the match.

4. Actions that are on the point of happening

3. We will do our exams well.

e.g

4. Im sure Ill get a good job.

1. The train is going to leave.

5. I think he will get a good rank.

2. The flight is going to take off.

6. I believe he will do it well.

7. Itll probably be O.K.

5. Be about to + V1

8. I expect well get a call now.

e.g

9. It is getting dark, I will make a move.

1.The train is about to leave.

10. It is raining heavily, I will wait here some time.

2. We are about to make a move.

11. I dont think we will be in time.

3. The flight is about to take off.

2. Actions we have decided to do before talking about them

6. Official programmes & Timetables

e.g

1. The college resumes in July.

1. I am going to buy a car.

2. The train leaves at 6.00 in the evening.

2. I am going to meet the Principal.

3. I am going to see the doctor.
4. I am going to resign the job.

55

7. The simple present is used for future time in clauses

8. Planned future actions (personal)

e.g.

e.g.

1. If you work hard, you will succeed in your life.

1. He is arriving this evening.

2. Unless you work hard, you won't succeed in your life.

2. I am going to Bombay next week.

3.I take a glass of milk before I go to bed.

3. We are going to a movie tonight.

4. Wait here till I come.

5. When I meet him, I will give it to him.
6. As soon as I finish my work I go home.
7. By the time I finish my work, it will be six in the evening.
8. I await you until it strikes six.

56

12. Future Continuous

13. Future perfect

1. Actions that will be in progress at a time in the future.

1. Actions that will be completed by a certain future time.

2. Planned actions that are expected to happen in the normal course

e.g.

of things.

1. I will have finished my project by the end of this month.

e.g

2. I shall have done my exam by then.

1. I will be going to Hyderabad this time tomorrow.

3. The train will have left before you reach the station.

2. We will be playing cricket at 5O clock this evening.

4. I will have lived here for five years by the end of this month.

3.

5. We will have done our exam by this time tomorrow.

I will be watching news on TV at 9O clock tonight.

4. We will be staying here till Saturday.

6. When you arrive at the airport, the flight will have taken off.

5. We will be meeting him next week.

7. They will have gone out by that time.

6. They will be arriving soon.

8. We will have started a new project by Monday.

9. They will have bought a new car by the end of this year.

3. Official plans and arrangements (be + to +V1 )

10. We will have got results by the end of this month.

e.g
1. The President of America is to visit India next month.
2. The meeting is to discuss Fund raising for the party.
3. The Chief Minister is to inaugurate the dam next week.
4. The Prime Minister is to hoist the flag tomorrow.
5. The Mayor is to inaugurate the theatre on Saturday.
6. The party is to announce its leader tomorrow .

57

TENSES ADVERBS
Present simple: V1
1.

I read the Hindu everyday .

2.

We go to college regularly.

3.

They wake up early in the morning.

4.

We go to bed early.

5.

I take bath twice a day.

6.

I wash my hair every other day.

7.

I go to temple on Saturdays.

8.

We visit our relatives often.

9.

I seldom take coffee.

10.

We always go to college on foot.

11.

They never quarrel each other.

12.

My mother and I go to the market now and then.

13.

We watch news on T.V.

14.

The villagers listen to radio at night.

15.

The students play in the evening.

16.

I take raw vegetables for my breakfast.

17.

My parents are always kind to me.

18.

The students do their homework sincerely.

19.

The children speak English fluently.

20.

You are always good to me.

21.

You like it very much.

22.

We have many friends here.

23.

You dont like him.

24.

I dont do that.

25.

I dont have enough money to buy it.

26.

They dont work hard.

58

27.

The students dont waste their time.

28.

The city dwellers dont talk to the strangers.

29.

I amnt ready to do that.

30.

My friends dont have enough courage to face him.

31.

The poor dont expect it.

32.

The rich dont like to spend much.

Present simple: V1+s/es /ies (Third person singular -- He/ she/ It)
1.

Saranya likes flowers very much.

2.

My mother goes to temple everyday.

3.

My father goes for a jog everyday.

4.

My brother talks a lot.

5.

My sister sings devotional songs melodiously.

6.

Srikanth runs very fast.

7.

Sarika works very hard

8.

The businessman spends a lot of money.

9.

The old man has a big house in Hyderabad.

10.

The women is always busy in her household work.

11.

The college has a good reputation.

12.

The boy often quarrels with his friends.

13.

The girl bites her nails.

14.

The lady takes medicines regularly

15.

Sarala washes her hair every other day.

16.

Srinidhi Writes English legibly.

17.

Swathi buys many books.

18.

Naren talks softly.

19.

Latha usually goes to college on foot.

20.

The sun rises in the east.

21.

It rains heavily here.

59

22.

The bird flies high in the sky.

23.

My uncle cracks many jokes.

24.

The family celebrates Christmas on grand scale.

25.

Sravya doesnt eat chocolates.

26.

Nirmala doesnt have a car.

27.

Neither Ravi nor Vinay comes today.

28.

Either Sasi or Vamsi gets the first rank.

29.

Either of them wins the medal.

30.

Neither of them works hard.

31.

The young man along with his wife attends the function.

32.

One of them gets the prize.

33.

None of them gets the prize.

34.

Suma isnt interested in the job.

35.

Kriti seldom does it.

Past simple: V2 (a definite time in the past)

1.

Ramesh went to Hyderabad yesterday.

2.

Ramya passed her M.A. in 2009.

3.

The family bought a new house last year.

4.

The students did their exams well last week.

5.

The President made a speech on the Independence Day.

6.

I met him a few years ago.

7.

The young man went abroad two years ago.

8.

We got independence in 1947.

9.

The Gitanjali won Tagore the Noble prize in 1913.

10.

Smitha phoned him on Saturday.

11.

Rohini celebrated her forty - first birthday on last Friday.

12.

The old man died a few minutes ago.

13.

Priya had a severe cold last night.

14.

Rupa went to her native town in the morning.

60

15.

The government sanctioned loans to the poor peasants on 10th December.

16.

The committee members elected the President in the last meeting.

17.

Nalini sang a devotional song in the temple on Sivarathri Festival.

18.

The family was away from the town last night.

19.

Rajani didnt attend the class yesterday.

20.

Namratha didnt do her homework yesterday.

21.

Sowmya didnt talk to her friends in the party.

22.

Ramarao didnt go to office on Saturday.

23.

Revathi didnt come to the first hour class.

24.

Anitha didnt celebrate her last birthday.

25.

Janaki didnt take medicine last night.

26.

I didnt go out last evening.

27.

The family didnt have dinner in the party.

28.

Sarala didnt invite Kala to the function.

29.

We didnt see the shop two days ago.

30.

They werent interested in the meeting.

31.

Kriti didnt phone her parents the day before yesterday.

32.

They didnt win the game.

Future simple: Shall /will + V1

1. I shall meet you tomorrow.
2. We shall visit the place next month.
3. Sravya will get a good rank.
4. The Principal will announce the results next week.
5. Kamilini will sign a new project on Saturday.
6. Priya will win a prize in the competitions.
7. Vanitha will see you tomorrow.
8. Rohith will try for it again.
9. Priya will go abroad next year.
10. Lasya will join the company next month.

61

11. Vamshi will take loan from the bank to start his business.
12. Gokul will talk to the Principal tomorrow.
13. Mounika will attend the function.
14. Ramarao will start his business next month.
15. Kalpana will have good fortune this year.
16. Santhi will do her exams well.
17. Kalpana will buy a new car next month.
18. Naresh will take up a new job.
19. Rudra will organize a new propgramme in January.
20. I shant do that.
21. Dileep wont come here tomorrow.
22. The company wont take up the project.
23. Sruthi wont come here tomorrow.
24. The government wont sanction loans to the farmers next year.
25. They wont attend the party on Saturday.
26. Nalini won't go abroad next month.
27. Swaroop wont give you any money
28. Kala wont take up the project.
29. Anil wont do that again.
30. Kalyan wont sit the exam tomorrow.
31. Revathi wont buy the house.
32. The members wont support him again.

62

7. ADVERBS
Adverb modifies Verb (Actions), Adjective and Another Adverb
1. Adverb modifies
Action
e.g.
1. The horse runs fast.
Action adv
2. The faculty teaches us English effectively.
Action
adv

2. Adverb modifies adjective

e.g
1. The horse is very strong.
Adv adj
2. The faculty is highly educated.
Adv adj

3. Adverb modifies another adverb

e.g
1. The horse galloped home very quickly.
Verb
adv adv
2. The faculty teaches us English very
effectively.
Verb
adv
adv

Types of Adverbs
1. Adverb of manner
(How?)
e.g.
1. Sarala speaks English fluently.
Verb
adv
2. Latha walks elegantly.
Verb adv
3.The warrior fights ferociously.
Verb
adv

2. Adverb of place (where?)

e.g.
1. The women went out.
Adv
2. The dog came near.
Adv
3. We went there.
Adv

4. Adverb of frequency (How often?)

e.g.
1. My mother goes to temple everyday.
Adv
2. She seldom takes coffee.
Adv
3. He never comes late.
Adv
4. They go to their home town twice a month.
Adv

3. Adverb of time (when?)

e.g.
1. They visited Tirumala yesterday.
Adv
2. I shall meet you tomorrow.
Adv
3. We are watching a movie now.
Adv

5. Adverb of reason (why ?)

e.g.
1. The police suspect him, hence the need for an inquiry.
2. She is only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote.

63

Usage of Adverbs

1. Usually adverb is placed before the word it modifies

e.g.

2. Auxiliary verb + adv + Main verb

An adverb is placed between auxiliary verb and main verb.

1.My brother has only one daughter.

Adv adj noun

e.g.

2. My uncle says he often visits the place.

Adv verb

1. We have already received the letter.

A.V
adv
M.V.

3. My uncle often says he visits the place.

Adv verb

2. Mohan hasnt yet met the Principal.

A.V. adv M.V.

4. My father has just gone out.

Adv verb

3. We have never seen him before.

A.V. adv M.V.

5. The little girl has nearly broken her leg.

Adv verb

4. They have always helped him.

A.V. adv M.V.

6. They hardly know the language.

Adv verb

5. The Principal has often told Vinod not to bring mobile to class.
A.V. adv M.V.

7. Dinner is almost ready.

Adv adj

6. It is clearly mentioned in the book.

A.V. adv
M.V.

8. We scarcely ever meet.

Adv
adv verb

7. They have purposely done it.

A.V.
adv
M.V.

9. We have only two days to finish the book.

Adv adj verb

8. It is vividly seen in the picture.

A.V. adv M.V.

10. It costs nearly one million dollars.

Adv adj
noun

64

An Adverb precedes the Adjective or the Adverb it modifies

3. Intransitive verb + adv

4. Adverb + Adj / adv

5. The adverb enough follows the word it

An adverb follows the intransitive verb

An adverb precedes the adjective or the adverb it

qualifies

it modifies.

modifies.

e.g

e.g.

e.g.

1. The house is not big enough for us.

1. Saritha laughs loudly.

1. The sun is quite pleasant.

I.V

Adv

2. Likitha writes legibly.

I.V.

adv

Adv adj

Adj adv
2. We didnt leave early enough.

2. You are absolutely wrong.

Adv

adj

Adv adv
3. Life is hard enough as it is.

3. She answered quite well.

Adj

Adv adv

65

adv

6. The adverb / adjective only placed before the word it

7. Usage of Hardly, Scarcely, Barely, Hard, Scarce

modifies
e.g.

e.g.

1. Only she could give the piece of information.

1. Our victory was hard won.

Adj

Adv verb

2. She is the only person there.

2. It was raining hard when we set off.

Adj

Verb

3. She could only give the piece of information.

3. I can hardly wait for my birthday.

Adv verb
4. Rani only gave me the book.

Adv verb
4. I hardly ever go to concerts.

Adv verb
5. Rani gave me only two books.

Adv adv verb

5. I can scarce remember him.

Adv adj noun

6.I only solved the problem.

Adv verb
6. I can scarcely believe it.

Adv verb
7. I solved only two problems.

adv

Adv

verb

7. Food was becoming scarce.

Adv adj noun

Verb

adj

8. I had barely started speaking when he interrupted me.

Adv verb

66

8. Infinitive (to +V1)

9. Dangling participles : A participle that relates to a noun that

Never split infinitive. An adverb doesnt come between to and V1

is not mentioned. They are incorrect.

e.g.

The subject of the introductory phrase and the main clause must

1. Sham agreed to do the work immediately.

be same.

to +V1

adv

e.g.

2. He wants me to do it now.

1. While walking home my phone rang (wrong).

to +V1 adv

While walking home I got a call (right).

3. I decided to finish it soon.

to +V1

adv

2. While eating dinner the power was gone (wrong).

4. He refused to meet me later.

to +V1

While eating dinner we had power failure (right).

adv

67

Position of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of Frequency +V1/V2
Adverb of frequency is placed before V1 or V2

2. Be forms + adv. of frequency

Adverb of frequency follows be form

e.g.
1. Madhavi seldom takes meat.
Adv
V1
2. She never asked me for help.
Adv V2
3. The old man often visits pilgrim places.
Adv V1
4. We always tried to help her.
Adv V2

e.g.
1. We are always with them.
be adv
2. We are never apart.
be adv
3. We are always together.
be adv
4. We are not always there.
be adv adv

3. Modal verb + Adv + main verb

e.g.
1. We will
never see you again.
Modal V adv
Main V
2. I shall
ever
be grateful to you.
Modal V adv Main V

4. Auxiliary verb + Adv + main verb

e.g.
1. I have already done it.
A.V. adv M.V
2. We have never seen you before.
A.V. adv M.V

5. Often : The adverb often is placed at the end for emphasis

6. Never: The adverb never is placed at the beginning for

emphasis. (Invertion sentence)

e.g
1. We dont meet him often as he was always busy with his work.

e.g.
1. Never did I do that.
2. Never does she meet me again.

68

Examples : Adverbs
1. Times were hard at the end of the war.
be adj
2. She tried her hardest not to show how disappointed she was.
V2
adv
3. I hardly noticed anything in the dark.
Adv V2
4. I barely recognized her.
Adv
V2
5. They have sold scarcely any copies of the book.
Adv
adj noun
6. His words were barely audible.
Be adv adj
7. I can
hardly believe it.
Modal V adv
V1
8. I can
barely talk to anyone there.
Modal V adv V1
9. Hardly / scarcely / barely had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang.
Adv
10. I scarcely had time to ring the bell before the door opened.
Adv

V2

11. No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
12. She hardly ever sees her parents these days.
Adv adv V1
13. Hardly had the teacher entered the class room when the students stood up.
14. No sooner did I reach the railway station than the train left.
15. Our boss wants it to be finished quickly.
to+V1
adv
16. The instructions were not just confusing, they were positively misleading.
Adv adv
adv
17. 80% voted affirmatively.
Adv
18. They responded negatively.
Adv
19. I never had the dish before.
Adv

69

20. He ever worked hard to make both ends meet.

Adv
21. If you are ever in trouble, please meet me.
Adv
22. If I ever asked you for help, you said no.
Adv
23. My heart started to beat more quickly.
Adv
24. The faculty is highly educated and he teaches us English very effectively.
Adv
adv adv

70

Adverbs
1.

I speak loudly, slowly and Clearly.

2.

I talk in English fluently.

3.

I speak intelligibly and spontaneously.

4.

I walk confidently.

5.

I sit comfortably.

6.

I dress comfortably and decently.

7.

I answer my phone immediately.

8.

I think wisely.

9.

I receive people hospitably.

10.

I tell you briefly.

11.

I endure calmly.

12.

I laugh cheerfully.

13.

I eat slowly.

14.

I sing melodiously.

15.

I put it plainly.

16.

I frankly admit my responsibility.

17.

I explain my ideas neatly.

18.

I dont take my job lightly.

19.

I speak kindly to my subordinates.

20.

I write legibly.

21.

I chew food well.

22.

I work hard.

23.

I move fast.

24.

I describe nicely.

25.

I come to office a few minutes early.

26.

I never come late.

27.

I learn things soon.

28.

I aptly act.

29.

I discuss matters calmly and reasonably.

30.

I fully understand things.

31.

I read thoroughly / comprehensively/ completely.

71

32.

I occasionally go to movies.

33.

I cook deliciously.

34.

I act perfectly properly.

35.

The application must be properly addressed.

36.

I work honestly, industriously and sincerely.

37.

I am not easily distracted.

38.

I hardly go wrong (hardly / scarcely / barely).

39.

I live happily.

40.

I willingly help others.

41.

Fortunately I was in time. (fortunately - luckily)

42.

Unfortunately I couldnt meet him (unfortunately unluckily)

43.

I do things carefully.

44.

He does everything carelessly.

45.

I never do mistakes deliberately.

46.

I never hurt anybody intentionally.

47.

I do my work delightfully.

48.

She does it wonderfully.

49.

I am extremely delightful.

50.

I am extremely sorry.

51.

I never behave rudely.

52.

I never work ignorantly.

53.

I never earn illegally.

54.

I accept invitations delightfully.

55.

We cordially invite you to the party.

56.

I periodically check my cars engine.

57.

I certainly never do it again.

58.

It is fairly good.

59.

You are quite correct.

60.

You are absolutely right.

61.

I never eat noisily.

62.

Mercifully everyone arrive on time (mercifully, thankfully).

63.

I never lie listlessly.

64.

Actually, I am busy at the moment.

65.

It rained persistently.

(obviously clearly )

(merely, simply, only)

72

66.

I dont have any dealings with the suspects either personally or professionally.

67.

I am physically fit and mentally agile.

68.

I surely follow your instructions.

69.

I definitely do it for you.

70.

I certainly call you back.

71.

I literally jumped out of my skin.

72.

I exactly dont know what it is.

73.

There are literally hundreds of opportunities for the youth to grab.

74.

The trial was postponed indefinitely.

75.

He dresses indecently.

76.

The soldiers fired indiscriminately into the crowd.

77.

She left the place indignantly.

78.

Inevitably the press exaggerated the story.

79.

America is an industrially advanced country.

80.

Deal situations effectively.

73

8. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions Join Elements of Language
1. Words : words of equal grammatical rank are joined by
conjunctions.
Eg.
1. We invited friends and relatives to the party.
noun conj noun
2. Sahithi is honest and sincere in her efforts.
Adj conj adj
3. The orator spoke loudly and clearly.
Adv conj adv
4. Poornima likes dancing and singing.
Gerund conj Gerund
5. The old farmer doesnt know to read
and
to write.
to infinitive coj to infinitive
6. You and I are going to meet the Principal today.
pron conj pron
(sub)
(sub)
7. We congratulate you and them on your success.
Obj conj obj
8. Lets celebrate the event. Lets sing and dance.
V1
V1
9. They stood and welcomed him to the dias.
V2 conj V2
10. Make him read and write thoroughly.
Bare conj Bare
Infinitive

2. Phrases
e.g.
1. I like three loaves of bread and a glass of milk for my breakfast.
conj
2. She wore a pale blue mantle and a light red skirt in the concert.
conj
3. The man is very proud and absolutely tough.
4.

