Introduction

By the following history, the first state was exist in the island of Malaya are Kedah, Srivijaya
and Malacca. Even though, the early government was started is Malacca. Malacca was seem in
1400 years. In the particular period Malacca Malay Sultanate shows the feature of traditional
political. Then Malacca was fell down because the arrived of colonize power like Portuguese,
Dutch, British and Japan. Start from the colonizes era, Tanah Melayu have many changes in
politic structure, economics and socials. Besides that, the colonizes era give pressure in Malay
citizen.
Pre-colonial

Malay Malacca Sultanate

According by history, Malacca was opened by Parameswara in 1403 years. Malacca was
developed as a great empire in Malay island. Empire of Malacca known as important trade port,
center of development religion, a widely area country and relationship between a great power
likes China and India.

In administration system of Malacca, Sultane as a head of state, head of religion and head
of army. Sultane has assistant likes Bendahara, Laksamana, Temenggong, Penghulu Bendahari
and Syahbandar. The important ministry in Malacca is Bendahara. This is because he will deal
with foreign trader, becomes a judge in argument between Malay people and foreign peoples or
similar between Malay peoples. Malay history describe Bendahara is has full power but he do
not disloyal to Sultane. The second enlarger in Malacca is Penghulu Bendahari. He is head of
Syahbandar and have power to collect country income. Penghulu Bendahari was responsible to
all slave and palace personnel. The third enlarger in hierarchy is Temenggong. The duty of
Temenggong is see to the safety of Malacca’s country, powerful at the police, and was acting as
a head of Majistrate. After Temenggong is Laksamana as an army enlarger who is same position
likes Bendahara. Laksamana was a chief administration of army and become a head control of
Sultane. Laksamana was fourthly enlarger in the era governance of Malacca.

A good sense of Malacca Malay Sultane will exists a peaceful and established of system
administration. In the same times, the written laws such as Laws of Ocean and Malacca Statutory
Laws was exists. Next, Malay language becomes important language in Malacca. Its was used
widely in administration system, trade and in religious.
The factors of successful in Malacca was supported by relation with outside states and systematic
administration system. In the politics, Malacca gets haven from China. So, Malacca was
controlled from Siam’s threaten. The efficient administration system will exist a peace and have
control of state. This is because has a ministry who control the trade and port management like
Syahbandar and an army system who becomes regular administration. At the same time, the
system taxes collection make outside trader more comes to Malacca. By measuring government
position, the Malacca government enlarge the power to another country.

After colonial
British rule

History of Administration under British Colonizes

Administrative system which implement by British in Malay State (Negeri-negeri Melayu) was
administrative system was flow indirectly. British has promote one of their representative to be a
resident in each state to advising Malay Sultane in all aspect of administration except the matter
that related to religious of custom in Malay State (Negeri-negeri Melayu).

Through the Resident, British has a full power in all aspect of administration in Malay State (
negeri-negeri Melayu). Through this agreement which has sign by British government, by this
Malay State already be a part of the government. All of the defence matter and relationship with
other state, have been decided under jurisdiction and British responsibility. Malay State not
allowed to have any relation without the agreement from British government. The next step of
British is control everything including taxes collection and fund of state. All this step is done by
the advice from British Resident.

Duty to collect all the taxes before has done by minister (pembesar-pembesar Melayu). They had
lost their sources of income and power.

Residential System

After arrived of British colonizes, Malay countries get a new system in administration
from monarchy system while Malay Malacca Sultanate administration to a residential system.
Residential system was recognize by the British through Pangkor’s Agreement which is was
signed in 1874. In this agreement, British started interference basic with the taxes collection, law
of land and energy source. With this system, governance of structure and administration in
Malay state was changes. One of British resident was form to give advice to Sultane about the
matter of administration of the state except which are related with religious and Malay custom.
In another words, Sultane must received British advise in country administration accept religion
and Malay custom. Resident is the highest authority in residential system. Sultan not have power
to judge the offenders. Besides that, British also recognize or introduced the judicial regularly to
execute the justice. The introduction of residential system make changes in country
administration with devided state to another state who was a head by the collection of taxes and
majistrate. The names of majistret was changes to district officer. The duties is manage the
matter connected taxes, rent land, protect peacefully and enforce the laws. Local enlarger not
allowed to collect taxes and fund in their own state without permission from British.

Federated states

Federated states was form in 1 July 1896. Its consists four country such as Perak,
Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang. The fourth country above was combined under
administration of centre government who head by residential general. The first residential
general is Frank Swettenharm. The duties of residential general is advise Sultane in all matter
accept religion and Malay custom. Sultane not have power because has the high position who is
more powerful. It is Commissioner.

Non-federated states

Non-federated states consists five country likes Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu and
Johor. The countries which is protection of Siam and success finds by British through Bangkok’s
Agreement in 1909 years. The fifth countries above received one British adviser who on duty
Sultane adviser in administration system. The countries not combined like federated states. The
Sultane in non-federated states is more powerful.

Strait Settlement

Strait settlement consists of Malacca, Pulau Pinang and Singapore. The strait settlement
was head by the gabenor. In April 1867,the administration of strait settlement was moved from
Calcutta in India to the office in London. The administration of strait settlement are more
efficient, agriculture like peppercorn more develop rapidly, the pirates matter can disappear
completely and British government also more interest to Tanah Melayu.

Malayan Union
The planning of Malayan union was form in January 1946. It’s a new administration was form in
Tanah Melayu. Malayan Union is known as White Paper 6724. British goal’s to form Malayan
Union are to achieve our level administration, to form the military, to combine about Chinese
and Indian people in Tanah Melayu. In administration, the the combination of three
administration like federated states, non federated states and strait settlement will make efficient
of administration. The form of Malayan Union is to care about political image and British
economic in Tanah Melayu. The characteristic of Malayan Union is one of Gabenor British was
form to govern in Malayan Union. Next, Singapore not combine in Malayan Union because
have many Chinese citizen in the state. The king also was gone all power in governance because
all the power was taking back by British Government.
References

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Nazaruddin Hj Mohd Jali, Ma’rof Redzuan, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, Ismail Hj Mohd Rashid,
2001, Pengajian Malaysia Kenegaraan dan Kewarganegaraan (Edisi Kedua)

Andaya Barbara Watson, 1983, Sejarah Malaysia.

Hj Dr Syed Ibrahim, 2008, Malaysia Kita.

Nuri Interprise, 1987, Pengetahuan Kenegaraan Malaysia.