7.

Early to bed and early to rise is good for health.

8.

She was blessed with two sons and a daughter.

5.

Infinitive

11. I want you go and get him here.

Bare conj Bare
Infinitive

6.

The woman spoke in a very feeble and heartrendering voice.

conj
The girl had a very long and shiny golden hair.
conj
I like reading books and watching movies.

Infinitive

74

3. Clauses :
Subordinate conjunctions join main clauses and subordinate clauses.
e.g.
1. Ill call you later after Ive spoken to them.
Con
2. After the train had left the station, I reached there.
Conj
had +V3
V2
3. Before the doctor arrived, the patient had died.
Conj
V2
had +V3
4. He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
had+V3
conj
V2
5. Wait here until they call you in.
Conj
6. Unless you work hard, you won't be successful.
Conj
7. If you work hard, you will be successful.
Conj
8. She walks as though she were a queen.
Conj
Subordinate conjunctions
After
As if / As
Until
Though /
As
though
although /
Even though
Before
Till
Rather than
When
So that
If only
That
Because
Where
Whereas
If
Once
Wherever
While
Unless
As long as
Than
Even if
Whenever
Now that

75

2. Sentences : coordinate conjunctions join sentences or

independent clauses
e.g.
1.
I did my exam well and I am expecting good results.
2.

I read it thoroughly and interpreted well.

3.

The boy is intelligent and the girl is wise.

4.

India is rich and still Indians are poor.

5.

Be good to people and people will be good to you.

6.

Sham lost everything but he never lost his hope.

7.

Everyone but the girl comes to class regularly.

8.

Do it well or you will lose it forever.

9.

We can have the meeting today if possible or we can

have it tomorrow.

10.

Be or not to be; do or die; now or never.

11.

We should do it now or we should forgo it forever.

12.

That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

13.

It is neither good nor bad for me.

14.

She was hurt yet she said nothing.

15.

I believed you, for surely you would not lie to me.

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
1. Cumulative conjunctions

2. Alternative conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions merely add one statement to another.

Alternative conjunctions express a choice between two alternatives

e.g.

e.g.
As well as

Not only.. but also

Either or

Neither nor

Otherwise / or / else

Both and
1. Either he could not come or he did not want to.
Sentence

1. The employer as well as the employees has accepted

the agreement.

2. He either comes or phones me.

Verb

2. The Prime Minister as well as the ministers has visited

the place.

verb

3. I take either coffee or tea.

Noun

3. Ram not only plans but also executes perfectly.

4. Both his mother and his father work in the company.

sentence

Noun

4. She should be either intelligent or industrious.

Adj

5. His mother as well as his father works in the company.

adj

5. Our house is neither big nor small.

6. Neither the T.V. nor the computer actually work/works there.
7. Prove yourself or you will lose the race.
8. Dont speak foul language or you will be punished.
9. Speak up or you will be detained forever.
10. Be nice to them or else they won't allow you join them.

76

3. Adversative Conjunctions : Adversative Conjunctions express a

4. Illative Conjunctions :Illative Conjunctions express an inference

contrast between two facts.

e.g

e.g. But / Yet / still / only / whereas

1. The farmer is honest and hence he is revered by all in the village.
1. He was industrious but dishonest.

2. The rich man knew the consequences of poverty and so he helped

2. He was humiliated yet he kept quiet.

the needy.

3. The weather was cold and wet, still we had a great time.

3. The young man improved his skills and therefore he got a good job

4. I would love to come, only I have to work.

in the company.

5. Her teachers expected the first rank whereas she got third rank.

4. Mother is loved by all for she serves all.

77

Conjunctions

1. Correlative conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are used in

2. Compound conjunctions : Compound expressions are used as

pairs.

compound conjunctions.

e.g.

e.g.

1. Either take it or leave it.

1. My mother as well as my sister arrives today.

2. I neither give up nor given in.

2. As soon as he got an appointment, he met the C.M.

3. People both admired and honoured him well.

3. The woman walks as if she were drunk.

4. I dont know whether he comes or not.

4. The boy talks as though he were the President of America.

5. Not only does he sing but also dances well.

5. I dont do that even if it were just.

6. The youngman works hard so that he could live comfortably.
7. In as much as I know its unfair to do.
8. He was given a job on condition that he would be sincere.
9. I lend you some money provided that you return it soon.
10. I dont teach you in order that you will learn it on your own.

78

Conjunctions & Prepositions

3. Certain words are used both as conjunctions and as prepositions.
e.g.
Till / until
For /since After / before

1. Wait here till I come.

Conj
I waited for you till 5 O clock.
prep
2. I have been waiting for you for two hours.
prep
I have been waiting for him for I want to talk to him.
conj
3. I have been working here since 2001.
prep
I have been working here since I come to Tirupati.
conj
4. My uncle came home after my father had gone to office.
Conj
My uncle came home after 10 O clock.
prep
5. I had reached home before it was dark.
conj
I had reached home before sunset.
Prep

79

CONJUNCTIONS
Examples
1.

Since you wished it, it was done.

2.

The old man carried an umbrella in case it should rain.

3.

I am cautious lest I should go wrong.

4.

The boy was so weak that he couldnt walk fast.

5.

He cant help you unless you meet him.

6.

She is wiser than her husband.

7.

Except you tell him, he doesnt know it.

8.

They dont visit me except that they need my help.

9.

When I met him, I thought so.

10.

she ran so fast that she could scarcely breathe.

11.

I returned home after it had stopped raining.

12.

A book is a book although there is nothing in it.

13.

We eat so that we may live.

14.

He is stronger than I.

15.

Tell them that I will join them in a minute.

16.

I do not know how it all happened.

17.

We dont know why she left us.

18.

I read the newspaper because it interests me.

19.

I was annoyed, still I kept quiet.

20.

I am alright only I am weary.

21.

Neither a borrower, nor a lender be.

22.

Since you say so, I must believe it.

23.

Make the hay while the sun shines.

24.

I found it where I had left it.

25.

We came after they had left.

26.

Look before you leap.

27.

My father held my hand lest I should fall.

28.

Bread and milk is wholesome food.

29.

You will get it if you deserve it.

30.

Do not go before I come.

31.

I cannot give you any money, for I have none.

32.

The boy fled lest he should be beaten.

80

9. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions: Position of Nouns / Pronouns
Prepositions
Position
in the class

time

direction

at 10O clock

to temple

link
The book is
on the table

means
by bus

purpose
for water

Prepositions
in
at
to
over
for
without
by
through
between
in front of
due to
in accordance with
by dint of

on
with
because of
about
into
along
near
beside
beyond
in the middle of
owing to
on account of
on the eve of

up
under
from
across
upto
before
off
amidst
inside
in order to
since
on behalf of
in favour of

e.g.
1. We congratulated him on his success.
2. They talked with the President.
3. The old man died of cold.
4. I go to college on foot.
5. They built a bridge across the river.
6. We eat in order to live.
7. Wait here till 5 O clock.
8. There is a pond beside the temple.

81

down
underneath
till
beneath
upon
behind
past
amid
outside
along with
in spite of
with a view of

after
below
until
above
within
besides
round
among
according to
for the sake of
despite
with reference to

Interjections : Exclamations to show strong feelings

Oh!
Wow!

Alas !
O!

Hurrah !
Bravo !

Oh my god
Well !
Dear !

e.g.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Alas! The old man is no more.

Hurrah ! We have won the match.
Bravo ! You have done a great job.
Oops ! I missed the bus.
Wow! Its amazing.

82

Ah !
Oops !

10. PARSING
The ways to identify

Semantic
Function and
meaning

Structure

Syllable

Questions
Certain questions
are answered by
certain parts of
speech

Place of the word

Root

Affixes

Prefix

Suffix

1. Semantic : Function and meanings of the word decide the parts of speech.
e.g.
1. Two boxes full of fruits were brought.
(what ? noun)
My teacher boxes my ear.
(action ? verb)
2. I am teaching English.
(action ? verb)
Teaching is my passion.
(what ?- noun)
3. The boy has broken the table.
(action?-verb)
Broken are useless.
(what ? noun)

2. Structure : Place of the word also decides the parts of speech.

1. Nouns / Pronouns : Subjects / objects.
(subject - Doer) (object-receiver) (Direct object receives action)
( Indirect object receives Direct object)
i) sub + verb+obj
Vijay learnt English.
Sub
obj
ii) obj + helping verb + V3+by + sub
English was learnt by Vijay.
Obj
sub

83

iii) sub + verb+ indirect object + direct object

My father taught me many things.
Sub
I.O.
D.O.
iv) D.O + Helping verb + V3+prep + I.O. + Prep+sub
Many things were taught to me by my father.
D.O
I.O
sub
v) I.O + Helping verb + V3+D.O + Prep + sub
I was taught many things by my father.
I.O.
D.O
sub

2. Verbs : Place of verbs.

Verbs
Main verb

Auxiliary verb

Modal verb

i) sub + verb +obj

The P.M. visited Tirumala yesterday.
Verb

ii) Sub + Auxiliary verb + main verb + obj

Children are playing cricket now.
A.V. M.V

iii) Sub + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + main verb + obj

They have been playing cricket since morning.
A.V. A.V. Main verb

iv) Sub + Modal verb + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + main verb + obj
I will have been studying my course in Oxford university during next year.
M.V. A.V. A.V. main verb
v) State verb
I am a teacher now.
I was a student once.
I will be there tomorrow.
It is being done by me.

vi) Possession verb

I have a little knowledge.
I had little knowledge.
She has been to Hyderabad.
I have had my lunch.

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3. Adverb:
a. Adverb of time
1. We play games everyday.
adv
I attended the programme yesterday.
adv
I will meet you tomorrow.
adv
2. She is watching a movie now.
adv
I was sleeping then.
Adv
He will be coming tomorrow evening.
adv
3. She has just gone out.
I had already received the letter.
I had met him earlier.
I will have done it by this time tomorrow.
4. She has been suffering from fever since last week.
It has been raining for two hours.
I have been practising dance since my childhood.
They had been playing a match during last Sunday.
We will have been enjoying ourselves at the party during next Sunday.
b. Adverb of Manner :
Sub + verb + adv
She speaks loudly, slowly and clearly
adv
adv
c. Adverb of Reason :
Therefore he got good rank.
adv
So I learnt it.
adv

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Hence he achieved it.

adv
d. Adverb of Place:
Sub + verb + adv
They cam here.
adv
I went there.
adv
He went out.
adv
e. Adverb of Frequency:
I go to school daily.
adv
I meet him now and then.
Adv
She often goes to movies.
Adv
He always speaks truth.
Adv
They seldom take meat.
Adv
Adjectives:
The old man is ill (not before noun).
adj
He is a famous doctor (before noun).
adj

Prepositions
1. Before nouns / pronouns:
1. She sat on the wall.
Prep noun
2. I waited for him
Pre pron

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2. Before verbs :
1. I want to play games.
Prep verb
2. They want to meet you.
Prep verb
3. The old man walked along the road.
Prep
noun

3. After Verbs:
1. We talked to him.
Verb prep
2. We pray to god everyday.
Verb prep

4. Before Indirect Object:

(Only when I.O. is at the end)
1. My teacher gave it
to me.
D.O. prep I.O
2. My father bought many books for me.
D.O. prep I.O
3. My father bought me many books.
I.O.
D.O
4. My teacher gave me a chocolate.
I.O. DI.O
Conjunctions
Sentence + conj + sentence
He tried hard but he wasnt successful.
Conj
Conj + sentence + sentence
Though he tried hard, he wasnt successful.
conj

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Noun + conj + noun

Bread and butter makes a nice breakfast.
Noun conj noun
Pronoun + conj + pronoun
You and I are good friends.
Pron conj pron
Phrase + conj + Phrase
Talking a lot and doing a little.
Phrase
conj phrase
Interjection : at the beginning :

Ah! This coffee is good.

Alas ! I have lost my purse.

SYLLABLES
1. Noun
Ance / ence

tion/sion/ssion/ation

Attendance

Independence

Motion

Vision

Appearance

Patience

Admission

Taxation

Clearance

Silence

ment

Ism/sm

ness

ity

Agreement

Hinduism

Happiness

Curiosity

Commitment

Communism

Kindness

University

Movement

Enthusiasm

ship

hood

cy

ist

Friendship

Brotherhood

Privacy

Dentist

Companionship Childhood

Democracy

Lyricist

ium

ia

Or/er/eer

th

Stadium

Stadia

Engineer

Depth

Aquarium

Aquaria

Pioneer

Warmth

Actor
Painter
Mania

Ery/ary

Phobia

kleptomania

Bravery

Xenophobia

Missionary

88

2. Adjectives
al

ent

ish

ic

Mechanical

Patient

Childish

artistic

Chemical

Silent

Boyish

comic
tragic

ive

ful

less

Happy

Active

Beautiful

Useless

Lazy

Passive

Wonderful

Thoughtless

Crazy

Superlative

able

ible

ly

ious/ous/eous

Countable

Impossible

Womenly

Courageous

Miserable

Responsible

Kingly

Precious
Wonderous

ant
Important
Significant
3. Verb
ise

ate

Ish

Visualise

Take

Appreciate

Impoverish

Memorise

Make

Calculate

Vanish

Improvise

Shake

Vanquish
Publish

4. Adverb
ly

cally

ely

Loudly

enthusiastically extremely

Slowly

systematically

Clearly

typically

vaguely

89

Parts of speech
Parts of Speech

Content words
(many)

Nouns

Adjectives

Lexical words ( a few)

Verbs

Pronouns

Adverbs

prepositions

conjunctions interjections

Questions
Certain questions are answered by certain parts of speech.
Nouns / Pronouns

Who

What

Which

Whom

e.g
1. The P.M. presided over the meeting.
(who)
(what)
Noun
noun
2. Hari phoned me yesterday.
(who)
(whom)
Noun
Verbs

What do you do?

e.g. 1. Do forms.

What do you have?

What are you?

Be forms

2. He does his work.

3. He did his work.
1. I am a teacher.
4. He has done his work. 2. I was a student.
5. We do our work.
3. I will be a faculty.
6. I taught English.
4. They are students.
7. I am teaching English. 5. She is a doctor.
8.I have taught English. 6. They were students.

Have forms.
1. I have a little
knowledge in English.
2. I had a cycle.
3. She has a car.

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Modals
1. I can speak English fluently.
2. I must learn English.
3. I have to learn English.

Adjectives

What nature?

What quality ?

e.g. an intelligent boy. Fresh fruits.

What quantity?

What color?

Two kilos.

Blue dress.

What
number?
Two books.

What size?

What shape?

A gaint wheel.

A square block.

Demonstrative adjectives

Articles

Indefinite

Definite

An

The

Adverbs

How

When

Where

Why

How often

Manner

Time

Place

Reason

Frequency

e.g.
loudly
slowly
clearly

Yesterday
Now
Then

Here
There
Out
In

91

Therefore
Hence
So

Often
Seldom
Always

11.WORDS
Words

Pronunciation

Spellings

Meaning

Usage

Function (Parts of speech)

Sentences Idioms

Phonetics
Phrase
Vowel sounds Consonant sounds
Voiceless
Monophthongs

Voiced

Syllables

Synonyms Antonyms Homonyms

Root Wonds

Fixes Mnemonics Silent letters

Mono Di Tri Poly Prefix

Syllabic words

Suffix

Diphthongs

Mnemonics ( a pattern of letters or words used to help remember something)

e.g.
1. Lie-U-ten-ant-(Lieutenant)
2. Phlegm
3. Scare crow (Scarecrow)
4. Palatial (like place)
5. De funct not functioning
6. Valley
Alley
Word family
e.g.
Success (n)
Successfulness(n)
Succeed (v) succeeded - Succeeded succeeding
Successful (adj)
Synonyms
Successfully(adv)
Accomplishment (n)
Achievement (n)
Unsuccessful (adj)
Victory (n)
Unsuccessfully (adv)
Triumph (n)
Good fortune (n)
Gain lose (v)
Outdo (v)
Outwit(v)
Vanquish (v)
Conquer (v)
Overcome (v)

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Adjectives
Succeeding
Successful
Fortunate
Prosperous
Antonyms
Failure (n)
Outage(n)
Defeat (n)
Fail(v)
Make nothing of

Triumphant
Victorious
Unbeaten
Effective

Ruined (adj)
Befooled (adj)
Unattained (adj)
Ineffective (adj)

Idioms :
Come off with flying colours, hit the
nail on the head.

toil in vain
fall short of
go up like a rocket and come down
like a stick
Usage
1. There is many a slip twixt cup and lip (twixt-between).
2. You will come off with flying colours.
3. You will come up in your life.
4. You hit the nail on the head (Thats exactly right).
5. There was a power failure / outage at that time.
6. Its a wildgoose chase ( Its impossible).
7. We made a blunder choosing it.
8. He made a mess of it.
9. He got into troubles resigning from his job.
10. All went in vain.
11. They went bankrupt.
12. They were in a sorry plight.

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Sentences Phrases
1. Sham is a decent sort of guy.
2. Its a decent place to live.
3. His behaviour showed a total lack of decency.
4. All that we need is a decent meal, job and place to live.
5. That dress is not decent.
6. She had a decent burial.
7. I cant come to the door I am not decent.
8. He did the decent thing and resigned.
9. He works for a decent wage.
10. That dress of hers is positively indecent.
11. She walked in with almost indecent haste.
12. They work for a meagre salary.
13. Its a lucrative business (lucre-money).
14. Its not fair.
15. She gets a fair wage.
16. Its a fair deal / wage / price / question.
17. A fair mumber of people came along.
18. An outstanding player / achievement / success .
19. A lot of work is still outstanding.
20. This deadline will be extended only in exceptional circumstances.
21. He speaks excellent English.
22. The facilities at the hotel are supurb.
23. The food smells absolutely marvelous.
24. Exceptional students are given free tuition.

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25. We work everyday except Sunday.

26. I didnt tell him anything except that I was there to attend an interview.
27. I am called for an interview.
28. She has an interview next week for the executives job.
29. In an interview on television the minister denied the reports.
30. The chairman granted her a private audience.
31. They are conducting interviews for the managers job.
32. We are all called for interview.
33. The decision was taken after close consultation with all employees.
34. I had a long talk with my boss about my career prospects.
35. to hold a discussion / conversation / dialogue.
36. a discussion / conversation/ dialogue/ consultation on / about sth.

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ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Statements
V1

am / is / are+V3

1. Simple present
1. Sravya reads the Hindu everyday.
The Hindu is read everyday by Sravya.
2. Nalani often appreciates her brother Chintu.
Her brother, Chintu, is often appreciated by Nalini.
3. Chandrakanth seldom takes coffee.
Coffee is seldom taken by Chandrakanth.
4. Swathi never scolds her students.
Her students are never scolded by Swathi.
5. Kalyan always fights with his friends.
His friends are always fought with by Kalyan.
6. The teacher inspires many a student.
Many a student is inspired by the teacher.
7. The old woman tells the children many stories.
* Many stories are told to the children by the old woman.
8. Samatha speaks English fluently.
English is spoken fluently by Samatha.
9. Vedha often bites her nails.
Her nails are often bitten by Vedha.
10. Saroja sells fresh vegetables.
Fresh vegetables are sold by Saroja.
11. Sravanthi impresses everyone with his talk.
Everyone is impressed with his talk by Sravanthi.

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12. Vasanthi cooks food deliciously.

Food is cooked deliciously by Vasanthi.
13. Nirmala likes her pet dog very much.
Her pet dog is liked very much by Nirmala.
14. Vrindha sings classical songs melodiously.
Classical songs are sung melodiously by Vrindha.
15. Srikanth plays practical jokes on people.
Practical jokes are played on people by Srikanth.
16. I never give up my hope.
My hope is never given up by me.
17. Vikram runs his business quite well.
His business is run quite well by Vikram.
18. Santha writes comics quite amusingly.
Comics are written quite amusingly by Santha.
2. Simple Past
V2

was /were+V3

1. I did my exam well yesterday.

My exam was done well yesterday.
2. Vennela made a speech eloquently in the party meeting.
A speech was made eloquently in the party meeting by Vennela.
3. Madhav sang a devotional song in the temple last Saturday.
A devotional song was sung in the temple last Saturday by Madhav.
4. Rekha won a gold medal in the National sports event in Swimming.
A gold medal was won in the National sports event in swimming by Rekha.
5. The Chief Minister presided over the meeting last week.
The meeting was presided over last week by the Chief Minister.
6. The Chairman inaugurated a new project in Bangalore last month.
A new project was inaugurated in Bangalore last month by the Chairman.
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7. Mohan presented his wife a luxurious car on her twenty-first birthday.

A luxurious car was presented to his wife on her twenty first birthday by
Mohan.
8. Shajahan built the Taj on the banks of the river Yamuna in Agra.
The Taj was built on the banks of the river Yamuna in Agra by Shajahan.
9. Rehman composed a marvelous tune for Airtel caller tune.
A marvelous tune was composed for Airtel caller tune Rehman.
10. The Government rewarded the Police Officer for his bravery.
The Police Officer was rewarded for his bravery by the Government.
11. Shalini decorated the Christmas tree fabulously with lot of patience.
The Christmas tree was decorated fabulously with lot of patience by Shalini.
12. Children played many games with gaiety at the party last evening.
Many games were played with gaiety at the party last evening by children.
13. My teacher corrected all the manuscripts in time.
All the manuscript were corrected in time by my teacher.
14. Abhinaya phoned her brother to wish him on his birthday last night.
Her brother was phoned to be wished on his birthday last night by Abhinaya.
15. The teacher congratulated Alekhy on her success in SSC Exams.
Alekhya was congratulated on her success in SSC exams by the teacher.
16. Children staged a funny play at the school-day function.
A funny play was staged at the school-day function by children.
17. A naughty boy threw a cock into the class room.
A cock was thrown into the class room by a naughty boy.
18. The students organized social service programmes in the village.
Social service programmes were organized in the village by the students.

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3. Modal verbs
Modal verbs

be+V3

1. I shall meet you tomorrow at the hotel.

You will be met tomorrow at the hotel by me.
2. I can help you with money when I get enough.
You can be helped with money when I get enough.

3. What could I do for you at this juncture ?

What could be done for you at this juncture by me?
4. Srujan must learn English as soon as possible.
English must be learnt as soon as possible by Srujan.
5. Sujana should visit her ailing sister at home.
Her ailing sister should be visited at home by sujana.
6. Sravya had to accept the job as she was in need of money.
The job had to be accepted by Sravya as she was in need of money.
7. We ought to help our friends when they are in troubles.
Our friends ought to be helped by us when they are in troubles.
8. Saroja has to learn driving a car to go to her office in time.
Driving a car has to be learnt by Saroja to go her officer in time.
9. One cant learn anything without efforts.
Nothing can be learnt without efforts.
10. We shouldnt find fault with others without proper study.
Others shouldnt be found fault with by us without proper study.
11. One may not achieve success without hardworking.
Success may not be achieved without hardworking by anyone.

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12. You can call them scoundrels provided you are honest.
They can be called scoundrels by you provided you are honest.
13. We shall win people with honesty, industry and sincerity.
People shall be won with honesty, industry and sincerity.
14. We could change our lives when we wish to.
Our lives could be changed by us when we wish to.
15. We shall gain something when we lose something.
Something shall be gained when something is lost by us.
16. We should conquer the world with warmth and affection.
The world should be conquered with warmth and affection by us.
17. Sekhar might achieve it with difficulty.
It might be achieved with difficulty by Sekhar.
18. Rajitha might phone him tonight.
He might be phoned tonight by Rajitha.
4. Present continuous
Am /is/are+Ving

am/is/are + being+V3

1. Children are playing cricket now.

Cricket is being played now by children.
2. Nikitha is watching news on T.V.
News is being watched on T.V. by Nikitha.
3. Tanya is doing her homework quietly.
Her homework is being done quietly by Tanya.
4. Sana is singing a song melodiously at the party.
A song is being sung melodiously at the party by Sana.
5. Smitha is practising classical dance at a renowned Guru.
Classical dance is being practised at a renowned Guru by Smitha.

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6. Santhaiah is selling fresh fruits and vegetables at his shop.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are being sold at his shop by Santhaiah.
7. The girls are offering fragrant flowers to Lord Krishna.
Fragrant flowers are being offered to Lord Krishna by the girls.
Lord Krishna is being offered fragrant flowers by the girls.
8. Swami and his friends are building a sand house on the beach.
A sand house is being built on the beach by Swami and his friends.
9. The police is levelling many charges against the vile monk.
Many charges are being levelled against the vile monk by police.
10. Children are flying kites high in the sky with great joy.
Kites are being flown high in the sky with great joy by children.
11. Winds are blowing the ships on and on swiftly.
The ships are being blown on and on swiftly by winds.
12. The lady is driving her car on a deserted road in the pitch dark.
Her car is being driven on a deserted road in the pitch dark by the lady.
13. Renu is washing clothes in the washing machine.
Clothes are being washed in the washing machine by Renu.
14. Mother is cooking delicious food for the festival.
Delicious food is being cooked for the festival by mother.
15. Father is watering the plants in the garden.
The plants are being watered in the garden by Father.
16. The boys are white-washing the house neatly.
The house is being white-washed neatly by the boys.
17. The boy is polishing his shoes quietly.
His shoes are being polished quietly by the boy.

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5. Past continuous
Was / were + Ving

was / were + being+V3

1. Children were playing cricket then.

Cricket was being played then by children.
2. Grandfather was watching news on T.V then.
News was being watched on T.V. then by Grandfather.
3. The boy was teasing a mad dog then.
A mad dog was being teased then by the boy.
4. The little girl was patting her pet dog then.
Her pet dog was being patted then by the little girl.
5. Tilak was making a speech at that time.
A speech was being made at that time by Tilak.
6. Kranthi was practising martial arts then.
Martial arts were being practised then by Kranthi.
7. The students were organizing clean and green campaigns in the village.
Clean and green campaigns were being organized in the village by the
students.
8. Sahithya was pursuing her P.G. in the college then.
Her P.G. was being pursued in the college then by Sahitya.
9. Keerthi was receiving guests at the function then.
Guests were beings received at the function then by Keerthi.
10. Priya was cooking delicious food in the kitchen then.
Delicious food was being cooked in the kitchen then by Priya.
11. Vanitha was introducing us to her father then.
We were being introduced to her father then by Vanitha.

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12. Meenakshi was singing a devotional song in the temple then.

A devotional song was being sung in the temple then.
13. Varun was cleaning his new bike with water then.
His new bike was being cleaned with water then by Varun.
14. Asif was playing practical jokes on his friends then.
Practical jokes were beings played on his friends then by Asif.
15. Arunachalam was watering plants in the garden.
Plants were being watered in the garden by Arunachalam.
16. John was playing foot ball with his friends then.
Football was being played with his friends then by John.
17. Revathi was presenting a gift to Sreedhar then.
Sreedhar was being presented a gift then by Revathi.
A gift was being presented to Sreedhar then by Revathi.
18. The President was conferring the Padma Shri on Mother Teresa.
The Padma Shri was being conferred on Mother Teresa by the President.
Mother Teresa was being conferred on the Padma Shri by the President.
6. Present Perfect
Has / have +V3

has / have +been+V3

1. Koumudhi has won a gold medal in the inter school sports event.
A gold medal has been won in the inter-school sports event by Koumudhi.
2. I have meet the Principal already.
The Principal has been met already by me.
3. The students have taken an oath to protect environment from pollution.
An oath has been taken to protect environment from pollution by the students.
4. Sumana has never visited the place before.
The place has been never visited before by Sumana.

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5. I have already received the letter.

The letter has been already received by me.
6. The students have presented a gift to the teacher.
A gift has been presented to the teacher by the students.
7. The girls have decorated the temple with fragrant flowers.
The temple has been decorated with fragrant flowers by the girls.
8. Saroja has learnt the classical dance at a renowned Guru.
The classical dance has been learnt at a renowned guru by Saroja.
9. Sitaramaiah has taught us the classical music.
The classical music has been taught to us by Sitaramaiah.
We have been taught the classical music by Sitaramaiah.

10. Silpa has taught the students the Oriental Art.

The Oriental Art has been taught to the students by Silpa.
The students have been taught the Oriental Art by Silpa.
11. Yamini has lent Swapna a precious jewel.
A precious jewel has been lent to Swapna by Yamini.
12. Sitaiah has given some money to his daughter.
Some money has been given to his daughter by Sitaiah.
His daughter has been given some money by Sitaiah.
13. Swapna has borrowed a precious jewel from Yamini.
A precious jewel has been borrowed from Yamini by Swapna.

14. Renuka has attended the party meeting recently.

The party meeting has been attended recently by Renuka.
15. The family has bought a big house lately.
A big house has been bought lately by the family.

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16. Sneha hasnt yet received the letter.

The letter hasnt been yet received by Sneha.
7. Past Perfect
Had + V3

had + been+V3

1. I had met the officer earlier at a party.

The officer had been met at a party be me.
2. Venu had caught the train before it left the station.
The train had been caught by Venu before it left the station.
3. After the Principal had hoisted the flag, the Chief Guest came.
After the flag had been hoisted by the Principal, the Chief Guest came.
4. When Anil had won the gold medal, all congratulated him on his success.
When the gold medal had been won by Anil, he was congratulated on his
successes by all.

5. Before the police arrested the criminal, the crowd had beaten him severely.
Before the criminal was arrested by the police, he had been beaten severely by
the crowd.
6. When the Government had rewarded the poor boy, all felt happy.
When the poor boy had been rewarded by the Government, all felt happy.
7. After the students had done homework they played games.
After homework had been done by the students, games were played.
8. When the teacher had finished the syllabus, he conducted exams.
When the syllabus had been finished by the teacher, exams were conducted.
9. The teacher had given us instructions earlier.
We had been given instructions earlier by the teacher.
Instructions had been given earlier by the teacher.
10. After Vinod had taken permission from his boss, he went home.
After permission had been taken from his boss by Vinod, he went home.

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11. When Sarathi had borrowed some money from his friends, he started his
project.
When some money had been borrowed from his friends by Sarathi, his project
was started by him.
12. After Savithri had finished household work, she went for a walk.
After household work had been finished by Savithri, she went for a walk.
13. Gayathri had visited the place with her family earlier.
The place had been visited with her family earlier by Gayathri.
14. Kamala had never met Madhavi before.
Madhavi had been never met before by Kamala.
8. Future Perfect
Will + have + V3

will + have + been+V3

1. Sruthi will have finished the work by this time tomorrow.

The work will have been finished by this time tomorrow by Sruthi.
2. Sravya will have bought a new car by this time next month.
A new car will have been bought by this time next month by Sravya.
3. Lavanya will have completed her P.G. by this time next year.
Her P.G. will have been completed by this time next year by Lavanya.
4. Radha will have started her new project by this time next week.
Her new project will have been started by this time next week by Radha.
5. Sita will have presented a gold chain to her daughter by this time tomorrow.
A gold chain will have presented to her daughter by this time tomorrow by
Sita.
6. Ratna will have cooked delicious food by this time tomorrow.
Delicious food will have been cooked by this time tomorrow by Ratna.

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7. Rani will have received the appointment letter by December 31st.

The appointment letter will have been received by December 31st by Rani.
8. Nalini will have taken up a new job by 2011.
A new job will have been taken up by 2011 by Nalini.
9. Smitha will have released a new album by January.
A new album will have been released by January by Smitha.
10. Saroja will have visited the place by Saturday.
The place will have been visited by Saturday by Saroja.
11. Namitha will have signed a new project by evening.
A new project will have been signed by evening by Namitha.
12. Vasanthi will have seen it at her home by noon.
It will have been seen at her home by noon by Vasanthi.
13. Varun will have met his father at his office by 5O clock.
His father will have been met at his office by 5 O clock by Varun.
14. The coach will have trained the students by next month.
The students will have been trained by next month by the coach.
15. The Principal will have announced the results by tomorrow.
The results will have been announced by tomorrow by the Principal.
16. Nirmala will have given you the material by Sunday.
The material will have given to you by Sunday by Nirmala.
You will have been given the material by Sunday by Nirmala.

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ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Verb forms

V1

Am/is/are+v

V2

V3

Was/were+v3

Been+v3

V(ing)

Being +v3

Active voice

Sub + Verb+obj

Passive voice Obj + Helping verb + V3+ by + sub

Interrogative (Questions)
Yes / No Questions
1. Do forms : Do / Does |Did

1. Do you like English?

Sub V1 obj
Is English liked by you ?
V1 obj
V3
sub
2. Does She speak English fluently?
Sub V1 obj
Is English spoken fluently by her?
V1 obj
V3
sub

3. Do they play games ?

Sub V1 obj
Are games played by them ?
V1 Obj V3
sub

108

Modals

Be +v3

Active voice

Passive voice

4. Did Rekha attend the class yesterday?

V2 sub
obj
Was the class attended yesterday by Rekha?
V2 obj
V3
sub
5. Did the students do the exam well yesterday?
V2
sub
obj
Was the exam done well yesterday by the students?
V2
obj
V3
sub
6. Does your father do house-hold work?
V1 sub
obj
Is household-work done by your father?
V1 obj
V3
sub

2. Be forms : am / is / are |was / were

1. Am I dwelling on the topic too much?
Sub V (ing)
obj
Is the topic being dwelt on too much by me?
Obj
V(ing) V3
sub
2. Are you playing games well ?
Sub V(ing) obj
Are games being played well by you?
obj V (ing) V3
sub
3. Is Keerthi practising dance?
Sub
V(ing)
obj
Is dance being practised by Keerthi?
Obj V(ing) V3
sub
4. Is the little boy teaching me a lesson?
Sub
V(ing) I.Obj D.Obj
Is a lesson being taught to me by the little boy ?
D.Obj
V(ing) V3
I.O.
sub
Am

I being taught a lesson by the little boy?

I.obj
Ving V3
D.obj
Sub

109

5. Were children playing cricket then?

Sub
Ving obj
Was cricket being played then by children?
Obj Ving V3
sub
6. Was Sankya cooking food then?
Sub Ving
obj
Was food being cooked then by Sankya?
Obj
Ving V3
sub
7. Was your father teaching you maths then?
Sub
Ving
I.O. D.O
Was maths being taught to you then by your father?
D.O. Ving V3
I.O.
sub
Were you being taught maths then by your father ?
I.O. Ving V3 D.O.
sub

3. Have forms Have / Has | Had

1. Have you learnt English ?

Sub V3 obj
Has English been learnt by you?
Obj V3
sub
2. Has she done homework?
Sub V3 obj
Has homework been done by her?
Obj
V3
sub
3. Have the students played games?
Sub
V3 obj
Have games been played by the students?
Obj V3
sub
4. Will you have done it by this time tomorrow?
Sub
V3 obj
Will it have been done by this time tomorrow by you?
Obj
V3
sub

110

5. Had you seen the movie earlier ?

Sub V3
obj
Had the movie been seen earlier by you?
Obj
V3
sub
6. Had Sruthi informed Sekhar of it earlier?
Sub V3
obj
Had Sekhar been informed of it earlier by Sruthi?
Obj
V3
sub
7. Had they finished it before?
Sub V3
obj
Had

it been finished before by them?

Obj V3
sub

8. Had you given the book to Raj?

Sub V3 D.O.
I.O.
Had the book been given to Raj by you ?
D.O. V3
I.O.
sub
Had Raj been given the book by you?
I.O. V3
D.O.
sub

WH Questions
1. Do forms do / does | did
1. Where do you play cricket?
Sub V1 obj
Where is cricket played by you?
V1 obj
sub
2. How does she do it?
Sub V1 obj
How is it done by her?
V1 obj
sub
3. How did you do that?
V2 sub obj
How was that done by you?
V2 obj
sub

111

4. Why did you do that?

V2 obj
sub
Why was that done by you?
V2 obj
sub
2. Have forms Have/ Has | Had
1. Where have you kept it?
Sub V3 obj
Where has it been kept by you?
Obj V3
sub
2. How have you done it?
Sub V3 obj
How has it been kept by you?
Obj V3
sub
3. When have you given the book to Kamilini?
Sub V3 D.O.
I.O.
When has the book been given to Kamilini by you?
D.O. V3
I.O.
sub
When has Kamilini been given the book by you?
I.O. V3
D.O.
sub
4. Why had you done it?
Sub V3 obj
Why had it been done by you?
Obj V3
sub
5. When had you seen it?
Sub V3 obj
When had it been seen by you?
Obj V3
sub
6. Why hadn't you finished it?
Sub V3
obj
Why hadn't it been finished by you?
Obj V3
sub

112

3. Be forms : am / is / are| was /were

1. How am I speaking English?

Sub V(ing)
obj
How is English being spoken by me?
Obj
V(ing)
sub
2. Where is Sarathi playing cricket?
Sub V(ing) obj
Where is cricket being played by Sarathi?
Obj
V(ing)
sub
3. When are the students doing their exams?
Sub
V (ing)
obj
When are their exams being done by the students?
Obj
V(ing)
sub
4. Where was Saradha studying the course then?
Sub
V (ing) obj
Where was the course being studied then by Saradha?
Obj
V (ing)
sub
5. Why were they selling the house?
Sub V(ing) obj
Why was the house being sold by them?
Obj V(ing)
sub
4. Who / which / what as subjects
1. Who:
1. Who wrote the Gitanjali?
V2
obj
Who was the Gitanjali written by ? (who / whom)
V2
obj

113

2. Who drew the pictures on the board ?

V2 obj
Who were the pictures drawn on the board by?
V2
obj
3. Who had done it?
V3 obj
Who had it been done by?
Obj V3
4. Who has spoken English well?
V3
obj
Who has English been spoken well by ?
Obj
V3
2. Which:
1. Which attracts you more?
V1 obj
Which are you attracted more by ?
V1 obj
2. Which caused the destruction?
V2
obj
Which was the destruction caused by ?
V2
obj
3. Which had brought the loss?
V3
obj
Which had the loss been brought by ?
Obj V3
3. What
What bothers you?
V1 obj
What are you bothered by?
V1 obj
What worried Sahiti?
V2 obj
What was Sahiti worried by?
V2 obj

114

What had pestered you?

V3
obj
What had you been pestered by
Obj V3

IMPERATIVE
1. Lets do it now.
Let it be done now.
2. Lets watch the movie on T.V.
Let the movie be watched on T.V.
3. Let him do it first.
Let it be done first by him.
4. Please do it now.
You are requested to do it now.
5. Do it now.
You are asked to do it now.
6. Please ask Sudha to finish it soon.
You are requested to ask Sudha to finish it soon.
7. Lets enjoy the party.
Let the party be enjoyed.
8. Let her not spoil it.
Let it not be spoilt by her.
9. Let them learn English.
Let English be learnt by them.
10. Let him take the job.
Let the job be taken by him.

115

INFINITIVES
1. I expect it to finish soon.
It is expected to be finished soon.
2. Sarala promised Vinod to do it for him.
It was promised to be done for Vinod it for him.
3. Sneha asked Shamala to bring her some flowers.
It was asked some flower to be brought for Sneha by Sarala.
4. I expected Ram to have done it.
It was expected to have been done by Ram.
5. Sunitha aspires to have finished the course by now.
It is aspired the course to have been finished by now Sunitha.
6. Smitha expected her brother to have taken up the job.
It was expected by Smitha the job to have been taken up by her brother.
7. I wanted you to have finished it by now.
It is wanted to have been finished by now by you.
8. I tried hard to have installed him in the job.
It was tried hard to have been installed in the job by me.

116

13. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech : The speakers exact words are quoted in Direct

Indirect speech : The speakers speech is reported indirectly in

Speech

Reported Speech
Sentence + Conjunction + sentence

Reporting clause, Reported clause / ? / !

(Link words)
e.g.

e.g.

1. My teacher told me that I had done my exam well.

1. My teacher said to me, You did your exam well.

2. His father warned the boy not to tell lies.

2. His father said to the boy, Dont tell lies.

3. The manager ordered the servant to do that then.

3. The manager said to the servant, Do it now.

4. The girl exclaimed that the bird was very beautiful.

4. The girl said, How beautiful the bird is !

5. The stranger said to the boy, Where does the railway station locate?

5. The stranger asked the boy where the railway station located.
6. The man asked the girl whether she knew English.

6. The man said to the girl, Do you know English?

7. My teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun.

7. My teacher said, The earth revolves around the sun.

8. My uncle said that he takes two cups of coffee every day.

8. My uncle said. I take two cups of coffee everyday.

9. My friend told me that I had to speak English fluently.

9. My friend said to me, You must speak English fluently.

10. My sister requested me to help her.

10. My sister said to me, Can you please help me?

11. My friend asked me whether he could borrow my bike.

11. My friend said to me, Can I borrow your bike?

12. The girl said that it was raining then.

12. The girl said, It is raining now.

13. My brother said that he didnt like that.

13. My brother said, I dont like it.

14. My friend said that he would see me the next day.

14. My friend said, I shall see you tomorrow?

117

Changes to be done in transforming direct speech into indirect speech

1. Reporting Verb

My sister said to me, I did my exam well yesterday.

1
2 3 4 3
5
2. Conjunction
3. Pronoun
4. Tense
5. Adverb of time
My sister told me that she had done her exam well the previous day.
1
2 3 4
3
5

1. Reporting Verb
Direct
speech
Said
Said to

Said to

Said to

Said to

Indirect speech
Said
told
Declared
replied
proposed informed
announced, stated
Asked
Inquired
Enquired
Requested
Warned
Ordered /
commanded
Advised,
suggested, prayed
Exclaimed,
regretted

Kind of
sentence
Statement
Statement

Questions

Imperative

3. Pronoun in the reported clause

changes according to whom it
refers in the reporting clause.
Pronouns
6. punctuation marks
This
that
Comma conjunction
These
those

omitted
It
that
. / ? /!
fullstop
Anything something

2. conjunction
Kind of sentence
1. statement
2. Exclamatory
3. Yes / No Question
4. WH question
5. Imperative

Conjunction
That
That
If / whether
WH word
To / not to

4. Tense
Direct
1 V1/V1+s/es/ies
V2
Has / have +V3
2 Do / does
Did
Has / have + done

Indirect
V2
Had + V3
Had +V3
Did
Had + done
Had done

Exclamatory

6. Punctuation marks

Direct
Am/is/are
Was /were
Has /have been
Will
Shall
May
Can
Has to
Have to
Must

Indirect
Was/were
Had been
Had been
Would
Should
Might
Could
Had to

5. Adverbs
Words of
nearness
Here
Now
Ago
Thus
Today
Tonight
Tomorrow
Yesterday
Last night
Last evening
Next week

118

Words of
distance
There
Then
Before
So
That day
That night
The next day
The day before /
the previous day
The night before /
the previous night
The previous
evening
The following
week

1. Statements

Direct speech

Indirect speech

E.g.

e.g.

1. Sarala said, It has been raining since morning.

1. Sarala said that it had been raining since morning.

2. They said to us, We met the Principal yesterday.

2. They told us that they had met the Principal the day before.

3. We said, We are playing cricket now.

3. We said that we were playing cricket then.

4. She said to her, I saw him two years ago.

4. She told her that she had seen him two years before.

5. I said to him, I cant go with you now.

5. I told him that I could not go with him then.

6. Sravya said to her, I shall meet you tomorrow.

6. Sravya told her that she would meet her the following day.

7. Vinay said, I have done my work just now.

7. Vinay said that he had done his work just then.

8. Mourya said, Likitha has gone to Mumbai.

8. Mourya said that Likitha had gone to Mumbai.

9. The teacher said, You must learn English.

9. The teacher said that they / we had to learn English.

10. The woman said, Its nice to see you here.

10. The woman said that it was nice to see them / him / her there.

11. The girl said, I was in Paris then.

11. The girl said that she had been in Paris during.

12. My sister said, It may rain today.

12. My sister said that it might rain that day.

13. The police said, you should leave the place tonight.

13. The police said that they should leave the place that night.

14. The boy said, I watch him go this way.

14. The boy said that he watched him go that way.

15. The woman said, I make him read and write now.

15. The woman said that she made him read and write them.

16. The girl said, I was sleeping then.

16. The girl said that she had been sleeping during.

119

2. Imperative (order, request, suggestion, offer)

Direct Speech

Indirect speech

e.g

e.g.

1. My father said to me, Eat well.

1. My father advised me to eat well.

2. My friend said to me, Please help me.

2. My friend requested me to help him/ her.

3. Our teacher said, Dont make a noise.

3. Our teacher warned us not to make a noise.

4. The doctor said, Dont smoke anymore.

4. The doctor advised him not to smoke any more.

5. The lady said to the servant, Bring me a drink.

5. The lady ordered the servant to bring her a drink.

6. The judge said, Be silent in the court.

6. The judge ordered the people in the court to be silent.

7. The girl said to the boy, Watch out.

7. The girl called the boy to watch out.

8. My teacher said to me, Keep trying.

8. My teacher suggested that I should keep trying.

9. The lieutenant said, Disperse.

9. The lieutenant ordered them to disperse.

10. The teacher said to the students, Listen to me carefully.

10. The teacher asked the students to listen to her / him carefully.

11. My friend said, Lets go to a movie.

11. My friend suggested going to a movie.

12. The police said, Lets take him to a hospital.

12. The police suggested taking him to a hospital.

13. My mother said to me, Wakeup early in the morning.

(The police suggested that we /they/ should take him to a hospital)

14. The boy said to her, could you please lend me your pen?

13. My mother told me to wake up early in the morning.

15. The man said to her, can I borrow your car?

14. The boy requested her to lend him her pen.

16. The team leader said, Lets do it now.

15. The man asked her whether he could borrow her car.
16. The team leader suggested doing that then.
(The team leader suggested that they /we should do that then).

120

3. Yes / No questions

Direct Speech

Indirect speech

e.g

e.g

1. The girl said to the boy, Are you here to attend the programme?

1. The girl asked the boy whether he was there to attend the programme.

2. The interviewer said to the girl, Can you speak English fluently? 2. The interviewer asked the girl whether she could speak English
3. The stranger said to the boy, Do you know Telugu?

fluently.

4. The officer said to the old man, Have you been waiting for me

3. The stranger asked the boy whether he knew Telugu.

for two hours?

4. The officer enquired the old man whether he had been waiting for him

5. My friend said to me, Are you sleeping now?

for two hours.

6. The man said to the girl, Have you ever met me before?

5. My friend asked me whether I was sleeping then.

7. The woman said to the man, Is there any wrong with you?

6. The man asked the girl whether she had ever met him before.

8. The girl said to the shopkeeper, Do you accept the debit card?

7. The woman asked the man if there was some wrong with him.

9. The teacher said to the students, Were you playing then?

*8. The girl asked the shopkeeper if they accept the debit card.

10. The girl said to the boy, would you mind coming with me?

9. The teacher asked the students whether they had been playing during.

11. The woman said to the boy, Are you okay?

10. The girl asked the boy whether he would go with her.

12. The teacher said, Has anybody known the answer?

11. The woman asked the boy if he was okay.

13. My mother said, Has anybody borrowed your book?

12. The teacher enquired whether somebody had known the answer.

14. My father said to me, Have you done your exam well?

13. My mother asked me whether somebody had borrowed my book.

14. My father asked me whether I had done my exam well.

121

4. WH questions (where, how, what, who, which, whom, whose, why, when)
Direct Speech

Indirect speech

e.g

e.g

1. My friend said to me, Where did you go yesterday?

1. My friend asked me where I had gone the day before / the

2. My mother said to my sister, How did you do your exam

previous day.

yesterday?

2. My mother asked my sister how she had done her exam the

3. My teacher said to me, Where has your friend gone?

previous day.

4. The police said to the man, What are you doing here?

3. My teacher asked me where my friend had gone.

5. The lady said to the boy, Where can I get good food here?

4. The police asked the man what he was doing there.

6. The stranger said to the girl, Where does the railway station

5. The lady asked the boy where she could get good food there.

locate?

6. The stranger asked the girl where the railway station located.

7. My friend said to me, When will you buy a car?

7. My friend asked me when I would buy a car.

8. My teacher said to her, Why are you late?

8. My teacher asked her why she was late.

9. The boy said to the man, How far is the temple from here?

9. The boy asked the man how far the temple was from there.

10. The teacher said to the boy, How would you know that?

10. The teacher asked the boy how I would know that.

11. The boy said to him, When shall I meet you?

11. The boy asked him when he should meet him.

12. His friend said to him, Where have you been all these days?

12. His friends asked him where he had been all those days.

13. The old man said to him, Who are you?

13. The old man asked him who he was.

14 .The girl said, Whose book is this?

14. The girl enquired whose that book was.

15. The girl said to the boy, Which dress suits her best?

15. The girl asked the boy which dress suited her best.

122

5. Exclamatory sentences
Direct speech

Indirect Speech

e.g

e.g.

1. The teacher said to the boy, Bravo! You have done well.

1. The teacher appreciated the boy that he had done well.

2. The girl said, How beautiful the scenery is !

2. The girl exclaimed that the scenery was very beautiful

3. The people said, Alas! He is no more.

3. The people regretted that he was no more.

4. The children said, Hurrah! We have won the match.

4. The children said cheerfully that they had won the match.

5. The old man said, Alas ! I have lost my purse.

5. The old man exclaimed sadly that he had lost his purse.

6. The little girl said, How nice the rainbow is !

6. The little girl exclaimed that the rainbow was very nice.

7. The boy said, How stupid I am !

7. The boy regretted that he was very stupid.

8. The girl said to the boy, What a fool you are!

8. The girl exclaimed disapprovingly that the boy was a fool.

9. The woman said to the boy, How naughty you are!

9. The woman exclaimed disapprovingly that the boy was very

10. The audience said, wow ! The movie is amazing.

naughty.

11. She said, How cruel he is !

10. The audience exclaimed that the movie was amazing.

12. He said What an interesting movie it is!

11. She exclaimed shockingly that he was very cruel.

13. They said, What an idiot he is !

12. He exclaimed that the movie was very interesting.

14. She said, Oh, God! I have missed the bus.

13. They exclaimed disapprovingly that he was an idiot.

15. They said, What an idea !

14. She exclaimed sadly that she had missed the bus.

16.They said, How sad it is!

15. They exclaimed that it was a great idea.

16. They regretted that it was very sad.

123

6. The tense in the Reported speech does not change in the following cases:
1. The Reporting verb in the present or in the future
Tense
e.g
1. My father says, I will buy you a bike.
My father says that he will buy me a bike.
2. My brother says to me, I will take you to a movie.
My brother tells me that he will take me to a movie.
3. They will say, We are good at work.
They will say that they are good at work.
4. He has said, I like it.
He has said that he likes it.
5. My sister has been saying to us, I am visiting you
soon.
My sister has been telling us that she is visiting us
soon.
6. My uncle says to us, Are you coming with us?
My uncle asks us whether we are going with them.

2. The universal truths, habitual actions & statements still relevant

e.g
1.My teacher said, The moon revolves around the earth.
My teacher said that the moon revolves around the earth.
2. My father said, The Himalayas are the oldest folded mountains on the
earth.
My father said that the Himalayas are the oldest folded mountains on the
earth.
3. My teacher said, Bauxite is a mineral.
My teacher said that Bauxite is a mineral.
4. The old man said, I go for a walk early in the morning.
The old man said that he goes / went for a walk.
5. The woman said that, I take fruits for breakfast.
The woman said that she takes fruits for breakfast.
6. The boy said, I take a glass of milk before I go to bed.
The boy said that he takes a glass of milk before he goes to bed.

124

7. Our boss says to her, Why are you late?

Our boss asks to her why she is late.

7. Mohan said, I take exercise everyday.

Mohan said that he takes exercise everyday.

8. The little girl says, How nice the rainbow is!

The little girl exclaims that the rainbow is very nice.

8. Kiran said, I bathe twice a day.

Kiran said that he bathes twice a day.

9. She says to him, Let me go.

She asks him to let her go.
10. She says to him, Get out of my sight.
She shouts at him to get out of her sight.

125

14.CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (IF CLAUSES)

Conditional Clauses (If clauses)
Type I

Type II

Open / likely / possible

Not possible / unlikely

V1

V2

will / can / may + V1

Type III
Closed / impossible

would / could /might + V1

Had + V3
could /
would / might + have + V3

Type I : If V1 , will / can/may+V1

1. If you work hard, you will get good mark.
2. If you come to class regularly, you can learn soon.
3. If you eat well, you will be healthy.
4. If you play well, you will be strong.
5. If he asks me, I will give him.
6. If she phones me, I can talk to her.
7. If they go there, they can meet him.
8. If you practise well, you will understand it.
Type II : If V2, would / could/might +V1
1. If she attended the class, I would make her understand it.
2. If they came to me, I could clarify their doubts.
3. If I was there, I could meet him.
4. If I went there, I would talk to her.
5. If we played well, we would win the match.
6. If she made a call, I could talk to her.
7. If he did the exam well, he would get the job.
8. If it rained well, we would have good crops.
Type III: If had +V3, could / would / might + have + V3
1. If he had come to class regularly, he would have learnt soon.
2. If I had had enough money, I would have bought it.

126

3. If she had been there, she could have helped you.

4. If it had rained well, we could have had good crops.
5. If I had not missed the bus, I would have been there.
6. If it had not been sold, it would have been burden to us.
7. If we had had enough time, we would have attended the programme.
8. If he had not asked me, I would not have told him.
9. If we had not worked hard, we would not have been successful.
10. If they had played well, they would have won the match.

SENTENCE IF CLAUSES
Sentences If clauses

Past

present

Type III
Positive

Type I

Type Verb form

I
Present positive

Negative

Type II

II

Present negative

- If clause
- If . V1- will + V1
- If . V2- would + V1

III

Past

- If had + V3- would + have +V3

127

Present positive

1.

Do / Does

Am/ is/are

2.

Dont /
Doesnt

Have /has

V1 / V1+s
/es/ies

Present negative

Amnt / isnt
/ arent

Havent /
hasnt
Dont + V1
Doesnt +V1

3.

Did
Didnt + do

Past

Was / were
Wasnt / werent

128

Had
Hadnt
Didnt +have

V2
Didnt + V1

Type I
Present positive

Type II
Present

Type III
Past positive

Type III
Past Negative

Did

Didnt + do

Was / were

Wasnt /

Negative
Do/Does

Dont / Doesnt +
do

Am / is / are

Amnt / Is nt /
arent

Have / has

werent

Havent / hasnt

Had

Hadnt /
didnt have

V1/V1+s/es/ies

Dont +V1/

V2

Didnt + V1

Went

Didnt go

Doesnt + V1
Go / goes

Dont go
Doesnt go

Eg :
1. I go there and I meet him (present positive).
If I go there, I will meet him (Type-I ).
2. I dont go there and I dont meet him (present negative).
If I went there, I would meet him (type-II).
3. I didnt go there and I didnt meet him (Past negative).
If I had gone there, I would have met him (Type-III).
4. I went there and I met him (Past positive).
If I hadnt gone there, I wouldnt have met him (Type-III).

129

SENTENCES IF CLAUSES
Present positive

Type I

Probable / possible / likely / open condition

1. Work hard and you will be successful.

If you work hard, you will be successful.
2. Attend to classes regularly and you will learn soon.
If you attend to classes regularly, you will learn soon.
3. I clarify your doubts and you will understand well.
If I clarify your doubts, you will understand well.
4. She listens to the teachers carefully and she is perfect in her subjects.
If she listens to the teachers carefully, she will be perfect in her subjects.
5. They play well and win always.
If they play well, they will win always.

6. Think well and act wisely.

If you think well, you will act wisely.
7. The teacher encourages them and the children are confident.
If the teacher encourages them, the children will be confident.
8. She has money and spends a lot.
If she has money, she will spend a lot.
9. He wakes up early in the morning and so he is fresh throughout the day.
If he wakes up early in the morning, he will be fresh throughout the day.
10. She exercises regularly and so she is fit.
If she exercises regularly, she will be fit.
11. The oldman goes for a walk and he is healthy.
If the oldman goes for a walk, he will be healthy.

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12. The woman is rich so he helps the needy.

If the woman is rich, she will help the needy.
13. The child is brilliant and answers all the questions.
If the child is brilliant, she will answer all the questions.
14. He asks me and I give him.
If he asks me, I shall give him.
15. The children meet her and she guides them well.
If the children meet her, she will guide them well.
16. She talks a lot, she will learn slowly.
If she talks a lot, she will learn slowly.
17. The man sells vegetables and earns his livelihood.
If the man sells vegetables, he will earn his livelihood.
18. His grandmother tells many stories and he enjoys a lot.
If his grand mother tells many stories, he will enjoy a lot.

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SENTENCES IF CLAUSES
Present Negative

Type II

1. You dont ask me and I dont give you.

If you asked me, I would give you.
2. you dont wake up early and you dont reach there in time.
If you woke up early, you would reach there in time.
3. She doesnt listen to the teachers carefully and she doesnt learn soon.
If she listened to the teachers carefully, she would learn soon.
4. His father doesnt give him money and he doesnt buy the car.
If his father gave him money, he would buy the car.
5. They dont know English, they cant talk to you in English.
If they knew English, they could talk to you in English.
6. He doesnt go to bed early, he doesnt wake up early.
If he went to bed early, he could wake up early.
7. She doesnt plan well and she cant avoid failure.
If she planned well, she could avoid failure.
8. She doesnt ask any doubts and she cant understand it.
If she asked any doubts, she could understand it.
9. He doesnt follow any instructions and he cant do it well.
If he followed any instructions, he could do it well.
10. She isnt sincere and so she isnt successful.
If she was sincere, she could be successful.
11. He isnt there and he cant help you.
If he was there, he could help you.

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12. He isnt the C.M. to sanction you the project.

If he was the C.M., he could sanction you the project.
13. She isnt the authority to take the decision.
If she was the authority, she could take the decision.
14. He isnt the right person to be selected for the job.
If he was the right person, he would be selected for the job.
15. She isnt asked and so it isnt given.
If she was asked for it, it would be given.
16. Dont cry over split milk and it is in vain.
If you cried over split milk, it would be in vain.
17. Dont ask for it and it is futile.
If you asked for it, it would be futile.
18. Dont disturb it and it is dangerous.
If you disturbed it, it would be dangerous.
19. She doesnt talk to him and he cant tell her the truth.
If she talked to him, he could tell her the truth.
20. He doesnt try and wont be successful.
If he tried, he would be successful.

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SENTENCES IF CLAUSES
Closed Condition
Past positive Type III
1. He asked me and I gave him.
If he hadnt asked me, I wouldnt have given him.
2. He told them the secret and they knew it.
If he hadnt told them the secret, they wouldnt have known it.
3. They liked it and bought it.
If they hadnt liked it, they wouldnt have bought it.
4. She was there and helped him.
If she hadnt been there, she wouldnt have helped him.
5. The teacher taught them well, the students understood well.
If the teacher hadnt taught them well, the students wouldnt have understood
well.
6. The vegetables were fresh and were sold out soon.
If the vegetables hadnt been fresh, they hadnt been sold out soon.
7. He was industrious so he was successful.
If he hadnt been industrious, he wouldnt have been successful.
8. They went out and so they drenched in the rain.
If they hadn't gone out, they wouldnt have drenched in the rain.
9. The children teased the dog and it bit them.
If the children hadn't teased the dog, it wouldnt have bitten them.
10. The doctor came late and the patient died.
If the doctor hadn't come late, the patient wouldnt have died.
11. The old man reached the station late and missed the train.
If the old man hadn't reached the station late, he wouldnt have missed the train.

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12. The children broke the window pane and the lady shouted at them.
If the children hadn't broken the window pane, the lady wouldnt have shouted at
them.
13. The mother brought them up well and the children are good.
If the mother hadn't brougsht them up well, the children wouldnt have been good.
14. The police was busy in his work and the thief escaped from him.
If the police hadn't been busy in his work, the thief wouldnt have escaped from
him.
15. The merchant cheated his customer and the customer leveled a charge against
him.
If the merchant hadn't cheated his customer, the customer wouldnt have leveled a
charge against him.
16. The young man was lazy and so he was poor.
If the young hadn't been lazy, he wouldnt have been poor.
17. The man was frank and had many enemies.
If the man hadn't been frank, he wouldnt have had many enemies.
18. The leader was honest and had many followers.
If the leader hadn't been honest, he wouldnt have had many followers.
19. The young lady was arrogant and lost her job.
If the young lady hadn't been arrogant, she wouldnt have lost her job.
20. The stranger helped the boy and the boy was saved.
If the stranger hadn't helped the boy, the boy wouldnt have been saved.

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SENTENCES IF CLAUSES
Closed Condition
Past Negative Type III
1. The student didnt attend classes regularly and so he didnt learn well.
If the student had attended classes regularly, he would have learnt well.
2. She didnt invite him and so he didnt attend the party.
If she had invited him, he would have attended the party.
3. The girl didnt take her fathers permission and couldnt come to the party.
If the girl had taken her fathers permission, she could have come to the party.
4. The young man didnt behave properly and so he didnt get good name.
If the young man had behaved properly, he would have got good name.
5. The man didnt take a ticket and so the T.C. didnt allow him to travel.
If the man had taken a ticket, the T.C. would have allowed him to travel.
6. They didnt save any money and so they didnt become rich.
If they had saved money, they would have become rich.
7. Ravi didnt concentrate in his studies and so he didnt succeeded.
If Ravi had concentrated in his studies, he would have succeeded.
8. Kantha didnt eat much and didnt become fat.
If Kantha had eaten much, she would have become fat.
9. The man didnt exercise regularly and he wasnt fit.
If the man had exercised regularly, he would have been fit.
10. The lady didnt attend the meeting and she didnt know about it.
If the lady had attended the meeting, she would have known about it.
11. The M.L.A. didnt try and didnt become a minister.
If the M.L.A. had tried, he would have become a minister.

136

12. The officer wasnt dishonest and so they couldnt bribe him.
If the officer had been dishonest, they couldnt have bribed him.
13. The oldman had no car and he couldnt reach there in time.
If the oldman had had a car, he could have reached there in time.
14. The mother didnt know it and she couldnt guide her children well.
If the mother had known it, she could have guided her children well.
15. The parents had no money and so they couldnt send their son abroad.
If the parents had had money, they couldnt have sent their son aboard.
16. The couple didnt know poverty and didnt recognize the value of money.
If the couple had known poverty, they could have recognized the value of money.
17. The boy didnt like it and didnt eat it.
If the boy had liked it, he would have eaten it.
18. The mechanic didnt learn it and so couldnt repair it.
If the mechanic had learnt, he could have repaired it.
19. The business man learnt nothing and couldnt be successful.
If the business man had learnt something, he could have been successful.
20. The girl was not brave and so she couldnt face the interview.
If the girl had been brave, she could have faced the interview.

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SENTENCES IF CLAUSES
Closed Condition
Past positive / Negative Type III
1. You woke up late and missed the train.
If you had woken up late, you wouldnt have missed the train.
2. She spoke rudely and he felt very sorry.
If she hadn't spoken rudely, he wouldnt have felt very sorry.
3. The businessman was negligent and fell into troubles.
If the businessman hadn't been negligent, he wouldnt have fallen into troubles.
4. The rains failed and there were no crops in the year.
If the rains hadn't failed, there would have been crops in the year.
5. The C.M. didnt accept their demands and the employees went on strike.
If the C.M had accepted their demands, the employees wouldnt have gone on
strike.
6. The children couldnt go for national level games due to lack of funds.
If there had been no lack of funds, the children could have gone for national level
games.
7. The country couldnt prosper as there was no proper human resources
development.
If there had been proper human resources development, the country could have
prospered.
8. The criminal was acquitted by the court as no evidence was found.
If any evidence had been found, the criminal wouldnt have been acquitted by the
court.
9. The place was not maintained well and appeared very old.
If the place had been maintained well, it wouldnt have appeared very old.

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10. The soldier didnt give up hope for living and was saved by the doctors.
If the soldier had given up hope for living, he wouldnt have been saved by the
doctors.
11. There were no sophisticated surgeries in those days and the boy died of abnormal
heart.
If there had been sophisticated surgeries in those days, the boy wouldnt have died
of abnormal heart.
12. The manager didnt fail to plan and he succeeded in his project.
If the manager had failed to plan, he wouldnt have succeeded in his project.
13. It rained heavily and so the match was not started.
If it hadn't rained heavily, the match would have been started.
14. The train started late and didnt reach in time.
If the train hadn't started late, it would have reached in time.
15. Vegetables werent adequately supplied and they were sold at high rates.
If vegetables had been adequately supplied, they wouldnt have been sold at high
rates.
16. The young man didnt attend the interview in time and so he was not selected for
the job.
If the young man had attended the interview in time, he would have been selected
for the job.
17. The boy didnt like it and didnt buy it.
If the boy had liked it, he would have bought it.
18. The girl didnt like the college and left it.
If the girl had liked the college, she wouldnt have left it.

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Unless.. not

1. Unless you work hard, you wont be successful.

If you worked hard, you would be successful.
2. Unless you eat well, you wont be strong.
If you ate well, you would be strong.
3. Unless you come to class regularly, you wont learn soon.
If you came to class regularly, you would learn soon.
4. Unless you ask him, he won't help you.
If you asked him, he would help you.
5. Unless she plans well, she won't succeed.
If she planned well, she would succeed.
6. Unless they try, they won't get it.
If they tried, they would get it.
7. Unless he calls her, she won't talk to him.
If he called her, she would talk to him.
8. Unless he studies well, he won't pass his exam.
If he studied well, he would pass his exam.
9. Unless you are careful, you cant enjoy your life.
If you were careful, you could enjoy your life.
10. Unless she is there, things won't go properly.
If she was there, things would go properly.
11. Unless you like your job, you won't do it properly.
If you liked your job, you would do it properly.

140

12. Unless you sit quietly, you won't achieve anything.

If you sat quietly, you would achieve something.
13. Unless you exercise regularly, you won't be fit.
If you exercised regularly, you would be fit.
14. Unless she does her homework, she won't learn it.
If she did her homework, she would learn it.
15. Unless I like the job, I won't accept it.
If I liked the job, I would accept it.
16. Unless we bargain, we won't get anything at lower price.
If we bargained, we would get something at lower price.
17. Unless I sell it, I won't buy a new one.
If I sold it, I would buy a new one.
18. Unless you concentrate, you won't understand it.
If you concentrated, you would understand it.
19. Unless you are good at communication skills, you won't be successful in your job.
If you were good at communication skills, you would be successful in your job.
20. Unless you go there, you cant meet him.
If you went there, you could meet him.
Unreal conditions
If .. were would + V1
1. If I were a doctor, I would treat the poor.
2. If I were rich, I would help him.
3. If I were a bird, I would fly high in the sky.
4. If she were here, she would help you.
5. If they were generous, they would donate more.
6. If it were mine, I would give you.
7. If he were the manager, he would recommend it.

141

8. If you were here, I would invite you to the party.

9. If she were the minister, she would do it.
10. If he were industrious, he would be successful.
.. wish . V2
1. I wish I knew it.
2. I wish I learnt it.
3. I wish I met you.
4. I wish I were a doctor.
5. They wish they talked to you.
6. She wishes she went with you.
7. He wish we completed it.
8. He wishes he went abroad.
9. I wish I did it.
10. I wish my brother visited me.
Wished . Had + V3
1. I wished I had known it.
2. I wished I had met you.
3. She wished she had done it.
4. He wished he had gone abroad.
5. They wished he had helped them.
6. We wished we had bought it.
7. Rani wished she had studied the course.
8. Madhav wished he had been rich.
9. I wished I had been to Hyderabad.
10. I wished I had consulted you.
11. She wished she had guided me.
12. Kiran wished he had been selected for the job.

142

Expressing Condition

If

The most common

means of expressing
condition

On condition that

Condition that
must be agreed

Unless

Whether .. or

A negative
condition

Two contrasting
conditions

Provides (that) /
providing

In case

Condition that
may or may not
arise

In case of

So long as /
As long as

And / then

Informal and
conversational

Formal
Inversion

If / only if

Literary
writing

Restriction

143

Examples :
1. I shall attend the dinner. Im waiting for the invitation (if).
If I am invited, I shall attend the dinner.
2. I hope it doesnt rain. Ill come.
So long as it doesnt rain. Ill come.
3. They may invite me or they may not. I am going to attend the function anyway.
I am going to attend the function whether they invite me or not.
4. I didnt have any money, I would have lend you.
If I had had any money, I would have lend you.
5. The electric supply may fail. At that time use the stairs (in case of).
In case of failure of electric supply, use the stairs.
6. You may feel sick on the plane. Then take one of these pupils (in case).
Take one of these pills in case you feel sick on the plane.
7. You can use my pen. But dont break it (so long as).
You can use my pen so long as you dont break it.
8. I dont know her address. So I cant tell you (if).
If I knew her address, I could tell you.
9. You touch me again. Ill kick you (and).
Touch me again and Ill kick you.
10. There isnt much compassion in peoples hearts. Otherwise wars will not take
place (inversion).
Is there much compassion in peoples hearts, wars will not take place.

144

Expressing Condition
Whether .. or / if

CONTRASTING CONDITION
1. Please write to me whether you want any money or not.
Please write to me if you want any money.
2. I want to know whether you have understood it or not.
I want to know if you have understood it.
3. The old man asked me whether I had known English or not.
The old man asked me if I had known English.
4. My teacher asked her whether she had seen the Taj in Agra or not.
My teacher asked her if she had seen the Taj in Agra.
5. The police enquired the people whether they had seen any stranger there or not.
The police enquired the people if they had seen any stranger there.
In case / Lest
-

a future condition that may or may not arise.

in order to prevent sth from happening.

1. Take some money in case you want to buy something.

2. Ravan gripped his brothers arm lest he be trampled by the mob.
3. Sarala was afraid lest she had revealed too much.
4. Ganesh caries an umbrella incase it rains.
5. Swapna felt sorry lest she had hurt her friend.
6. Samatha drove her car slowly incase she would meet with an accident.
7. Lavanya reads carefully incase it goes wrong.
8. Neha saves her money incase she has to meet some unexpected expenses.
9. The Government took all the measures lest the epidemic would spread rapidly.
10. The business man insured his company incase there is a fire hazard.

145

On condition that
A condition that must be agreed
1. Ill lend you the money on condition that you return it within six months.
2. Kalyan had agreed to give me his bike on condition that I would return it safely.
3. Sirisha will make friendship with Nag on condition that he behaves well.
4. The manager will give you a job in his company on condition that you prove your
worth.
5. The Government had given the workers plots on condition that they would live
there.
6. Shabana will win a medal in the National Games on condition that she is trained
by a cash.
7. The house had been given to Sagar for rent on condition that he would pay rent
Promptly.
8. The loan will be sanctioned to the labourers on condition that they repay it
promptly.
9. The talks will be held with the agitators on condition that they give up arms.
10. Two holidays had been given to the students on condition that they would prepare
for exams.
Provided (that) / So long as / if / only if restriction
Providing / as long as
So long as / as long as
1. You are welcome to stay with us so long as you share the rent.
2. As long as you are with us, you are safe.
3. You are successful so long as you work hard.
4. You succeed as long as you are sincere at your work.
5. As long as you ask doubts, you understand it well.
6. As long as Ramya participates in the discussion, she learns well.
7. You can use my book so long as you dont tear it.
8. You can make a speech so long as others arent hurt.
9. You can earn money so long as you dont deceive others.
10. As long as you dont misuse my computer, you can use it.

146

Provided (that) / providing

1. Students could discuss their views on the subject providing they did so quietly.
2. You can borrow my bike provided / providing you bring it back.
3. Provided I am invited, Ill attend the function.
4. Provided you ask me, Ill give you.
5. I was allowed to go with my friends provided I did my homework.
6. You can understand your subjects on your own provided you learn English well.
In case of formal
1. In case of difficulty, call the operator.
2. In case of emergency, break the door.
3. In case of inconvenience, consult the manager.
4. In case of indiscipline, you are thrown out.
And / then informal & conversation
1. Take my advice and your troubles will be over.
If you take my advice, your troubles will be over.
2. You may miss the train, take a taxi, then.
Take a taxi or you may miss the train.
Inversion Literary writing
1. Should you change your mind, let me know.
2. Had you invited me, I would have attended the party.
3. Had you learnt it, you would have answer it.
4. Had she been there, she would have helped you.

147

15. SIMPLE-COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Word

e.g.
Poor (adj)
Poverty (n)
Honest (adj)
Honesty (n)

Phrase

Clause

Sentence

Some meaning

Incomplete
meaning

Complete meaning

Inspite of his
poverty

Though Sudhama was

poor,

Sudhama was
poor.

e.g
Inspite of his poverty Sudhama was honest.
Phrase
Note :

Though Sudhama was poor he was honest.

Clause

Sentence = main clause / independent clause

Clause = Subordinate clause / dependent clause

Sudhama was poor, but he was honest.

Sentence
sentence

148

TYPES OF SENTENCES (STRUCTURE)

Simple

Phrase + Sentence
1

Inspite of
Despite of
Notwithstanding
Nontheless
Nevertheless
Besides (in addition to)

Complex

Clause + sentence

Though / Although / Eventhough

As well as

Compound

Sentence + sentence

But / yet / still

Not only but also

No sooner . than
Barely / hardly / scarcely . . when

Soon after
Immediately

On + verb + ing

When

Being
Owing to
On account of
Due to

As / since / for

In case of not
In the event of

If .
Unless. not

Or /otherwise / else

too.. to

Sothat

Very and so

As soon as

149

And
So / and so

1.
Inspite of
Despite
Notwithstanding
Nontheless
Nevertheless

e.g.
1.

Though / Although / Eventhough

But / yet / still

Inspite of her illness Radha did her exam well. Simple

Though Radha was ill, she did her exam well. Complex
Radha was ill, but she did her exam well. Compound

2.

Despite his intelligence Rohit did not score good mark.

Although Rohit was intelligent, he didnt score good mark.
Rohit was intelligent, but he didnt score good mark.

3.

Inspite of his talent Rakesh couldnt get a job.

Rakesh was talented, but he couldnt get a job.

Note :
Dont use of / being after despite
Despite of

Inspite of his being rich Laxmipathi isnt generous.

Despite being
Clause = Subordinate clause / dependent clause

Even though Rakesh was talented, he couldnt get a job.

4.

Though Laxmipathi is rich, he isnt generous.

Laxmipathi is rich, but he isnt generous.
150

2.

1.

Besides (in addition to)

Not only but also

As well as

Besides singing Latha dances well. Simple

Latha sings as well as dances well. complex
Latha not only sings but also dances well. compound

2.

Besides football Kiran plays cricket.

Kiran plays football as well as cricket.
Kiran plays not only football but also cricket.

3.

Besides Hindi Ram speaks English fluently.

Ram speaks Hindi as well as English fluently.
Ram speaks not only Hindi but also English fluently.

4.

Besides starting his own business Vasthav made it successful.

Vasthav started his own business as well as made it successful.
Vasthav not only started his own business but also made it successful.

5.

Besides earning a good reputation Sudheer earned a good fortune.

Sudheer earned a good reputation as well as a good fortune.
Sudheer earned not only a good reputation but also a good fortune.
151

Note :
Not only noun but also noun
Not only verb but also verb
* Words of same grammatical form are joined by not
only ----- but also.

3.

Simple
Soon after
Immediately

1.

Complex

Compound
No sooner . than
Barely / hardly / scarcely . . when

As soon as

Soon after completing his course Kranti got a job Simplex

As soon as Kranti completed his course, he got a job Complex
No sooner did Kranti complete his course than he got a job Compound
Barely did Kranti complete his course when he got a job Compound

2.

Immediately seeing the police the thief ran away.

As soon as the thief had seen the police, he ran away.
No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Hardly had the thief seen the police when he ran away.

3.

Soon after ringing the bell children ran home.

As soon as the bell rang, children ran home.
No sooner did the bell ring than children ran home.
Note :
Invertional sentences
No sooner (did ----+ V1) ------- than
(had ----+ V3)
Barely / Hardly / Scarcely (did ----+ V1) --- when
(had ----+ V3)

Scarcely did the bell ring when children ran home.

4.

Soon after receiving the call Swathi went home.

As soon as Swathi received the call, she went home.
No sooner did Swathi receive the call than she went home.
Hardly did Swathi receive the call when she went home.

152

4.

Simple
On+verb+ing

Complex

Compound
And

When

1.

On receiving passport Kalpana went abroad.

When Kalpana received passport, she went abroad.
Kalpana received passport and went aboard.

2.

On getting scholarship Keerthana continued her studies.

When Keerthana got scholarship, she continued her studies.
Keerthana got scholarship and continued her studies.

3.

Planning well Kamal executes it efficiently.

When Kamal plans well, he executes it efficiently.
Kamal plans well and executes it efficiently.

4.

On meeting the Principal Srinivas went home.

When Srinivas met the Principal, he went home.
Srinivas met the Principal and went home.

5.

On arresting the thief the police recovered the money.

When the police arrested the thief, they recovered the money.
The police arrested the thief and recovered the money.

6.

On receiving instructions the army started the mission.

When the army received instructions, they started the mission.
The army received instructions and they started the mission.
153

5.

Being
Owing to
On
account to
Due to

As / since / for

1.

Being rich Madhav spends a lot.

As Madhav is rich, he spends a lot.
Madhav is rich and so he spends a lot.

2.

On account of heavy rain the match was cancelled.

Since it rained heavily, the match was cancelled.
It rained heavily and so the match was cancelled.

3.

Sharmila was successful in her mission due to her industry.

As Sharmila was industrious, she was successful in her mission.
Sharmila was industrious and so she was successful in her mission.

4.

Owing to low wages the labourers went on strike.

As the labourers had low wages, they went on strike.
The labourers had low wages and so they went on strike.

5.

Revathi didnt take her exam due to ill-health.

As Revathi suffered from ill-health, she didnt take her exam.
Revathi suffered from ill-health and so she didnt take her exam.

6.

On account of low rain fall there was a famine.

As there had been low rainfall, there was a famine.
There had been low rainfall and so there was a famine.

154

So / and so

In case of not
In the event of

6.
1.

If .
Unless. not

In case of your not working hard you won't be successful. Simple

If you dont work hard, you won't be successful. complex
Unless you work hard, you won't be successful. complex
Work hard or you won't be successful. compound

2.

In the event of your not coming to class regularly, you won't learn soon.
If you dont come to class regularly, you won't learn soon.
Unless you come to class regularly, you won't learn soon.
Come to class regularly or you won't learn soon.

3.

In case of your not learning communication skills, you won't succeed in your job.
If you dont learn communication skills, you won't succeed in your job.
Unless you learn communication skills, you won't succeed in your job.
Learn communication skills or you won't succeed in your job.

4.

In the event of your not exercising regularly, you won't be fit.

If you dont exercise regularly, you won't be fit.
Unless you exercise regularly, you won't be fit.
Exercise regularly or you won't be fit.

155

Or /otherwise /
else

Simple

7.
1.

too.. to

Complex

Compound
Very and so

Sothat cant / couldnt

The subject is too subtle for the boy to understand it.

The subject is so subtle that the boy cant understand it.
The subject is very subtle and so the boy cant understand it.

2.

The girl is too weak to walk fast.

The girl is so weak that she cant walk fast.
The girl is very weak and so she cant walk fast.

3.

Ravi was too proud to accept their invitation.

Ravi was so proud that he couldnt accept their invitation.
Ravi was very proud and so he couldnt accept their invitation.

4.

The little girl is too short to reach the shelf.

The little girl is so short that she cant reach the shelf.
The little girl is very shot and so she cant reach the shelf.

5.

The boy was too impatient to listen to them.

The boy was so impatient that he couldnt listen to learn.
The boy was very impatient and so he couldnt listen to them.

6.

The coffee is too hot for me to drink.

The coffee is so hot that I cant drink it.
The coffee is very hot and so I cant drink it.
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Note :
Use
Cant
Couldnt

for
-

present tense
past tense

SIMPLE, COMPLEX COMPOUND SENTENCES

1.
Simple
Inspite of / Despite

Complex
Though / Although / Even
though

Compound
But / yet / still

1. Inspite of owning many houses, Subba Rao lives in a rented house.

Though Subba Rao owns many houses, lives in a rented house.
Subba rao owns many houses but lives in a rented house.
2. Inspite of being ill, Radha attended all classes.
Although Radha was ill, she attended all the classes.
Radha was ill but, she attended all the classes.
3. Inspite of his intelligence, Raj couldnt succeed in his life.
Even though Raj was intelligent, Raj couldnt succeed in his life.
Raj was intelligent yet he couldnt succeed in his life.
4. Despite heavy rains the programme went off well.
Although it rained heavily, the programme went off well.
It rained heavily still the programme went off well.
5. The man was sent to prison inspite of his appeals.
Though the man made appeals, he was sent to prison.
The man made appeals yet he was sent to prison.
6.

Despite his serious illness Ramaiah was very cheerful.

Though Ramaiah was seriously ill, he was very cheerful.
Ramaiah was seriously ill but he was very cheerful.

7. Inspite of being rich, Sarala is very simple.

Though Sarala is rich, she is very simple.
Sarala is rich yet she is very simple.
8. Inspite of the job not very interesting, it is well paid.
Though the job is not very interesting, it is well paid.
The job is not very interesting but it is well paid.

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9. Inspite of his old age, Ranga rao works very hard.

Though Ranga Rao is old he works very hard.
Ranga Rao is old but he works very hard.
10. Despite the heavy rains, the meeting continued.
Though there was heavy rains, the meeting continued.
There was heavy rains still the meeting continued.
11. Despite the polices repeated appeal, the people did not disperse.
Though the police appealed repeatedly, the people did not disperse.
The police appealed repeatedly, the people did not disperse.
12. Inspite of rain, the students went out.
Though it was raining, the students went out.
It was raining still the students went out.

2.
Simple
Besides (in addition to)

Complex
As well as

Compound
Not only . But also

1. Besides English Vanitha Speaks French fluently.

Vanitha speaks English as well as French Fluently.
Vanitha speaks not only English but also French fluently.
2. Besides singing Ramya dances well.
Ramya sings as well as dances well.
Ramya not only sings but also dances well.
3. Besides being intelligent Ramakanth is industrious.
Ramakanth is intelligent as well as industrious.
Ramakanth is not only intelligent but also industrious.
4. Besides being a teacher Silpa is a good dancer.
Silpa is a teacher as well as a good dancer.
Sipla is not only a teacher but also a good dancer.
5. Besides being beautiful Sandhya is pleasant.
158

Sandhya is beautiful as well as pleasant.

Sandhya is not only beautiful but also pleasant.
6. Besides studying in a college, Rahul works in a company.
Rahul studies in a college as well as works in a company.
Rahul not only studies in a college but also works in a company.
7. Besides writing plays Girish Karnad acts in plays.
Girish Karnard writes plays as well as acts in plays.
Girish Karnard not only writes plays but also acts in plays.
8. Besides being an actor, Chiru is a politician.
Chiru is an actor as well as a politician.
Chiru is not only an actor but also a politician.
9. Besides abusing, the police beat him.
The police abused as well as beat him.
The police not only abused but also beat him.
10. Besides being a great orator the manager is a practical businessman.
The manager is a great orator as well as a practical businessman.
The manager is not only a great orator but also a practical businessman.
11. Besides being a poet Rabindranath Tagore was a musician.
Rabindranath Tagore was a poet as well as a musician.
Rabindranath Tagore was not only a poet but also a musician.
12. Besides being good at maths Sahitya is good at languages.
Sahitya is good at maths as well as languages.
Sahitya is good not only at maths, but also at languages.

159

3.
Simple
Soon after / immediately

Complex
As soon as

Compound
No sooner than/Barely /
scarcely / hardly when

1. Soon after seeing the police, the thief ran away.

As soon as the thief saw the police, the thief ran away.
No sooner did the thief see the police than the thief ran away.
Barely did the thief see the police when the thief ran away.
2. Immediately the train having stopped, the lady got down at the station.
As soon as the train had stopped, the lady got down at the station.
No sooner had the train stopped than the lady got down at the station.
Barely had the train stopped when the lady got down at the station.
3. Soon after receiving Visa, Sowjanya went abroad.
As soon as Sowjanya received Visa, she went abroad.
No sooner did Sowjanya receive visa than she went abroad.
Scarcely did Sowjany receive visa when she went abroad.
4. Soon after the bell ringing, the children went home.
As soon as the bell rang, the children went home.
No sooner did the bell ring than the children went home.
Hardly did the bell ring when the children went home.
5. Soon after the news being broadcast the students boycotted the classes.
As soon as the news was broadcasted, the students boycotted the classes.
No sooner was the news broadcasted than the students boycotted the classes.
Barely was the news broadcasted when the students boycotted the classes.
6. Immediately getting the appointment order, Ravan joined the company.
As soon as Ravan got the appointment order, he joined the company.
No sooner did Ravan get the appointment order than he joined the company.
Scarcely did Ravan get the appointment order when he joined the company.

160

7. Soon after having drunk water, the golden snake left the place.
As son as the golden snake drunk water, it left the place.
No sooner had the golden snake drunk water than it left the place.
Barely had the golden snake drunk water when it left the place.
8. Immediately having heard the dog barking the little boy ran away.
As soon as the little boy had heard the dog barking, he ran away.
No sooner had the little boy heard the dog barking than he ran away.
Barely had the little boy heard the dog barking when he ran away.
9. Soon after having seen the house, Samatha bought it.
As soon as samatha had seen the house, she bought it.
No sooner had Samatha seen the house than she bought it.
Scarcely had Samatha seen the house when she bought it.
4.
Simple
On +V (ing)

Complex
When

Compound
And

1. On reading the book I understood it.

When I read the book, I understood it.
I read the book and I understood it.
2. On meeting Latha I congratulated on her success.
When I met Latha and congratulated on her success.
I met Latha and congratulated on her success.
3. On receiving a call Anitha went to see her brother.
When Anitha received a call, she went to see her brother.
Anitha received a call and went to see her brother.
4. Having invited to the party, Jyothi attended the party.
When Jyothi had been invited to the party, she attended the party.
Jyothi had been invited to the party and she attended the party.

161

5. Having searched for the book everywhere Vanitha found it at last.

When Vanitha had searched for the book everywhere, she found it at lost.
Vanitha had searched for the book everywhere and found it at lost.
6. On taking leave from her friend Kamilini left for Calcutta.
When Kamilini took leave from her friend, she left for Calcutta.
Kamilini took leave from her friend and left for Calcutta.
7. Having interviewed Varun was selected for the position.
When Varun had been interviewed, he was selected for the position.
Varun had been interviewed and was selected for the position.

8. On inaugurating the project, the P.M. made a speech on it.

When the P.M. inaugurated the project, he made a speech on it.
The P.M. inaugurated the project and made a speech on it.
9. Helping the old man crossing the road, Kamal went to school.
When Kamal helped the old man crossing the road, he went to school.
Kamal helped the old man crossing the road and went to school.
10. Treating the patient the doctor went to bed.
When the doctor treated the patient, the doctor went to bed.
The doctor treated the patient and went to bed.
11. Taking permission from the principal, Sana went on world-tour.
When Sana took permission from the principal, she went on world tour.
Sana took permission from the principal and went on world tour.
12. Having trained for five years Mayuri made her debut in classical dance.
When Mayuri had been trained for five years, she made her debut in classical
dance.
Mayuri had been trained for five years and she made her debut in classical
dance.

162

5.
Simple
Being / owing to / on
account of / due to

Complex
As / since / for / because

Compound
So / and so

1. On account of heavy rain the match was cancelled.

As it rained heavily, the match was cancelled.
It rained heavily and so the match was cancelled.
2. Being ill, Sana couldnt attend the class.
As Sana was ill, she couldnt attend the class.
Sana was ill and so she couldnt attend the class.
3. Being rich Sandhya spent a lot on her shopping.
As Sandhya was rich, she spent a lot on her shopping.
Sandhya was rich and so she spent a lot on her shopping.
4. Being interesting everyone read the book.
As the book was interesting, everyone read it.
The book was interesting and so everyone read it.
5. Being friendly Sneha could make many friends in the college.
As Sneha was friendly, she could make many friends in the college.
Shena was friendly and so she could make many friends in the college.

6. Owing to strike all the shops are closed.

As there is strike, all the shops are closed today.
There is strike and so all the shops are closed today.
7. The students came late due to their missing the first bus.
As the students missed the first bus, they came late.
The students missed the first bus and so came late.
8. Having gone to bed early, Ravi woke up early in the morning.
Since Ravi had gone to bed early, he woke up early in the morning.
Ravi had gone to bed early and so woke up early in the morning.

163

9. Having prepared well Abhinav did his exam well.

Since Abhinav had prepared well, he did his exam well.
Abhinav had prepared well and so he did his exam well.
10. Being well-trained the officer could solve many a problem.
Since the office was well-trained, he could solve many a problem.
The officer was well-trained and so he could solve many a problem.
11. Being disciplined, the soldier got good name.
Since the soldier was disciplined, he got good name.
The soldier was disciplined and so he got good name.
12. Having inspired by the talk made by the teacher all the students studied well.
Since the students had been inspired by the talk made by the teacher, all of
them studied well.
The students had been inspired by the talk made by the teacher and so all of
them studied well.

6.
Simple
In case of not
In the event of not

Complex
If..
Unlessnot

Compound
Or/ otherwise / else

1. In case of your not working hard, you wont be successful.

If you work hard, you will be successful.
Unless you work hard, you wont be successful.
Work hard or you wont be successful.
2. In the event of your not coming to class regularly you cant learn soon.
If you come to class regularly, you cant learn soon.
Unless you come to class regularly, you cant learn soon.
Come to class regularly otherwise you cant learn soon.
3. In case of his not taking medicine he wont recover from his illness.
If he takes medicine, he will recover from his illness.
Unless he takes medicine, he wont recover from his illness.
He has to take medicine or he wont recover from his illness.

164

4. In the event of his not driving his car slowly he may not avoid accidents.
If he drives his car slowly, he may avoid accidents.
Unless he drives his car slowly, he may not avoid accidents.
He has to drive his car slowly or he may not avoid accidents.
5. In the event of his not driving his car slowly, he may meet with an accident.
Unless he drives his car slowly, he may meet with an accident.
He has to drive his car slowly or he may meet with an accident.
6. In the event of her not changing her attitude, Sarika may lose her friends.
Unless Sarika changes her attitude, She may lose her friends.
Sarika has to change her attitude or she may lose her friends.
7. In the event of her not controlling herself eating a lot, Kamala may become
fat.
Unless Kamala controls herself eating a lot, she may become fat.
Kamala has to control herself eating a lot or she may become fat.
8. In the event of his not spending his money wisely Rohith may fall into
troubles.
Unless Rohith spends his money wisely, he may fall into troubles.
Rohith has to spend his money wisely or he may fall into troubles.
9. In case of your not knowing your talents, you may not succeed in your life.
Unless you know you talents, you may not succeed in your life.
Know your talents or you may not succeed in your life.
10. In the event your being negligent you may not finish your work in time.
Unless you are not negligent, you may not finish your work in time.
Dont be negligent or you may not finish your work in time.

165

7.
Simple
Too..To

Complex
So.that

Compound
Very.And so

1. The coffee is too hot to drink.

The coffee is so hot that one cant drink it.
The coffee is very hot and so one cant drink it.
2. The girl is too young to understand it.
The girl is so young that she cant understand it.
The girl is very young and so she cant understand it.
3. The boy is too weak to lift the bag.
The boy is so weak that he cant lift the bag.
The boy is very weak and so he cant lift the bag.
4. Bhima was too fat to run fast.
Bhima was so fat that he couldnt run fast.
Bhima was very fat and so he couldnt run fast.
5. The house was too expensive to buy.
The house was so expensive that one couldnt buy it.
The house was very expensive and so one couldnt buy it.
6. The movie is too boring to enjoy.
The movie is so boring that one cant enjoy it.
The movie is very boring and so one cant enjoy it.
7. Likitha is too sensitive to bear it.
Likitha is so sensitive that she cant bear it.
Likihta is very sensitive and so she cant bear it.
8. The young man was too selfish to help others.
The young man was so selfish that he couldnt help others.
The young man was very selfish and so he couldnt help others.
9. The country is too poor to provide all the people with sufficient food.
The country is so poor that it cant provide all the people with sufficient food.
The country is very poor and so it cant provide all the people with sufficient
food.

166

10. The movie was too sentimental to restrain tears.

The movie was so sentimental that one couldnt restrain tears.
The movie was very sentimental and so one couldnt restrain tears.
11. The fawn was too young to stand.
The fawn was so young that it couldnt stand.
The fawn was very young and so it couldnt stand.
12. The road was too slippery to ride on it.
The road was so slippery that one couldnt ride on it.
The road was very slippery and so one couldnt ride on it.
13. Putta was too verbose to tolerate him.
Putta was so verbose that one couldnt tolerate him.
Putta was very verbose and so one couldnt tolerate him.

167

16.QUESTION TAGS
Question Tags
Statement, tag?

Positive Statement, negative tag ?

Negative Statement, Positive tag ?

Question Tags

Main verbs

Helping verbs

Auxiliary verbs
V1

V2

V1+s
/es/i

Did

Do
Does

Have /
has

Do/
does

Did

Am/
is/ are

Was /
were

Modal verbs
Will would
Shall should
Can could
May might
Have to
Has to
had to
Must

Imperative Sentences

Suggestion

Order

Request

Shall

Will

Can

168

Main verbs :
V1 V1 + s/es/ies
Do Does

V2
did

Question tags
1. Veda goes to temple everyday, doesnt she?
Veda doesnt go to temple everyday, does she?
2. I speak English fluently, dont I?
I dont speak English fluently, do I ?
3. Sneha went to Hyderabad yesterday, didnt she?
Sneha didnt go to Hyderabad yesterday, did she?
4. Jim had two houses once, didnt he?
Jim didnt have two houses once, did he?
5. Geetha has a pet dog, doesnt she?
Geetha doesnt have a pet-dog, does she?
6. Indians have tolerance, dont they?
Indians dont have tolerance, do they?
7. I do it well, dont I ?
I dont do it well, do I ?
8. She does it well, doesnt she?
She doesnt do it well, does she?
9. Rahul did it well, didnt he?
Rahul didnt do it well, did he?

169

Auxiliary verbs Question Tags

Have forms Have / Has |Had
1. Suneetha has done her M.C.A. hasnt she?
Suneetha hasnt done her M.C.A., has she?
2. Indians have excelled in Arts ands Sciences, havent they ?
Indians havent excelled in Arts and Sciences, have they ?
3. I have seen you before, havent I ?
I have never seen you before, have I ?
4. Somebody has knocked at the door, hasnt one?
None has knocked at the door, has anyone?
5. I had seen you earlier, hadn't I ?
I hadn't seen you earlier, had I?
6. I had met you before, hadn't I?
I had never met you before, had I ?
Be forms am/is/are| was /were Main verbs
1. I am brave, arent I?
I am nt brave, am I ?
2. Sravya is intelligent, isnt she?
Sravya isnt intelligent, is she?
3. Indians are patient, arent they?
Indians arent patient are they?
4. Vasu was rich once, wasnt he?
Vasu wasnt rich once, was he?
5. The students were poor in English, werent they?
The students werent poor in English, were they?

170

Helping verbs Be forms

1. Children are playing cricket, arent they?
2. Children were sleeping then, werent they?
3. Lalitha is praying to God, isnt she?
4. Sravani was singing a song then, wasnt she?
*

5. I am talking to my friend, arent I?

6. I was bathing then, wasnt I ?
7. The students were listening to a lecture, werent they?

QUESTION TAGS
Modal verbs
1. I shall win a medal, shant I?
I shall not win a medal, shall I ?
2. Rohith should meet the Principal, shouldnt he?
Rohith shouldnt meet the Principal should he?
3. Murthy will succeed in his business, won't he?
Murthy will not succeed in his business, will he?
4. You would come up in your life, wouldnt you?
You would not come up in your life, would you?
5. It may rain now, maynt it?
It may not rain now, may it?
6. Ramkanth might go abroad, mightnt he?
Ramakanth might not go abroad, might he?
7. Renu has to join the company, hasnt she?
Renu hasnt to join the company, has she?

171

8. The Principal had to punish him, hadn't he?

The Principal hadn't to punish him, had he?
9. You must help your friends with money, mustnt you?
You mustnt help your friend with money, must you?
10. Sekhar will be doing well, won't he?
Sekhar will not be doing well, will he?

Imperative Shall

Can

Will

request

order

Suggestion
Suggestions

1. Lets discuss it, shall we?

Lets not discuss it, shall we?
2. Lets have a mouthful of something, shall we?
3. Lets play together, shall we?
Requests
1. Please lend me your book, can you?
2. Please dont disturb me, can you?
3. Kindly clarify my doubts, can you?
Orders
1. Dont make a noise, will you?
2. Shut the doors, will you?
3. Do it now, will you?

172

17. EMBEDDED CLAUSES

Embedded statement
(Statement +Clause)

Embedded questions
(question +clause)

I Can tell you

Wh questions
(Wh word + Yes/ No question)

where Sadha resides.

1.
Statement
Where
WH word

Clause

does Sadha resides ?

Yes/ No Question

2. Why dont you understand what I can do with this?

Dont you understand what I can do with this?
Do you understand what I can do with this?
What can I do with this?
Cant I do something with this?
You dont understand what I can do with this.
You understand what I can do with this.
3. Could you tell me where the railway station is?
Couldnt you tell me where the railway station it?
Why couldnt you tell me where the railway station?
Is the railway station near?
The railway station is near, isnt it?
I could tell you where the railway stations is.
I couldnt tell you where the railway station is?
4. When do you know what you have learnt so far?
Do you know what you have learnt so far?
What have you learnt so far?
Have you learnt anything so far?
You have learnt nothing so far?
I know what you have learnt so fat.
I dont know what you have learnt so far.
You have learnt nothing so far.

173

Wh question

Why cant you tell me where you went yesterday?

Cant you tell me where you went yesterday?
Can you tell me where you went yesterday?
Where did you go yesterday?
Did you go there yesterday?
I cant tell you where I went yesterday.
I cant tell you where I went yesterday
You can tell me where you went yesterday, cant you?
You cant tell me where you went yesterday, can you?
Statement + Clause.

Embedded Statement

1. Tell me where you have been all these days.

2. I now why she is late today.
3. I can tell you when he gets the job.
4. I dont know how she can help you.
5. I cant tell you how often she visits him
6. I tell you how long she is going to stay here.

Question + Clause?

Embedded Questions

1. Why dont you tell me where you have been all these days?
2. Do you know why she is late today?
3. Can you tell me when he gets the job?
4. Do you tell me how she can help you?
5. Cant you tell me how often she visits him?
6. Do you know how long she is going to stay here?

174

WH word + Yes/No Question

WH Questions

1. Where have you been all these days?

2. Why is she late today?
3. When does he get the job?
4. How can she help you?
5. How often does she visit him?
6. How long is she going to stay here?

175

Embedded clauses are placed as a part of a sentence or a question

What / who / which / whom / how / when / where / why / how often / whether / if / that

1. Embedded clause in a sentence

2. Embedded clause in a question

Question + Embedded clause (?)

Statement + Embedded clause ()

e.g.

1. Do you know how she knows ?

1.

I am aware that she knows.

2. Do you know where she is?

2.

I know where she is.

3. Can you tell me when she comes here?

3.

I cant tell you how she knows.

4. Can you tell me what she does?

4.

I am not sure that she comes here.

5. Do you enquire what she is ?

5.

I dont know what she is.

6. Does she know where the railway station locates ?

6.

She doesnt know where the railway station locates.

7. Could you tell me how it looks like?

7.

I couldnt tell you how it looks like.

8. May I know how it could be done?

8.

I may not tell you how it could be done.

9. Have I to know who it was ?

9.

I must know who it was.

10. How would I know when he comes here?

10.

You should know when he comes.

11. When would we know whom they appoint?

11.

They want to know whom we appoint.

12. what should we do when they ask us about it?

12.

We should not tell them what it is.

176

What / who / which / whom / how / when / where / why / how often / whether / if / that
Embedded clauses Indirect speech
1. My teacher asked me why I was late.
2. The police enquired him where he lived.
3. My friend asked me where I had gone the previous day.
4. The oldman regretted that he had lost his purse.
5. My teacher told us that we had done our exam well.
6. My cousin asked me when I would visit her.
7. My sister asked me whether I could help her in her work.
8. I asked my father whether he would buy me a bike or not.
9. I asked my father if he would buy me a bike.
10. The little boy asked me how I could do that.
11. My friend asked me how often I went to movies.
12. Our teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
13. My friend asked me what I had told them.
14. The boy asked her why she was crying.
15. The receptionist asked me whom I was waiting for.
16. The shopkeeper asked me which I would prefer.
17. The principal asked us who had done that.
18. My friend asked me which would come first.
19. My mother asked her what had happened.
20. My teacher asked us how long we studied.
21. My friend asked me whether I had to leave then.
22. The officer asked them how he could help them.
23. I say that I will be in time.
24. She says that she can help them.
25. They ask us why we are so late.
26. They may ask you when you can finish your work.
27. I tell you that I cant help you in this matter.
28. She might ask you why you didnt come to the party.

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18. SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

Subject - Verb agreement : A verb agrees with its subject in Number and Person
1. Noun Phrase: Verb is decided taking entire noun phrase into
consideration but not the word near to the verb:
Error of Proximity : Taking the word near to the verb into
consideration.

2. Nouns or pronouns joined by and take Plural Verb :

e.g.
1. Latha, her brother and I were watching a movie then.
2. I, you and your brother are to be blamed for this.
3. My mother and I are going to market now.
4. You, Ram and I are going to take part in it.

e.g.
1. The taste of the mangoes is not good.
2. The quality of the books is inferior.
3. The strength of our foes is courage.
4. His knowledge of many languages is uncommon.
5. One of my friends is abroad.
6. The result of his efforts is significant.
7. The results of our procrastination are clearly seen.
8. The state of his affairs is quite alarming.
9. None of them has arrived yet.
10. Each of them has chance to win the race.
11. Everyone of you is given an opportunity to speak
12. Any of them is not fit for the job.
13. Many a friend attends the party.
14. Many friends attend the party.
15. Some of the committee differ on the issue
16. Some of his collection are very good.

3. Nouns suggest one idea or refer to the same person or

thing take singular verb:
e.g
1.Time and tide waits for none.
2. Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
3. Law and order was restored there by the military.
4. My friend and guide has come to see me.
4 .Noun Phrases joined to a singular subject by with, as
well as,
along with take singular verb:
e.g
1. The Prime Minister, with his ministers, is to be present.
2. His mother, as well as his father, comes here today.
3. Agility, as well as physical fitness, is required for the job.

178

5. Singular Subjects joined by or, either - - or, neither ...nor

take singular verbs:
e.g
1. Our happiness or our sorrow is largely due to our own actions.
2. Either Sham or Ram is selected for the job.
3. Neither food nor water is available there.

6. Either of ----- , neither of --- , each of----, everyone of ---,

many a - - - take singular verbs:
e.g
1. Either of the candidates is appointed for the job.
2. Neither of them is suitable for the job.
3. Each of the boys is allowed to pay the game.
4. Everyone of the girls sings at the party.
5. Many a friend attends the function.

7.Two nouns qualified by each or every and joined by and

8. Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take

take singular verbs:

singular verbs:

e.g.

e.g.

1. Every man and every woman in the colony is given membership in

1. The news is not reliable

the committee.

2. Politics is not a business.

2. Each boy and each girl gets a chance to win the prize.

3. Mathematics is my favourite subject.

9. Collective noun as a whole takes singular verb but referring to

10. Quantity or amount considered as a whole takes singular

individuals takes plural verb:

verb:

e.g.

e.g.

1. The committee has assembled to discuss the issue

1. Five miles is not a long walk for him

2. The committee differ in their opinions on the issue.

2. Ten thousand rupees is not a large some for him

179

19. OBJECTS
Objects : 1. Direct Object is affected by the action of the verb.
2. The object that the action is done to or for is Indirect Object.

Basic Patterns with Direct object & Indirect object

1. Indirect object + Direct object

e.g.

2. Direct object +to+ Indirect object

e.g.

1. I asked him a question.

I.O D.O
2. It costs you a dollar.
I.O D.O
3. They charged me two hundred rupees.
I.O
D.O
4. That one mistake almost cost him his life.
I.O D.O
5. The accident cost me a visit to the doctor.
I.O
D.O
6. Financial worries cost her many sleepless nights.
I.O
D.O
7. They won't charge you for delivery.
I.O D.O
8. He (only) charged me half price.
I.O D.O
9. She asked the students their names.
I.O
D.O

1. My father explained it to
me.
D.O Prep I.O
2. They announced their decision to us.
D.O
Prep I.O
3. They have delivered leaflets to every household.
D.O Prep I.O
4. She described him to the police.
D.O Prep I.O
5. Nobody mentioned anything to me about it.
D.O Prep I.O
6. She said nothing to me about it.
D.O Prep I.O
7. She didnt say a word to me.
D.O Prep I.O
8. They reported the accident to the police.
D.O Prep I.O
9. I must return some books to the library.
D.O Prep I.O

180

Direct object is affected by the action of the verb

The object that the action is done to or for is Indirect object
3. Indirect object + Direct object

4. Indirect object + Direct object

Direct object +to+ Indirect object

e.g.

Direct object + for + Indirect object

e.g.

1. The news brought tears to his eyes.

D.O Prep I.O

1. My father bought me a new coat.

I.O
D.O
2. My father bought a new coat for me.
D.O
Prep I.O

2. His writing brings him a million dollars a year.

I.O D.O

3. I can fix you a drink.

I.O D.O

3. They decided to offer the job to Sam.

D.O Prep I.O
4. The receptionist offered him
I.O

4. I can fix a drink for you.

D.O Prep I.O

a free bed in a double room.

D.O

5. She made coffee for us all.

D.O Prep I.O

5. Ill send you a text message.

I.O
D.O

6. She made us all coffee.

I.O D.O

6. We sent it back to the manufacturers.

D.O Prep I.O

7. Get a drink for me.

D.O Prep I.O

7. He passed the ball to me.

D.O Prep I.O

8. Get me a drink.
I.O D.O

8. He passed me over the book.

I.O
D.O

9. Ill call you a taxi.

I.O D.O

9. I took a gift to my host family.

D.O. Prep I.O

181

10. I took my host family a gift.

I.O.
D.O

10. Ill call a taxi for you.

D.O Prep I.O

11. They served a wonderful meal to more than fifty delegates.

D.O Prep
I.O
12. She served us a delicious lunch.
I.O D.O
13. She read us a poem.
I.O. D.O
14. She read a poem to us.
D.O. Prep I.O
15. She wrote him several poems.
I.O. D.O
16. I wrote a letter to the publicity Department.
D.O. Prep I.O
17. He teaches English to advanced students.
D.O. Prep I.O
18. He teaches them English.
I.O. D.O
17. I sold my car to Joe.
D.O Prep I.O
18. I sold Joe my car.
I.O D.O
19. Give the letter to Sarah.
D.O Prep I.O
20. Give Sarah the letter.
I.O
D.O

182

20. PARALLELISM
Parallelism Grammatical forms
Elements in a series must be of the same grammatical form or rank.
1. Nouns
e.g.
1.
The three important values that made him successful in his
mission are honesty, sincerity and industry.
Noun noun
noun
2.
She has intelligence as well as wisdom.
Noun
noun

2. Adjectives
e.g.
1. The boy is honest, sincere and industrious.
Adj Adj
Adj

3. Gerund (Ving)
e.g.
1. What rejoice me more are cooking and walking.
Gerund
Gerund
2. They like singing and dancing.
Gerund
Gerund

4. To infinitive (to + V1)

e.g.
1. I would like to cook and to walk.
To +V1
To +V1
2. They want to sing and to dance.
To +V1
To +V1

5. Adverbs
e.g.
1. The orator spoke loudly and clearly.
Adv
adv
2.The juggler did it perfectly and easily.
Adv
adv
3. She spoke eloquently and Clearly.
Adv
adv

6. Phrases
e.g.
1. The orator spoke in a loud and a clear voice.
Phrase
Phrase
2. The Juggler did it with perfection and with ease.
Phrase
Phrase
3. The speech is of eloquence and clarity.
Phrase
Phrase

2. She is both intelligent and wise.

Adj
Adj

183

7. Present Tense
e.g.
1. She comes, eates and goes.
V1
V1
V1
2. She cooks, serves and washes.
V1
V1
V1

8. Past Tense
1. She came, ate and went.
V2 V2
V2
2. She cooked, served and washed.
V2
V2
V2

9. Clauses
e.g.
1. We dont know what she does and where she stays.
Clause
Clause
2.Who knows what she wants and what she likes.
Clause
Clause

10. Sentences
1. She does something and she stays somewhere.
Sentence
Sentence
2. She asks nothing and she wants nobody.
Sentence
Sentence

11. Conjunctions
e.g.
1.Latha neither sings nor dances.
V1
V1
2.Latha enjoys neither singing nor dancing.
Gerund
Gerund
3. He either comes or phones.
V1
V1
4. He plays either football or cricket.
Noun noun
5. I take either coffee or tea.
Noun
noun
6. He is not intelligent but ingenious.
Adj
adj

12. Degrees of comparison and parallelism

1. Chewing tobacco is as dangerous as smoking a cigarette.
Gerund Phrase
Gerund Phrase
2. Doing some work is preferable to doing nothing.
Gerund Phrase
Gerund Phrase
3. Riding on a horse is more fun than riding on a bike.
Gerund Phrase
Gerund Phrase
4. To go for a swim is as healthy as to go for a walk.
To infinitive
to infinitive

184

21. PUNCTUATION MARKS

Capital Letters
Direct Speech:
Reporting clause, Reported clause . / ? / !

(1)
E.g.

(1) She said simply, I couldnt be mistaken, sir.

(2) One of them said, Ive been acquitted, havent I?
(3) He said, Good God!

(2)

Reported Clause, / ? / ! reporting clause.

E.g.

(1) How was school today? I asked, elaborately casual.

(2) All right, he said.
(3) What a thing to tell a small boy! said the woman.

(3) Reported clause, reporting clause, reported clause . / ? / !

(1) Yes, the wicket-gate which leads to the moor, replied Dr. Mortimer, but
there is not other opening.
(2) Well, asked the baronet, has this precious relative of yours gone or is he
still lurking on the moor?

185

22. PHONETICS

186

RHYMING WORDS
A word that has the same sound or ends with the same sound as another.
Night bright
Chatters waters
Birth-Mirth, Earth
Sun-run
Floods woods,
broods
Home-foam
Sand land
Hair-fair

Stream dream
Sing string
Tide-bride
Dead-said
Cry-die

Glee-sea
Open-hopen
Mental dental
Calm-palm
Benignity-dignity

List kissed
Unlinke-spike
Snow glow
Fair-rare
Too-you

Low-foe
Loved moved
Place face

Forget yet
Jet set
Lean between

Sea-dee
Sort short
Song long
Man ran
Say pray
Had clad
Foes clothes
Found hound
Be degree
Friends ends
Began man
Ran man
Streets wits
Sad mad
Eye die
Light bite
Lied died
Score more
Rat- fat
Trouble double
Reclined find
Gale pale
There air
Gay today
Glad sad
Aright tonight
Black back
Spies eyes
Gloom room
Way gay
Song along

Stept wept
Years tears
Knee-thee
Play today
Plot not
His is
Way say
More before
Lies surprise
Small all
You too
Piece niece
Suit mute
Plain again
Touch-much
Streams dreams
One sun
Under thunder
Sky die
Bare air
Rain again
Wood stood
Both-growth
Fair-were
Claim-same
Lay-way-day
Black-back
Sigh-by
Hence difference
Light night
Free sea

Worked inked
Thumbs gums
Polished
demolished
Terror mirror
Ursa vice versa
Roof hoof
Once more
Sentest dentist
Sun gun
Rain pain
Sleeper keeper
Wind sinned
Tail avail
Beasts feasts
Feather together
Leisure pleasure
Family tree
Snow bough
Murderer were
Too do
Crow bough
Appears ears
Gambols ambles
Trickles tickles
Knew you
Ten-den
Hair-chair
I hie
Myself shelf
Me fee
Dollar collar
Flustered custard
Angora flora
Luck struck

187

Chair hair
Screen been
Jim him
Bear fair
Bright light
Lives wives
Wrist mist
Dream stream
Cleaves leaves
Corn morn
Fire desire
Clear tear
Grey midway
Blest breast
Pride side
Grey day
Fun bun
Wide ride
Too zoo
That flat
Wall all
More floor
Us-fuss
About shout
Us marvelous
Everything sing
Us curious
Mother brother
Meant different
Roar soar
Sky fly

Bells yells
Feet street
Cell bell
Curse nurse

Call all
Drives lives
Grove love

Increase peace
Room bloom
Gold bold
Said head
Accord lord
So low
Then men
Night light
Blessed rest
Swing thing
Blue do
Wall all
Wide countryside
Green again
Brown down
Know grow
Cows boughs
Begun sun
Light night
Sky lullaby
Ago know
Bed head
Walk stalk

Sleep-leap
World-curled
Breast-drest
Me-tree
Mills-hills
Go-flow
Small-all
Today-say
Dot-cannot
Fish-dish
Gleam-stream
Bird-heard
Day-away
Gown down
Delight night
Mouse house
Fro-go
Dear-near
Here-fear
Play-day
Sleep-weep
Wood-good
Away-hay

Sheet feet
Please knees

Stands-hands
Bright-right

Thing sting
Green-seen

Youth-shewth
Year-career

Nest-rest
Round-found
Out-about

Truth-enduth
Near-appear
Slow-so

Stronger longer
Come rum
Snipers clippers
Sweepers reapers
Crop shop
Verbose close
Scissors lizard
Scald bald
Men again
Begs legs
Octopus us
Preacher- teacher
Wealth health
Wood good
Man can
Brings things
Intellect dissect
Art heart
Leaves receives
Wise skies
Eyes realities
Wing sing
Car star
Wood flood
Night white
Song wrong
Span man
Time rhyme
Mirth earth
Sky by
Akin inn
Outpoured lord
Ends friends
Pilgrimage
stage, rage
All-call
Thought bought,
taught
Notes goats
Arose prose,
grows
Patch batch
We-sea
Pray way

188

Dine wine
Sing ring
Run won
Toast most
Shower - flower
Witches ditches
Battle cattle
Plain rain
Eye by
Scrambles brambles
Gazes daisies
Restrain-plain
Bower-power
Fawn-lawn
Springs-things
Balm-calm
Lend-bend
Strom-form
Dear-ear
Place-face
Round-sound
Delight-height
Swell-dell
Give-live
Done-run
Scene-been
Done-sun
Round-found
By sigh
Cries-eyes
War-for
Rout-out
By-fly
Fled-held
Wide-died
Sun-won
Land-sand
Stone-frown
Read-fed
Things-kings
Despair-bare

Sky-high

Even-heaven

Suppose-knows
Give-live
Come-home
Along-song
Hare-lair
Play-day
High-sky
Spring-wing

High-eye
Soon-moon
Rose-knows
Me-thee, be
Young-sprung
Spied-abide, died
Worth-forth
Retired-desired,
admired
She-thee
Rare-share, fair
Books-looks
Double-trouble
Head-spread
Mellow-yellow
Strife-life
Linnet-it
Sings-things

Song-wrong
Make-sake
Strong-long
Sleep-deep
Fly-sky
Long-tong
Take-sake
Tie-fly,sky

Went meant,
bent
Hope-soap
Place-face, grace
There-rare
Care-air
Bound-ground
Attire-fire
Find-mind
Ease-please

Light-white

Unknown-stone
Die-lie
Shower-flower
Sown-own
Be-me

Calms-palms
Death-breath
Face-place
Evergreen-unseen
Curtain-certain
Might-bright
Night-right
Sun-fun
Dry-sky, fly
Hand-sand
Grand-band
Night-light

Cheek-speak
Eyes-skies
Dream-stream
Tips-lips
Gone-upon
Sleep-deep
Rest-west
Pauses-voices

Clear-tear, year

Way-pay

Beseech-beach, each
Said-head, bed
Treat-neat, feet
Four-more, shore
So-low, row
Things kings,
wings
Chat-fat, that
Need indeed, feed
Blue- do, view
Nice slice, twice
Trick quick, thick
Sympathize size,
eyes
Run-none, one
Fate-hate
Above-love
Cross-loss

Split-hit
Block-rock
Control-soul
Good-wood
Chill-still
Day-may

Generationeducation
Absurd-heard
Street-meet
Flow-woe
Man-ban
Fear-hear
Cry-sigh

Speak-peak
Arch-march
Alight-excite
Plume-bloom
Knew-blue
Possum- blossom

Appalls-walls
Hear-tear
Curse-hearse
Being-fleeing
Dead-red, bed
Thou-low, blow

Leaves-eves
Time-rhyme
Death-breath
Pain-vein
Abroad-sod
Bird-heard

Look-brook
Wand-pond
Forget-set
Beneath-teeth

Down-clown
Path-hath
Home-foam
Corn-forlon

Poor-before

Task-ask

Until-fill, hill
Spread-head
Surge-verge, dirge
Height-night,
might
Sepulcheratmosphere, hear
189

Throne-blown
Fays-ways
Feet-sweet
Boughs-endows
Wild-child
Eglantine-wine

Bell-well

Fight-delight
Crowds-clouds
Mind-behind

More-before
Aloft-soft
Feet-heat

Waiting-hating

Tramps-camps

Lies-wise
Master-disaster
Aim-same
Spoken-broken

Jacks-axe
Tool-fool
Said-head
Stay-play

Toss-loss
Sinew-you

Gain-twain
Need-agreed

Gone-on

Separationvocation
Unite-sight
One-done
Stakes-sakes
Palestine-wine

Virtue you
Touch-much
Minute-it
Run-son
Came-aim
Yard-hard
Behind-mind

Dreams-streams
Lay-bay, day
Towers-flowers,
powers
Thou-below,
know
Fear-hear, wear
Bear-share
Thee-free
Even-heaven,
striven
Speed-need, bleed
Cloudbowed,proud
Is-harmonies,
fierce
Own-tone, one
Universe-verse
Birth-hearth, earth
Mankind-wind,
behind
Pains-drains
Drunk-sunk
Lot-plot
Trees-ease
Been-green
Earth-mirth

Days-trays
Man-can
Out-lout
Pay-way
Costs-boasts
Golden-beholden
Boys-joys
Educate-mate
Cost-lost
Pay-day
Discriminate-bait
Superior-beerier
Fight-might
There-air
Sty-try
Prison-risen
Complaint-saint
Retired-fired
Sound-found
Day-way
Insured-cured
Declare-Frigidaire

190

South-mouth
Hippocreneunseen
Brim-dim
Forget-fret
Known-groan
Hairs-despairs
Dies-eyes
Sorrow-tomorrow
Thee-poesy
Pards-retards

Self-elf
Stream-dream
Deep-sleep
So-know
Avails-fails
Bless-thankfulness
Claim-same,blame
Hers-demurs
Again-vain
Side-ride
Cloud-bowed
Near-here, fear
Soul-scroll
Wind-behind
This-miss
Well-tell, befell
Deeds-succeeds
Contrast vast, past
Been - screen
Reach-each
Bones atones,
stones
Well-tell
Expressed-best
Then-men
Time-sublime, rhyme
Gave-slave
Turn-burn, repine
Grey-say
Friend-intend, end
Fate-sublimate
Bond-beyond
Goal-soul
Test-quest,best

Withhold-gold
West-breast
Womb-doom
Graves-waves
Sands-hands
Chance-France
Weep-keep
Despair-prayer
Cease-peace
Thanks-ranks
Ones-sons
Child-wild
Zone-moon
Long-song
Sore-four
Wide-side
Care-stare
Boughs-cows
Pass-grass
Daylight-night
Glance-dance
Can-began
Care-stare
Bough-now, thou
Remain-vain, chain,
plain
Mine-entwine,
divine
Gave-grave
Again-strain
Heel-feel,wheel
Twirled-world
Clay-away
Warm-form
Vast-cast
Hour-flower
Sleep-deep
Best-breast
Proof-roof
I-cry
Merriment-went
Voice-rejoice

Content-went
Soul-coal
Gives-lives
Spray-may
Still-fill
Bill-will
Hate-late, mate
Day-lay
High-why, I
Amaze-bays
See-tree
Shade-upbraid
Close-repose
Here-dear
Then-men
Below-grow
Rude-solitude
Seen-green
Flame-name
Heed-exceed
Wound-found
Heat-retreat
Chase-race
So-grow
Speed-reed
Lead-feed

Delight bright
Voice-rejoice
Name-lamb
Mild-child
Hall-tall
Merry-cherry
Sound-round
Glee-lee
Tillage-village
Outrun-done
Behind-blind
Rejoices-voices
Bereft-left
Ivor-survivor
Sick-thick
Awry-dry
One-woman
Clay-they
Door-poor
Stronger-longer
Side-pride
Do-two
Store-more
Tell-swell
Waited-related

Far-war
Pleasure-measure
Waves-caves
Device-ice
Maid-played
Song-long
Air-there
Beware-hair
Thrice-paradise
Dread-fed
Streams-dreams
Hail-rail
Under-thunder
Sky-die
Stain-rain
Bare-air
Vain-again
Art-apart
Eremite-night
Task-mask
Shores-moors
Swell-well
Breast-unrest
Dry-sky
Count-mount

Vine-wine

Mind-find

Rings-wings

Peach-reach
Pass-grass
Less-happiness
Kind-find
These-seas
Made-shade
Foot-root
Aside-glide
Sings-wings
Flight-light
State-mate
Sweet-meet

Bring-everything
Take-make
Side-pride
Do-two
Tell-swell
Waited-related
Mind-find
Bring-everything
Take-make
See-tree
Could-wood
Endeavoursevered
Brought-thought
Done-run

Sore-shore
Head-tread
Cold-old
Will-still
Day-away
Wall-stall
Road-load
Tree-free
Fan-man
Unharvested-red
Plan-van
Left-theft

Share-there
One-alone

191

When-men
Pity-city

Tree-me

Drew-new

Note-throat
See-enemy
Shun-sun
Eats-gets
Bright-night
Sky-die
Roses-closes

Bee-we
Hours-flowers
Friend-end
Foe-grow
Fears-tears
Smiles-wiles
Shine-mine

Feet-street
Troop-group
Low-go
Arm-harm
Along-strong
Went-content
Know-slow
Understand-hand
Grey-away
Head-said
Boy-joy
Poison-reason
Creations-relations
Symmetricalgeometrical
Unity-diversity
Shells-cells
Bees-cease
Core-more
Store-floor
Hook-look
Asleep-keep
Flowers-hours
They-day
Mourn-bourn
Soft-croft
Dies-skies
Fair-hair
Grace-face
Clad-glad
Stars-bars

Eye-sigh

Stole-pole
See-tree
Feed- mead
Host-boast
Place-grace
Sift-drift
Wall-fall
Felt-dealt
Deliver-river
Sweat-yet
Burst-worst
Sweet-feet
Men-den
Storm-form
Tongue-wrung
Will-still
Spring-king

Returningmourning
Ran-man
Ground-round
Rills-hills
Greenery-tree
Slanted-enchanted
Lover-lover
Seethingbreathing
Hail-flail
Ever-river
Motion-ocean
Keen-seen
Cheer-appear
Higher-desire
These-ease
Cart-heart
Find-mind
Master-faster
Head-dead
Right-night
Eye-why
Past-blast
Stain-brain
Tides-sides
Wall-all

Some-drum
Flame-fame
Bound-round
Blessing guessing
Sweeps-keeps
Blow-snow
Rock-knock
Reel-wheel
Knock-shock
Shone-gone
Save-brave
Below-blow
Deck-wreck
Cold-rolled
Rabble-babble
Bone-alone

Abides-rides
Ark-dark
Mark-shark
Glides-strides
Throne-own
East-priest
Hear-ear
Eloquent-sent
Dumb-come
Remark-dark
Crust-lust
Wine-divine
Spend-send
Pride-side
Feet-street
Begun-spun

Sigh-lie
May-bay
None-done
Despair-hair
Sweet-meat
Greet-fleet
Shiver-giver
Fold-bold
Fan-can
Clear-cheer
Delay-say
Lament-sent
Corse-worse
Contend-end
Friend-bend
Lust-must

192

Places-faces
Need-deed
Grey-day
Snow-glow
Long-throng
By-eye
Shout-out
Sheep-deep
Grey-way
Cage-age
Dwells-fells
Stage-rage
Spell-cell
Rest-nest
Distressed-best
Release-peace
Not-spot
Handsome-some
Ransom-troublesome
Endears-tears
Sandals-scandal
Peers-years
Older-colder

Moon-soon
Shown-grown
Breeze-trees
Pond-fond
Part-heart
Bay-spray
Sand-strand
Fling-bring
Begin-in
Ago-flow
Brought-thought
Shore-roar
Hear-dear
Seems-dreams
Pain-plain
Flight-night
Hell-spell

Heart-smart
Truth-youth
Mine-brine
Nun-one
Brawling-crawling
Came-name
Hood-good
Town-down
Birth-earth
Light-sight
Sake-make
Spoken-token
West-rest
Gales-wales
Thickly-quickly
Best-rest
Mean-been
Then-men

193

God-rod
Foil-oil
Toil-soil
Spent-went
Things-springs
Score-pour
Town-crown
Time-prime
Sublime-lime
Wing-swing
Sillion-billion
Chevalier-dear
Trim-dim
Strange-change
Swim-him
Behaviour-saviour
Beholder-shoulder
Meet-feet

Shake-brake
Strain-rain
Wake-make
Term-germ
New-due
Gold-old
Shut-cut
Blame-same
Heritage-age
Whole-soul
Flesh-mesh
Design-thine
Brute-suit
Test-best
Pain-strain
Spark-mark

COMMUNICATION SKILLS & PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT
I. Grammar: (Memory Charts, Work Sheets, Oral Practice)
Parts of Speech
a. Articles & Prepositions
2.Tenses
3.Voices
4.Conditional Tenses
5.Unreal Conditions
6.Kinds of Sentences (Semantic)
7.Direct & Indirect Speech
8.Types of Sentences ( Structure )
a. Simple, Complex & Compound
9.Degrees of Comparison
a. Positive, Comparative & Superlative
10. Correction of Sentences
11. Punctuation Marks
II. Communicative English: (Aural, Oral, Written- Communication )
1. Elements of English Language
a. Words, Phrases, Clauses & Sentences
2. Basic Patterns & Syntaxes
3. Phonetics
4. Structure & Semantic
5. Parallelism
6. Types of Questions
a. Yes/No, WH, Question Tags, Embedded Questions
7. Embedded Statements
8. Modal Verbs
9. Verb Conjugation
10. Subject Verb agreement
11. Relative Clauses
12. Wordiness
13. Diction
14. Phrasal Verbs
15. Etymology

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III. Descriptive & Comprehension Skills:

1. Vocabulary
a. Elements of English Language
b. Expressions
c. Idioms & Phrases
d. One word substitutions
e. Terminology & Business Jargon
2. Letter Writing
3. Argumentative Paragraph Writing
4. Paragraph on hints
5. Comprehension Passages
6. Essay
7. Book Review
8. Article Writing
9. Dialogue Writing
10. News Paper Review
11. Making Improvement
12. Scrambled Sentences
13. MLA Style & Project Writing
14. Mechanics of Writing
15. Data Representation & Memory Charts
16. Prcis Writing
17. Form Filling
18. Creative Writing.

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IV. Communication Skills:

1.Basic Skills ( L, S, R & W )
2.Study Skills & Reference Skills
a. Note taking
b. Note making
c. Scanning & Browsing
d. Skimming
e. Dictionary
f. Thesaurus
g. Encyclopedia
h. Catalogues & Brochures

3.Conference Skills

a. Speech & Oration

b. Seminar & Conference
c. Extempore
d. Compere
e. Debate
f. Group Discussion
g. Interview
h. Telephone Conversation
i. Discourse
j. Role Play
k. JAM

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V. Personality Development:
1. Interpersonal Skills
2. Negotiating Skills
3. Leadership Qualities
4. Creativity
5. Conflict Management
6. Virtues & Skills
7. Character Building
8. Etiquettes & Manners
9. Body Language & Postures
10. Common Sense
11. Knowledge & Wisdom
12. Psychology ( IQ & EQ )
13. Guidance & Counseling
14. Mentor

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Salient Features, Objectives & anticipated accomplishments

Grammar, Communicative English, Descriptive Skills,
Communication Skills & Personality Development
Life Skills
Personality Development
Interpersonal Skills
Communication Skills
Conversational Skills
Soft Skills
Global Skills
Character Building
Wholistic Development
Common Sense
Emotional Quotient
Etiquetts
Employment Ability
Self-respect, Self-confidence, Selfreliance
Leadership Qualities & Team Spirit
Well Wrought Individuals
Creativity
Guidance & Counselling
Conflict Management
Time Management
Mentally agile & Physically fit
Verbal Fluency
Behavioural Flexibility
Negotiating Skills
Persuasive Skills
Comprehension Skills
Analytical & logical Skills
Self appraisal
Know thyself
Reasoning ability
Perceptual ability
Virtues, Skills, Aptitudes

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